'Tommy is No Soldier': The Morale of the Second British Army in Normandy, June-August 1944

Journal of Strategic Studies

Volumn 19, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 154-178

  French, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 1542525817     PISSN: 01402390     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402399608437656     Document Type: Article

References (122)

1. PRO, WO277/16. Lt-Col J.H. Sparrow, Morale (London: War Office 1949) p.1. Sparrow had served in the Adjutant General's department at the War Office and acted as secretary to the Morale Committee of the Executive Committee of the Army Council. He was a practising barrister who later became Warden of All Souls College, Oxford.
2. T. Copp and B. McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion. Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP 1990) pp.109-127; T.J. Copp, 'Battle Exhaustion and the Canadian Soldier in Normandy', British Army Review, 85 (1987), pp.46-54. am most grateful to Dr Brian Holden Reid for bringing this article to my attention. In addition R.H. Ahrenfeldt, Psychiatry in the British Army in the Second World War (London: RKP 1958) pp.175-7 contains some brief references to the Normandy campaign.
3. T. Copp and B. McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion. Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP 1990) pp.109-127; T.J. Copp, 'Battle Exhaustion and the Canadian Soldier in Normandy', British Army Review, 85 (1987), pp.46-54. am most grateful to Dr Brian Holden Reid for bringing this article to my attention. In addition R.H. Ahrenfeldt, Psychiatry in the British Army in the Second World War (London: RKP 1958) pp.175-7 contains some brief references to the Normandy campaign.
4. T. Copp and B. McAndrew, Battle Exhaustion. Soldiers and Psychiatrists in the Canadian Army, 1939-1945 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP 1990) pp.109-127; T.J. Copp, 'Battle Exhaustion and the Canadian Soldier in Normandy', British Army Review, 85 (1987), pp.46-54. am most grateful to Dr Brian Holden Reid for bringing this article to my attention. In addition R.H. Ahrenfeldt, Psychiatry in the British Army in the Second World War (London: RKP 1958) pp.175-7 contains some brief references to the Normandy campaign.
5. See, for example, R. Lamb, Montgomery in Europe, 1943-45: Success or Failure (London: Buchan & Enright 1983) pp.105-6, 109-12; M. Hastings, Overlord. D-Day and the Battle for Normandy (London/NY: M. Joseph/Simon & Schuster 1984) pp.147-50; C. d'Este, Decision in Normandy (London/NY: Collins/E. Dutton 1983) pp.279-84, 295-6.
6. See, for example, R. Lamb, Montgomery in Europe, 1943-45: Success or Failure (London: Buchan & Enright 1983) pp.105-6, 109-12; M. Hastings, Overlord. D-Day and the Battle for Normandy (London/NY: M. Joseph/Simon & Schuster 1984) pp.147-50; C. d'Este, Decision in Normandy (London/NY: Collins/E. Dutton 1983) pp.279-84, 295-6.
7. See, for example, R. Lamb, Montgomery in Europe, 1943-45: Success or Failure (London: Buchan & Enright 1983) pp.105-6, 109-12; M. Hastings, Overlord. D-Day and the Battle for Normandy (London/NY: M. Joseph/Simon & Schuster 1984) pp.147-50; C. d'Este, Decision in Normandy (London/NY: Collins/E. Dutton 1983) pp.279-84, 295-6.
8. Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives (hereafter LHCMA). Dempsey MSS. Second Army Intelligence Summary No.46, 20 July 1944. Appendix C. Translation of enemy document. Panzer Lehr Div. Subject: Report on experience.
9. PRO, CAB 106/1060. Reports from Normandy, 1944. 6 June-10 July, by Brig. James Hargest, New Zealand Army observer with XXX Corps.
10. Churchill College Cambridge (hereafter CCC), Grigg MSS PJGG 9/8/12. Montgomery to Grigg, 2 July 1944 and enc. Lt-Col A.J. Turner, Report on state of 6th DWR (49 Div) as on 30 Ju[ne].
11. Lamb (note 3) p. 106.
12. PRO, CAB 106/1060. Reports from Normandy, 1944.
13. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
14. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
15. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
16. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
17. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
18. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
19. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
20. See PRO, WO171/1372. War Diary 4th Somerset Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1365. War Diary 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1944; PRO, WO171/1228 War Diary 7th Duke of Wellington's Regiment, 1944; PRO, WO171/1262 War Diary 2nd Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 1944; PRO, WO171/1275 War Diary 9th Cameronians, 1944; PRO, WO171/1396 War Diary 1st Worcesters, 1944; PRO, WO171/1289 War Diary 8th Durham Light Infantry, 1944; PRO, WO171/1286 War Diary 4th Dorsets, 1944.
