An overview of black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control in the Orange River, South Africa

Israel Journal of Entomology

Volumn 32, Issue , 1998, Pages 99-110

  Palmer, Rob W ^a,b  

^a ONDERSTEPOORT VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

^b AfriDev Consultants   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis; Black fly; Orange River; Simulium

Indexed keywords

EID: 1542610767     PISSN: 00751243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (17)

1. Car, M. 1983. The influence of water-level fluctuation on the drift of Simulium chutteri Lewis, 1965 (Diptera, Nematocera) in the Orange River, South Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 50:173-177.
2. Chutter, F.M. 1968. On the ecology of the fauna of stones in the current in a South African river supporting a very large Simulium (Diptera) population. Journal of Applied Ecology 5:531-561.
3. Fredeen, F.J.H. 1987. Black flies: approaches to population management in a large temperate-zone river system. In: Black Flies: Ecology, Population Management and Annotated World List. Edit. K.C. Kim and R.W. Merritt. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park and London, pp. 295-304.
4. Howell, C.J., Begemann, G.J., Muir, R.W. and Louw, P. 1981. The control of Simuliidae (Diptera, Nematocera) in South African rivers by modification of the water flow volume. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 48:47-49.
5. Jordaan, L.C. and van Ark, H. 1990. A survey of annoyance of livestock by Simulium chutteri Lewis along the Orange River, South Africa (Diptera: Simuliidae). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 57:189-195.
6. Kurtak, D., Jamnback, H., Meyer, R., Ocran, M. and Renaud, P. 1987. Evaluation of larvicides for the control of Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera, Simuliidae) in West Africa. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 3:201-210.
7. McKenzie, R.S. and Roth, C. 1994. Orange River losses study - Phase 1: Summary report. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, Report P9762/02. 84 pp.
8. Moor, F.C. de 1982a. A community of Simulium species in the Vaal River near Warrenton. Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. 317 pp.
9. Moor, F.C. de 1982b. Determination of the number of instars and size variation in the larvae and pupae of Simulium chutteri Lewis (1965) (Diptera: Simuliidae) and some possible bionomical implications. Canadian Journal of Zoology 60:1374-1382.
10. Moor, F.C. de and Car, M. 1986. A field evaluation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a biological control agent for Simulium chutteri (Diptera: Nematocera) in the middle Orange River. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 53:43-50.
11. Palmer, R.W. 1993. Short-term impacts of formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac and the organophosphate temephos, used in black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control, on rheophilic benthic macroinvertebrates in the middle Orange River, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 19:14-33.
12. Palmer, R.W. 1994. A rapid method of estimating the abundance of immature black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 61:117-126.
13. Palmer, R.W. 1997. Principles of integrated control of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in South Africa. Water Research Commission, Pretoria. Report No. 650/1/97.
14. Palmer, R.W., Edwardes, M. and Nevill, E. 1996a. Downstream carry of larvicides used in the control of pest black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the Orange River, South Africa. Journal of the Society of Vector Ecology 21:37-47.
15. Palmer, R. W., Edwardes, M. and Nevill, E. 1996b. Timing of larvicide treatments for the control of pest black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in a semi-arid environment in South Africa. Journal of the Society of Vector Ecology 21:48-59.
16. Palmer, R.W. and Palmer, A.R. 1995. Impacts of repeated applications of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac and temephos, used in black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control, on macroinvertebrates in the middle Orange River, South Africa. Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences 21:35-55.
17. Walsh, J.F. 1985. The feeding behaviour of Simulium larvae, and the development, testing and monitoring of the use of larvicides, with special reference to the control of Simulium damnosum Theobald s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae): a review. Bulletin of Entomological Research 75:549-594.