Forensic epidemiology: Law at the intersection of public health and criminal investigations

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 684-700

  Goodman, Richard A ^c,d,e,f   Munson, Judith W ^c   Dammers, Kim ^b   Lazzarini, Zita ^g,h   Barkley, John P ^a  

^a North Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention   (United States)

^b US Attorney's Off N Dist of GA   (United States)

^c CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^e EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

^h HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFERENCE PAPER; CRIME; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FORENSIC MEDICINE; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; NOMENCLATURE; PUBLIC HEALTH; CONFIDENTIALITY; CRIMINAL LAW; HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; HUMAN; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LEGAL APPROACH; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

HEALTH CARE AND PUBLIC HEALTH; LEGAL APPROACH;

COMMUNICATION; CONFIDENTIALITY; CRIMINAL LAW; FORENSIC MEDICINE; HUMANS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH ADMINISTRATION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 1542610242     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2003.tb00135.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (117)

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2. J.C. Butler, M.L. Cohen, C.R. Friedman, et al., "Collaboration Between Public Health and Law Enforcement: New Paradigms and Partnerships for Bioterrorism Planning and Response," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002):1152-1156.
3. U.S. House Armed Services Committee, Hearing on Chemical and Biological Weapons, 20 October 1999. (Washington; Government Printing Office, 1999); L.K. Altman, G. Kolata, "A Nation Challenged: Anthrax - Anthrax Missteps Offer Guide to Fight Next Bioterror Battle," New York Times. January 6, 2002: A1.
4. U.S. House Armed Services Committee, Hearing on Chemical and Biological Weapons, 20 October 1999. (Washington; Government Printing Office, 1999); L.K. Altman, G. Kolata, "A Nation Challenged: Anthrax - Anthrax Missteps Offer Guide to Fight Next Bioterror Battle," New York Times. January 6, 2002: A1.
5. E. Moscoso, "West Nile Outbreak not Terrorism, Experts Say - Officials Dismiss Bioweapons Theory," Atlanta Journal-Constitution. September 14, 2002: A5.
6. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. December 21, 2001. Available at http://www.publichealthlaw.net. (last visited June 27, 2003); L.O. Gostin, J.W. Sapsin, S.P. Teret et al. "The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: Planning for and Response to Bioterrorism and Naturally Occurring Infectious Diseases. JAMA 288 (2002): 622-628; G.J. Annas, "Bioterrorism, Public Health, and Civil Liberties," N Engl J Med 346 (2002): 1337-1342.
7. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. December 21, 2001. Available at http://www.publichealthlaw.net. (last visited June 27, 2003); L.O. Gostin, J.W. Sapsin, S.P. Teret et al. "The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: Planning for and Response to Bioterrorism and Naturally Occurring Infectious Diseases. JAMA 288 (2002): 622-628; G.J. Annas, "Bioterrorism, Public Health, and Civil Liberties," N Engl J Med 346 (2002): 1337-1342.
8. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act. December 21, 2001. Available at http://www.publichealthlaw.net. (last visited June 27, 2003); L.O. Gostin, J.W. Sapsin, S.P. Teret et al. "The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act: Planning for and Response to Bioterrorism and Naturally Occurring Infectious Diseases. JAMA 288 (2002): 622-628; G.J. Annas, "Bioterrorism, Public Health, and Civil Liberties," N Engl J Med 346 (2002): 1337-1342.
9. S. Loue, Forensic Epidemiology: A Comprehensive Guide for Legal and Epidemiology Professionals (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1999).
10. K. Alibek and S. Handelman, Biohazard (New York: Random House, 1999): pp. x.
11. U.S. House, supra, note 3.
12. Altman, supra note 3.
13. J.M. Last, A Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2nd ed, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
14. P.B. Gove, ed. Webster's Third New International Dictionary (Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1976).
15. Last, supra note 10.
16. American Academy of Microbiology, Microbial Forensics: A Scientific Assessment. Available at http://www.asmusa.org/acasrc/aca1.htm. (last visited June 27, 2003).
17. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
18. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
19. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
20. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
21. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
22. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
23. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
24. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
25. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
26. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
27. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
28. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
29. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
30. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
31. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
32. Stross, supra note 1. See also M.J. Blaser, J.M. Jason, B.G. Weniger, et al. "Epidemiologic Analysis of a Cluster of Homicides of Children in Atlanta," JAMA 251(1984): 3255-3258; J.W. Buehler, L.F. Smith, E.M. Wallace, et al. "Unexplained Deaths in a Children's Hospital: An Epidemiologic Assessment," N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 211-216; G.R. Istre, T.L. Gustafson, R.C. Baron, et al. "A Mysterious Cluster of Deaths and Cardio Pulmonary Arrests in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. N Engl J Med 313 (1985): 205-211; J.J. Sacks, J.L. Herndon, S.H. Lieb, et al., "A Cluster of Unexplained Deaths in a Nursing Home in Florida," American Journal of Public Health 78 (1988):806-808; T.J. Torok, R.V. Tauxe, P.R. Wise, et al. "A Large Community Outbreak of Salmonellosis Caused by Intentional Contamination of Restaurant Salad Bars," JAMA 278 (1997): 389-395; J.J. Sacks, D.F. Stroup, M.W. Will, et al. "A Nurse-Associated Epidemic of Cardiac Arrests in an Intensive Care Unit," JAMA 259 (1988):689-695; A. Franks, J.J. Sacks, J.D. Smith, et al. "A Cluster of Unexplained Cardiac Arrests in a Surgical Intensive Care Unit" Critical Care Medicine 15 (1987):1075-1076. See also personal communication from Adele L. Franks, M.D. to Richard A. Goodman, M.D., on June 6, 2003. For examples from case law, see Rachals v. State, 184 Ga. App. 420 (1987) and Rachals v. State, 258 Ga. 48 (1988). For examples from the press, see J. Galloway, "Albany Hospital Quick to Spot Cardiac Arrest Mystery". Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, March 22, 1986: A1, A4; D. Beasley, "Albany Nurse Acquitted in 6 Killings," Atlanta Constitution, September 26, 1986: A1, A12; P. Palmer, "Appeals Court Upholds Nurse Rachals' Assault Conviction," Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, September 12, 1987:E1; S.A. Kolavic, A. Kimura, S.L. Simons et al. "An Outbreak of Shigella dysenteria Type 2 Among Laboratory Workers Due to Intentional Food Contamination," JAMA 278 (1997):396-398; S. Scott, Ex-Hospital Lab Worker Indicted: She's Accused of Tainting Muffins, Doughnuts that made Co-workers Ill," Dallas Morning News, August 29, 1997: A-28 and U. Buchholz, J. Mermin, and R. Rios, et al. "An Outbreak of Food-Borne Illness Associated with Methomyl- Contaminated Salt," JAMA 288 (2002):604-610. Finnaly, see also Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Ongoing Investigation of Anthrax - Florida, October 2001," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 20 (2001): 877 and D.B. Jernigan, P.L. Raghunathan, B.P. Bell, et al. "Investigation of Bioterrorism-Related Anthrax, United States, 2001: Epidemiologic Findings," Emerging Infectious Diseases 8 (2002); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, "Nicotine Poisoning After Ingestion of Contaminated Ground Beef - Michigan, 2003," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 52 (2003):413-416.
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