21. CCC, Grigg MSS PJGG 9/8/12. Montgomery to Grigg, 2 July 1944 and enc. Lt-Col A.J. Turner, 'Report on state of 6 DWR (49 Div) as on 30 Jun[e]'; PRO, WO205/81. Brigadier, Staff Duties, Main HQ, 21st Army Group to Chief of Staff, 3 July 1994.
22. This account of the operations of 6th DWR draws upon PRO, WO166/15096. War Diary 6th DWR, 1944 and App. B, 'One damn thing after another'; PRO, WO177/399. Medical War Diaries Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS) 49th Div., 1944; PRO, CAB 106/963. Reports, etc. on the fighting in Normandy, 1944. Immediate Report No.13. Capture of Le Parc de Boislande, 17 June 1944; PRO, WO171/666. War Diary 147th Inf. Bde, 1944.
23. This account of the operations of 6th DWR draws upon PRO, WO166/15096. War Diary 6th DWR, 1944 and App. B, 'One damn thing after another'; PRO, WO177/399. Medical War Diaries Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS) 49th Div., 1944; PRO, CAB 106/963. Reports, etc. on the fighting in Normandy, 1944. Immediate Report No.13. Capture of Le Parc de Boislande, 17 June 1944; PRO, WO171/666. War Diary 147th Inf. Bde, 1944.
24. CCC, Grigg MSS. 9/8/12. Montgomery to Grigg, 2 July 1944 and enc., Lt-Col A.J.D. Turner, 'Report on state of 6 DWR (49 Div) as on 30 Jun[e]'; PRO, WO205/81. Brigadier, Staff Duties, Main HQ, 21st Army Group to de Guingand, 3 July 1944.
25. Maj.-Gen. H. Essame, The 43rd Wessex Division at War 1944-1945 (London: William Clowes 1952) pp.16-17; R. Doherty, Only the Enemy in Front (Every other beggar behind...) The Recce Corps at War 1940-46 (London: Tom Donovan 1994) pp.163-5; E. Gethyn-Jones, A Territorial Army Chaplain in Peace and War: A County Cleric in Khaki 1938-61 (East Wittering, Sussex: Gooday 1988) pp.89-100; PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watterson, Weekly report by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army for week ending Saturday 24 June 1944, 28 June 1944.
26. Maj.-Gen. H. Essame, The 43rd Wessex Division at War 1944-1945 (London: William Clowes 1952) pp.16-17; R. Doherty, Only the Enemy in Front (Every other beggar behind...) The Recce Corps at War 1940-46 (London: Tom Donovan 1994) pp.163-5; E. Gethyn-Jones, A Territorial Army Chaplain in Peace and War: A County Cleric in Khaki 1938-61 (East Wittering, Sussex: Gooday 1988) pp.89-100; PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watterson, Weekly report by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army for week ending Saturday 24 June 1944, 28 June 1944.
27. Maj.-Gen. H. Essame, The 43rd Wessex Division at War 1944-1945 (London: William Clowes 1952) pp.16-17; R. Doherty, Only the Enemy in Front (Every other beggar behind...) The Recce Corps at War 1940-46 (London: Tom Donovan 1994) pp.163-5; E. Gethyn-Jones, A Territorial Army Chaplain in Peace and War: A County Cleric in Khaki 1938-61 (East Wittering, Sussex: Gooday 1988) pp.89-100; PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watterson, Weekly report by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army for week ending Saturday 24 June 1944, 28 June 1944.
28. Maj.-Gen. H. Essame, The 43rd Wessex Division at War 1944-1945 (London: William Clowes 1952) pp.16-17; R. Doherty, Only the Enemy in Front (Every other beggar behind...) The Recce Corps at War 1940-46 (London: Tom Donovan 1994) pp.163-5; E. Gethyn-Jones, A Territorial Army Chaplain in Peace and War: A County Cleric in Khaki 1938-61 (East Wittering, Sussex: Gooday 1988) pp.89-100; PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watterson, Weekly report by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army for week ending Saturday 24 June 1944, 28 June 1944.
