Hegemony on the Cheap: Liberal Internationalism from Wilson to Bush

World Policy Journal

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 1-11

  Dueck, Colin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1542712452     PISSN: 07402775     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/07402775-2004-1008     Document Type: Review

References (34)

1. For representative criticisms in this vein, see David C. Hendrickson, "Toward Universal Empire: The Dangerous Quest for Absolute Security," World Policy Journal, vol. 19 (fall 2002), pp. 1-10; G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs, vol. 81 (September/October 2002), pp. 44-60; Robert S. Litwak, "The New Calculus of Preemption," Survival, vol. 44 (winter 2002), pp. 53-79; and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 15, 39, 141-63.
2. For representative criticisms in this vein, see David C. Hendrickson, "Toward Universal Empire: The Dangerous Quest for Absolute Security," World Policy Journal, vol. 19 (fall 2002), pp. 1-10; G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs, vol. 81 (September/October 2002), pp. 44-60; Robert S. Litwak, "The New Calculus of Preemption," Survival, vol. 44 (winter 2002), pp. 53-79; and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 15, 39, 141-63.
3. For representative criticisms in this vein, see David C. Hendrickson, "Toward Universal Empire: The Dangerous Quest for Absolute Security," World Policy Journal, vol. 19 (fall 2002), pp. 1-10; G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs, vol. 81 (September/October 2002), pp. 44-60; Robert S. Litwak, "The New Calculus of Preemption," Survival, vol. 44 (winter 2002), pp. 53-79; and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 15, 39, 141-63.
4. For representative criticisms in this vein, see David C. Hendrickson, "Toward Universal Empire: The Dangerous Quest for Absolute Security," World Policy Journal, vol. 19 (fall 2002), pp. 1-10; G. John Ikenberry, "America's Imperial Ambition," Foreign Affairs, vol. 81 (September/October 2002), pp. 44-60; Robert S. Litwak, "The New Calculus of Preemption," Survival, vol. 44 (winter 2002), pp. 53-79; and Joseph S. Nye, Jr., The Paradox of American Power: Why the World's Only Superpower Can't Go It Alone (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 15, 39, 141-63.
5. See Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988), pp. 17-18.
6. "Remarks by the President at the 20th Anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy," Washington, D.C., November 6, 2003, available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/11/iraq/20031106-2.html.
7. For a discussion of various schools of thought in the American foreign policy tradition, see Henry R. Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 43-59; and Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Knopf, 2001).
8. For a discussion of various schools of thought in the American foreign policy tradition, see Henry R. Nau, At Home Abroad: Identity and Power in American Foreign Policy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002), pp. 43-59; and Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and How It Changed the World (New York: Knopf, 2001).
9. See Arthur S. Link, Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War and Peace (Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan Davidson, 1979), pp. 72-103.
10. In the former Ottoman Empire, for example, Wilson's initial pronouncements in favor of self-determination had raised hopes for postwar national independence among Arabs, Armenians, Jews, and Turks. At Paris, Wilson even promised a U.S. protectorate over an independent Armenia. Yet the eventual settlement in the region, disguised through the creation of League "mandates," closely resembled a classic sphere-of-influence bargain among Europe's great powers. The one major exception was in Turkey itself, where Kemal Atatürk rallied nationalist forces and ejected foreign troops from the Anatolian heart-land. In this way, American promises with regard to Armenia were rendered completely irrelevant, even before the Senate's rejection of the Versailles Treaty. For a lively discussion of the postwar settlement within the Middle East, see Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (New York: Random House, 2002), pp. 347-455.
11. Ray Stannard Baker and William Dodd, eds., Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson, (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1925-1927), vol. 5, pp. 341-44.
12. William C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), pp. 298, 331.
13. Baker and Dodd, eds., Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson, vol. 5, pp. 352-56.
14. See Warren F. Kimball, The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), pp. 63-81, 107-57.
15. See Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992), pp. 8-9, 15-18.
16. As George Kennan put it, "Our first aim with respect to Russia in time of peace is to encourage and promote by means short of war the gradual retraction of undue Russian influence from the present satellite area." See George Kennan, NSC 20/1, "US Objectives with Respect to Russia," August 18, 1948, in Thomas H. Etzold and John Lewis Gaddis, eds., Containment: Documents on American Policy and Strategy, 1945-1950 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1978), p. 184.
17. See Steven L. Rearden, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense: The Formative Years, 1947-1950 (Washington, B.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1984), pp. 532-36.
18. See John Lewis Gaddis, Strategies of Containment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp.202-03, 217-18, 223-25.
19. Ibid., p. 284.
20. Stephen John Stedman, "The New Interventionists," Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (spring 1993), pp. 4-5.
21. Anthony Lake, Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, at Johns Hopkins University, September 21, 1993, in Vital Speeches of the Day, 1993, vol. 60, p. 15.
22. See Karin von Hippel, Democracy by Force: U.S. Military Intervention in the Post-Cold War World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
23. See, for example, in the case of Bosnia, James Gow, Triumph of the Lack of Will: International Diplomacy and the Yugoslav War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), pp. 208, 218.
24. Daniel L. Byman and Matthew C. Waxman, The Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 143.
25. Governor George W. Bush, "A Period of Consequences," September 23, 1999, The Citadel, South Carolina, available at www.citadel.edu/pao/addresses/pres_bush.html.
26. Presidential debates, October 3, 2000, at Boston, Massachussetts, and October 11, 2000, at Winston-Salem, North Carolina, available at www.foreignpolicy2000.org/debate/candidate/candidate.html and www.foreignpolicy2000.org/debate/candidate/candidate2.html.
27. For a good exposition of the initially "realist" bent of one of Bush's leading foreign policy advisors, see Condoleezza Rice, "Campaign 2000: Promoting the National Interest," Foreign Affairs, vol. 79 (January/February 2000), pp. 45-62.
28. Nicholas Lemann, "Without a Doubt," The New Yorker, October 14 and 21, 2002, p. 177.
29. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: The White House, September 2002), pp. 1, 3-4, 26-28.
30. George W. Bush, "President Discusses the Future of Iraq," February 26, 2003, Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C., available at www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2003/02/iraq/20030226-11.html.
31. George Packer, "Dreaming of Democracy," New York Times Magazine, March 2, 2003, pp. 46-49.
32. Anja Manuel and Peter W. Singer, "A New Model Afghan Army," Foreign Affairs, vol. 81 (July/August 2002), pp. 44-59.
33. Frederick Kagan, "War and Aftermath," Policy Review, no. 120 (August/September 2003), pp. 3-27.
34. "Secretary Rumsfeld Interview," New York Times, October 12, 2001.