Timing of larvicide treatments for the control of pest black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) in a semi-arid environment in South Africa

Journal of Vector Ecology

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 48-59

  Palmer, R W ^a   Edwardes, M ^a   Nevill, E M ^a  

^a ONDERSTEPOORT VETERINARY INSTITUTE   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Black fly; Orange River; Simulium

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040574369     PISSN: 10811710     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (28)

1. Allanson, B. R and P. B. N. Jackson. 1983. Limnology and fisheries potential of Lake le Roux. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 77, 182 pp.
2. Anderson, J. R. and R. J. Dicke. 1960. Ecology of the immature stages of some Wisconsin black flies (Simuliidae: Diptera). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 53: 386-404.
3. Begemann, G. J. 1986. Die bionomie van sekere suidafrikaanse Simuliidae species (Diptera). M.Sc. thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria. 127 pp.
4. Brenner, R. J., E. W. Cupp, and M. J. Bernado. 1981. Growth and development of geographic and crossbred strains of colonized Simulium decorum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. J. Zool. 59: 2072-2079.
5. Chilcott, C. N., J. S. Pillai, and J. Kalmakof. 1983. Efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as a biocontrol agent against larvae of Simuliidae (Diptera) in New Zealand. New Zealand J. Zool. 10: 319-326.
6. Colbo, M. H. and H. O'Brien. 1984. A pilot black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control program using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis in Newfoundland. Can. Ent. 116: 1085-1096.
7. Colbo, M. H. and G. N. Porter. 1979. Effects of the food supply on the life history of Simuliidae (Diptera). Can. J. Zool. 57: 301-306
8. Crosskey, R. W. 1990. The natural history of blackflies. Chichester, England, John Wiley & Sons, ix + 711 pp.
9. Davies, D. M., B. V. Peterson, and D. M. Wood. 1962. The black flies (Diptera; Simuliidae) of Ontario, Part 1. Adult identification and distribution with descriptions of six new species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Ont. 92: 70-154.
10. Davis, J. R., V. K. Bariero, and M. Trpis. 1992. Duration of larval development of Simulium yahense (Diptera: Simuliidae) under natural conditions. J. Med. Entomol. 29: 108-110.
11. deMeillon, B. 1930. On the Ethiopean Simuliidae. Bull. Ent. Res. 21: 185-200
12. de Moor, F. C. 1982a. A community of Simulium species in the Vaal River near Warrenton. Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 317 pp.
13. de Moor, F. C. 1982b. Determination of the number of instars and size variation in the larvae and pupae of Simulium chutteri Lewis (1965)(Diptera: Simuliidae) and some possible bionomical implications. Can. J. Zool. 60: 1374-1382.
14. de Moor, F. C. 1994. Aspects of the life history of Simulium chutteri and S. bovis (Diptera; Simuliidae) in relation to changing environmental conditions in South African rivers. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 25: 1817-1821
15. Elsen, P., C. Bellec, and G. Hébrard. 1981. Speed of recolonization of an Ivory Coast breeding site by Simulium damnosum s.l. (Diptera: Simuliidae) after experimental suspending of larvicide treatments and its consequence on strategy of fight against this vector of Onchocerciasis. (In French). Cah. ORSTOM Sér. Entomol. Méd. Parasit. 19: 5-9.
16. Fredeen, F. J. H. 1976. The seven larval instars of Simulium arcticum (Diptera; Simuliidae). Can. Ent. 108: 591-600.
17. Hauer, F. R. and A. C. Benke. 1987. Influence of temperature and river hydrograph on black fly growth rates in a subtropical blackwater river. J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. 6: 251-162.
18. Jordaan, L. C. and H. van Ark. 1990. A survey of annoyance of livestock by Simulium chutteri Lewis along the Orange River, South Africa (Diptera: Simuliidae). Onderstepoort J. vet. Res. 57: 189-195
19. McCreadie, J. W. and M. H. Colbo. 1991. The influence of temperature on the survival, development, growth, and chromosomes preparation quality of the EFG/C, ACD, and AA cytotypes of the Simulium venustum-verecundum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae). Can. J. Tool. 69: 1356-1365
20. Merritt, R. W., D. H. Ross, and G. J. Larson. 1982. Influence of stream temperature and seston on the growth and production of overwintering larval black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Ecology 63: 1322-1331
21. Palmer, R. W. 1994. A rapid method of estimating the abundance of immature blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 61: 117-126.
22. Petersen, J. L., A. J. Adames, and L. de Leon. 1983. Bionomics and control of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) at the Fortuna Hydroelectric Project, Panama. J. Med. Entomol. 20(4): 399-408.
23. Rempel, R. S. and J. C. H. Carter. 1987. Temperature influences on adult size, development, and reproductive potential of aquatic diptera. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1743-1752.
24. Ross, D. H. and R. W. Merritt. 1978. The larval instars and population dynamics of five species of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and their responses to selected environmental factors. Can. J. Zool. 56: 1633-1642
25. Ross, D. H. and R. W. Merritt. 1987. Factors affecting larval black fly distributions and population dynamics. Pp. 90-108 in Black flies: ecology, population management, and annotated world list, The Pennsylvania State University (Kim, K. C. and R. W. Merritt, eds.), 722 pp.
26. Shipp, J. L. and W. S. Procunier. 1986. Seasonal occurrence of, development of, and the influence of selected environmental factors on the larvae of Prosimulium and Simulium species of blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) found in the rivers of southwestern Alberta. Can. J. Zool. 64: 1491-1499
27. Steenkamp, J. A. 1972. 'n Ondersoek na die wisselwerking tussen sommige ekologiese faktore en die bevolkings van Simulium damnosum Theobald en S. nigritarsis Coquillett (Simuliidae: Diptera) in die Vaalrivier by Parys. D.Sc. thesis, Potchefstroom University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 156 pp.
28. Westwood, A. R. and R. A. Brust. 1981. Ecology of black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Souris River, Manitoba as a basis for control strategy. Can. Entomol. 113: 223-234