29. Lamb (note 3) pp.109-10.
30. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watson, Monthly report for June 1944 by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army, 5 Aug. 1944.
31. PRO, WO163/53/AC/G(44)39. War Office Committee on Morale in the Army. Tenth Quarterly Report, June-Aug. 1944, 15 Nov. 1944. PRO, WO177/321. Medical war diaries of Deputy Director of Medical Services (DMS) 2nd Army. App. H. Hygiene, 29 July 1944. These figures can also be compared with the astronomical figures for desertion in the Union and Confederate armies during the American Civil War in B. Holden Reid and J. White, '"A mob of stragglers and cowards": desertion from the Union and Confederate Armies, 1861-65', Journal of Strategic Studies 8/1 (March 1985)p.64. On 1 Feb. 1865 the Union Army had 338,536 absentees compared to 630,924 men on duty. The Confederates had 194,494 absentees and 160,198 men on duty.
32. D. Houldsworth, One Day I'll Tell You (Marlborough, Wilts.: Heraldry Today 1994) p.3. On 7th Armoured Div. see LHCMA, Liddell Hart MSS 1/56/6. Maj.-Gen. D. Belchem to Liddell Hart, 7 Aug. 1952.
33. Houldsworth (note 17) pp.4-5.
34. M. Carver, Out of Step: The Memoirs of a Field Marshal (London: Hutchinson 1989) p.178.
35. Houldsworth (note 17) p.12.
36. J. Ellis, The Sharp End of War: The Fighting Man in World War Two (London: David & Charles 1980) pp.176-7.
37. PRO, WO277/7. Brig. A.B. McPherson, Discipline (London: War Office 1950) p.37.
38. PRO, WO71/919. Proceedings of a Field General Court Martial of Rifleman A and Rifleman B, 1944. [These proceedings are listed in the Public Record Office catalogue under the names of the accused. I can see no good purpose in causing embarrassment to them or their descendants by revealing their identities and have therefore chosen to maintain their anonymity.]
39. LHCMA, Pyman MSS 4/42. HQ, Second Army, An Account of the Operations of Second British Army in Europe, 1944-45 (Germany 1945) Vol.1, p.464.
40. PRO, WO291/1141. Army Operational Research Group Report No.9/51. A study of the subsequent career of deserters from the BLA released from military prisons and detention barracks under suspended sentence. July 1951.
41. PRO, WO277/7. McPherson (note 22) App. 1 (a). Court Martial Convictions, home and overseas (British other ranks), 1 Sept. 1939 to 31 Aug. 1945.
42. LHCMA, Pyman MSS 4/42. HQ, Second Army (note 24) p. 159.
43. PRO, WO177/434. Medical War Diary DMS VIII Corps, 18 Aug. 1944.
44. Imperial War Museum (hereafter IWM), Browne MSS IWM 86/4/1. Maj. A.T.A. Browne to HQ, Lines of communication, 21st Army Group. Report relative to suspected Self-Inflicted Wounds and negligent wounding cases passing through 110 (British) General Hospital, 24 Aug. 1944.
45. IWM, Browne MSS IWM 86/41/1. Lt-Col A.T.A. Browne, 'Destiny. Portrait of a Man in Two World Wars.'
46. Maj. A.T.A. Browne to HQ, Line of Communication, 21st Army Group. 'Subject - SIW or wounds caused by negligent handling', 28 Aug. 1944.
47. J. Thompson, The Imperial War Museum Book of Victory in Europe. The North West European Campaign 1944-45 (London: Sidgewick & Jackson/IWM 1994) pp.200-01.
48. K. Jones, Sixty-Four Days of a Normandy Summer: With a Tank Unit after D-Day (London: Robert Hale 1990) p.63, 126; IWM, Browne MSS IWM 86/4/41. Maj. A.T.A. Browne to HQ, Line of Communication, 21st Army Group. Subject - SIW or wounds caused by negligent handling, 28 Aug. 1944.
49. K. Jones, Sixty-Four Days of a Normandy Summer: With a Tank Unit after D-Day (London: Robert Hale 1990) p.63, 126; IWM, Browne MSS IWM 86/4/41. Maj. A.T.A. Browne to HQ, Line of Communication, 21st Army Group. Subject - SIW or wounds caused by negligent handling, 28 Aug. 1944.
50. Browne (note 30).
51. Parliamentary Papers, Vol.xii, 1922. [Cmd 1734] Report of the War Office Committee of Enquiry into 'Shell-Shock', passim.
52. Brig. J.R. Rees, 'The development of psychiatry in the British Army', in Military Neuropsychiatry. Proceedings of the Association December 15-16, 1944 New York (Baltimore: William & Wilkins Co. 1946) pp.48-53.
53. PRO, WO163/53/AC/G(44)22. War Office Committee on Morale in the Army. Eighth Quarterly Report, Nov. 1943 to Jan. 1944, 25 May 1944.
54. Copp and McAndrew (note 2) pp.109-10. A similar policy was pursued in the RAF. See A.D. English, 'A predisposition to cowardice? Aviation psychology and the genesis of "lack of moral fibre"', War and Society 13/1 (1995) pp.18-20.
55. Copp and McAndrew (note 2) pp.109-10. A similar policy was pursued in the RAF. See A.D. English, 'A predisposition to cowardice? Aviation psychology and the genesis of "lack of moral fibre"', War and Society 13/1 (1995) pp.18-20.
56. This policy was explained to the troops in an Army Bureau of Current Affairs pamphlet, War Casualty Report, No.44, 15 May 1943.
57. PRO, WO177/316. Medical War Diary DMS 21st Army Group, 11 March 1944.
58. PRO, WO177/343. Maj. R.J. Phillips, VIII Corps psychiatrist, Psychiatric Monthly Report, May 1944.
59. LHCMA, Sir R. Adam MSS ADAM V/6. Adam to Corps District, District, Divisional and Area Commanders, Dec. 1943.
60. PRO, WO177/316. Medical War Diary DMS 21st Army Group, 25 Feb. 1944 and Minutes of a conference of DMS 21st Army Group held at St Paul's School at 10.00hrs 29 Feb. 1944; PRO, WO177/321. Second Army Medical Plan, No.2, 18 April 1944.
61. PRO, WO177/409. Medical War Diary ADMS 53rd Div. RAMC Administrative Instruction, 14 Feb. 1944. App. A.
62. A.P. Thorner, 'The treatment of psychoneurosis in the British Army', Int. Jnl of Psychoanalysis (1946) p.57.
63. PRO, WO177/343. VIII Corps Medical Standing Orders, 5 June 1944; PRO, WO177/405. Medical War Diary ADMS 51st Division. Handling of psychiatric battle casualties, 15 May 1944.
64. M. Lindsay, So Few Got Through (London: Collins 1946) p.13.
65. Copp article (note 2) pp.46-7.
66. PRO, WO177/343. Cases admitted to exhaustion centres (35 & 1 FDS) from units under command VIII Corps, period 26 to 30 June 1944 (inclusive) - up to midnight 30 June 1944.
67. PRO, WO177/321. Medical war Diary DMS 2nd Army. App. H. Hygiene, 29 July 1994.
68. PRO, WO177/343. Maj. R.J. Phillips, Corps Psychiatrist, VIII Corps. 'Cases admitted to exhaustion centre (No.1 FDS) period 2359hrs 7 Jul 1944 to 2359hrs 13 Jul 1944.'
69. PRO, WO177/409. Medical War Diaries ADMS 53 Div. 53rd Div. RAMC. Administrative Instruction, 14 Feb. 1944. App. A.
70. PRO, WO177/321. DMS XII Corps to Senior Medical Officers, XII Corps, 9 March 1944. Similar orders were issued by the DMS of VIII Corps. See PRO, WO177/343. VIII Corps Medical Standing Orders, 5 June 1944.
71. PRO, WO177/321. DMS XII Corps to Senior Medical Officers, XII Corps, 9 March 1944. Similar orders were issued by the DMS of VIII Corps. See PRO, WO177/343. VIII Corps Medical Standing Orders, 5 June 1944.
72. PRO, WO177/402. Medical War Diary ADMS 50th Div. Col J. Melvin to OC all medical units and RMOs, 2 July 1944.
73. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watterson, Report by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army for month of July 1944, 5 Aug. 1944.
74. Ibid., Monthly report for June 1944 by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army, 7 July 1944; PRO, WO177/316. Medical War Diary DMS 21st Army Group. Notes on visit to beachhead by Col R.F. Walker, DMS HQ 21st Army Group, 4 July 1944.
75. LHCMA, O'Connor MSS. 5/3/18. Maj. H.R. Leslie to O'Connor and enc, 21 July 1944.
76. PRO, WO177/750. 160 F[ield] Ambulance. (12 to 20 June 1944). Report by Lt-Col F.M. Richardson, 21 June 1944.
77. LHCMA, Sir R. O'Connor MSS 1/5. O'Connor to Major Nairne, n.d. but c. 1970-72.
78. Ibid. 5/3/18. O'Connor to Adair, Roberts, Thomas and MacMillan, 21 July 1944; O'Connor (note 59).
79. LHCMA, O'Connor MSS 5/4/14. Maj.-Gen. MacMillan to O'Connor, 22 July 1944.
80. PRO, WO177/409 53 Div. Medical Admin. Instruction number 3, 13 Aug. 1944.
81. Brig. George Taylor, Infantry Colonel (Southampton/Worcester: Self-Publishing Assoc. 1990) p.29.
82. PRO, WO177/321. DMS, 2nd Army, 2nd Army Medical Admin. Instruction, 3 July 1944; PRO, WO177/405. Medical War Diary ADMS 51st Div., 11 July 1944; PRO, WO177/377. Medical War Diary ADMS 3rd Div., 3rd British Div. Medical Admin. Instruction number 2, 11 July 1944.
83. PRO, WO177/402. Medical War Diary ADMS 50th Div., 31 July 1944.
84. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watson, Monthly report for June 1944 by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army, 5 Aug. 1944.
85. PRO, WO177/409. Medical War Diary 53rd Div., 11 Aug. 1944.
86. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. J.J. Wishart, XXX Corps Exhaustion Centre, Psychiatric summary week ending Sunday 18 June 1944, 21 June 1944.
87. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watson, Monthly report for June 1944 by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army, 7 July 1944.
88. O'Connor (note 59).
89. PRO, WO177/405. Medical War Diary ADMS 51st Div., 21 April, 2 & 6 May, 17 July 1944. In the three months ending 30 June 1944, there were 161 fresh cases of malaria and 509 men suffered a relapse.
90. PRO, WO171/914. Proceedings of a Field General Court Martial of Pte C, 1944.
91. Both 43rd and 49th Divs seem to have suffered from an above-average rate of exhaustion cases in their first battles. See PRO, WO177/343. Maj. R.J. Phillips, Corps Psychiatrist, VIII Corps. Cases admitted to exhaustion centre (No.1 FDS) period 2359hrs 7 Jul 1944 to 2359hrs 13 Jul 1944' and PRO, WO177/399. War Diary 49 Div ADMS. Entry for 3 July 1944.
92. Thorner (note 45) p.52.
93. Majors T. E. Dancey and B. H. McNeel, 'The personality of the successful soldier', American Journal of Psychiatry 102 (1945-46) pp.337-42.
94. Referring to 43rd Wessex Division in early July Major R.J. Phillips, VIII Corps psychiatrist, remarked on 'the number of cases arriving [at VIII Corps Exhaustion Centre] - from same companies, platoons, sections, often accompanied by NCOs or even officers, that not only had individual morale gone, but group morale as well'. See PRO, WO177/343. Maj. R.J. Phillips, Corps Psychiatrist, VIII Corps. Cases admitted to exhaustion centre (No.1 FDS) period 2359hrs 7 July 1944 to 2359hrs 13 Jul 1944.
95. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watson, Monthly report for June 1944 by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army, 7 July 1944; PRO, WO177/321. Ibid., Monthly report for June 1944 by psychiatrist attached to 2nd Army, 5 Aug. 1944.
96. Phillips (note 76).
97. Between 2 and 30 July these figures varied from a high of 38 (1st Tyneside Scottish) to a low of 1 (7th DWR). See PRO, WO177/399. Medical War Diary ADMS 49th Div. Entry for 1 Aug. 1944; PRO, WO177/750. Medical War Diaries 160 Field Ambulance. App. A. Analysis of exhaustion cases. Periods 2-20 July and 25-31 Jul 1944; IWM, Bucknall MSS IWM 80/33/1/folder 12. Maj.-Gen. Barker to Lt.-Gen. Bucknall, 4 Aug. 1944.
98. Watson (note 77), 5 Aug. 1944.
99. PRO, WO177/343. Treatment in Corps Exhaustion Centre of psychiatric battle casualties, June 1944.
100. Watson (note 80).
101. PRO, WO177/321. Maj. D.J. Watterson, psychiatrist attached to 35 CCS, Psychiatric summary week ending Sunday 19 June 1944; Wishart (fnote 68).
102. PRO, WO177/321. Brig. E. Phillips, DMS 2nd Army, to senior medical officers, 2nd Army, 30 June 1944; PRO, WO177/321. Medical War Diary DMS 2nd Army (note 50).
103. PRO, WO177/321. Brig. E. Phillips, DMS 2nd Army, to senior medical officers, 2nd Army, 30 June 1944; PRO, WO177/321. Medical War Diary DMS 2nd Army (note 50).
104. 'Comment by the Director of Army Psychiatry, British Army', in Copp article (note 2) p.53.
105. Ahrenfeldt (note 2) p.175.
106. HQ, Second Army (note 22) Vol.1, p.481.
107. LHCMA, de Guingand MSS IV/4/3. Anon., The Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group on the Continent of Europe 6 June 1944-8 May 1945 (Germany 1945) p.27.
108. See note 85.
109. PRO, WO32/11550. Report on a visit to 21st Army Group, BLA by Director of Army Psychiatry and consultant psychiatrist to the Army, Oct. 1944.
110. This is a theme I intend to explore in more detail in my book Raising Churchill's Army. The Combat Effectiveness of the British Army in the War Against Germany, 1939-1945 (OUP forthcoming). See the comments by the CIGS, Gen. Sir George Milne, to the General Staff Conference in Jan. 1927 in PRO, WO279/57. Report on the Staff Conference held at the Staff College, Camberley, 17 to 20 Jan. 1927 under the orders and direction of the CIGS. See also B. Holden Reid, J.F.C. Fuller: Military Thinker (London: Macmillan 1987) pp.56-174.
111. This is a theme I intend to explore in more detail in my book Raising Churchill's Army. The Combat Effectiveness of the British Army in the War Against Germany, 1939-1945 (OUP forthcoming). See the comments by the CIGS, Gen. Sir George Milne, to the General Staff Conference in Jan. 1927 in PRO, WO279/57. Report on the Staff Conference held at the Staff College, Camberley, 17 to 20 Jan. 1927 under the orders and direction of the CIGS. See also B. Holden Reid, J.F.C. Fuller: Military Thinker (London: Macmillan 1987) pp.56-174.
112. This is a theme I intend to explore in more detail in my book Raising Churchill's Army. The Combat Effectiveness of the British Army in the War Against Germany, 1939-1945 (OUP forthcoming). See the comments by the CIGS, Gen. Sir George Milne, to the General Staff Conference in Jan. 1927 in PRO, WO279/57. Report on the Staff Conference held at the Staff College, Camberley, 17 to 20 Jan. 1927 under the orders and direction of the CIGS. See also B. Holden Reid, J.F.C. Fuller: Military Thinker (London: Macmillan 1987) pp.56-174.
113. PRO, WO219/1908. SHAEF Operational Intelligence Section, Intelligence Notes, No.21, 3 Aug. 1944.
114. LHCMA, de Guingand MSS IV/4/3. Anon. The Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group, App. M. 'Casualties - British in North-West Europe. First and Second World Wars. Mean monthly rates per 1,000 strength.' The best study of British operational doctrine in Normandy is S.A. Hart, 'Field Marshal Montgomery, 21st Army Group, and North-West Europe, 1944-5' (PhD, U. of London 1995).
115. PRO, WO177/750. Medical War Diary 160 Field Ambulance, 25-30 June 1944.
116. PRO, WO177/377. Medical War Diary ADMS 3rd Division. Exhaustion, sick and wounded table, period 1-3 July 1944; IWM, Browne MSS IWM 86/4/1. Report relative to suspect Self-inflicted wounds and negligent wounding cases passing through 110 (British) General Hospital, 24 Aug. 1944.
117. O'Connor (note 59).
118. See note 90.
119. PRO, WO71/902. Proceedings of a Field General Court Martial of L/Cpl C and Privates D, E, F, G and H, 1944.
120. PRO, WO163/53/AC/G(44)22. War Office Committee on morale in the army. Eighth quarterly report. Nov. 1943-Jan. 1944, 23 May 1944.
121. Watterson (note 55).
122. PRO, WO177/316. Medical War Diary DMS 21st Army Group. Brig. E. Bulmer, Quarterly Report of Consulting Physician, 21st Army Group, 1 July 1944 to 30 Sept. 1944.