Migraine: An ophthalmologist's perspective

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

Volumn 14, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 344-352

  Arunagiri, Guruswami ^a   Santhi, Shanmugam ^a  

^a GEISINGER MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Migraine; Migraine with aura; Migraine without aura

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMITRIPTYLINE; ANALGESIC AGENT; BOTULINUM TOXIN; BUTORPHANOL; CIMETIDINE; DIHYDROERGOTAMINE; DIPYRONE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; DROPERIDOL; ERGOTAMINE; INDOMETACIN; KETOROLAC; METOCLOPRAMIDE; NARCOTIC ANALGESIC AGENT; NIFEDIPINE; NITRATE; NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; OPHTHALMOPLEGIC MIGRAINE; ORAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PARACETAMOL; PETHIDINE; PROCHLORPERAZINE; RESERPINE; SEROTONIN 1B ANTAGONIST; SEROTONIN 1D ANTAGONIST; THEOPHYLLINE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AIDE PUPIL; AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT DISORDER; BASILAR ARTERY MIGRAINE; BRAIN INFARCTION; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH ROUTE; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; EYE PAIN; FAMILIAL HEMIPLEGIC MIGRAINE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; ISCHEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY; KIDNEY DISEASE; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; LOW TENSION GLAUCOMA; MIGRAINE; MYDRIASIS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; PAIN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUPIL DISEASE; RECURRENT DISEASE; RETINA ARTERY OCCLUSION; RETINAL MIGRAINE; RETINOPATHY; REVIEW; SOMATOSENSORY DISORDER; SPREADING CORTICAL DEPRESSION; STROKE; TREATMENT INDICATION; VASCULAR DISEASE; VISUAL FIELD DEFECT;

ANALGESICS; ANIMALS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL; BOTULINUM TOXINS; EYE DISEASES; HUMANS; MIGRAINE DISORDERS; SPREADING CORTICAL DEPRESSION;

EID: 1542407474     PISSN: 10408738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00055735-200312000-00005     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Menken M, Munsat TL, Toole JF: The global burden of disease study. Arch Neurol 2000, 57:418-420.
2. Iadecola C: From CSD to headache: a long and winding road. Nat Med 2002, 8:110-112.
3. Phillips P: Migraine as a woman's issue-will research and new treatments help? JAMA 1998, 280:1975-1976.
4. Stewart WF, Lipton RB, Celentano DD, et al.: Prevalence of migraine headache in the United States. JAMA 1992, 267:64-69.
5. Lipton RB, Diamond S, Reed M, et al.: Migraine diagnosis and treatment: results from the American Migraine Study II. Headache 2001, 41:638-645.
6. Bartleson JD: Transient and persistent neurological manifestations of migraine. Stroke 1984, 15:383-386.
7. Joutel A, Bousser MG, Biousse V, et al.: A gene for familial hemiplegic migraine maps to chromosome 19. Nat Genet 1993, 5:40-45.
8. 2+ channel gene CACNL1A4. Cell 1996, 87:543-552.
9. Nylholt DR, Curtain RP, Griffiths LR: Familial typical migraine: significant linkage and localization of a gene to Xq24-28. Hum Genet 2000, 107:18-23.
10. Carlsson A, Forsgren L, Nylander PO, et al.: Identification of a susceptibility locus for migraine with and without aura on 6p12.2-p21.1. Neurology 2002, 59:1804-1807. A new locus identified on chromosome 6.
11. Soragna D, Vettori A, Carraro G, et al.: A locus for migraine without aura maps on chromosome 14q21.2-q:22.3 Am J Hum Genet 2003, 72:161-167. Another new locus on chromosome 14.
12. Wessman M, Kallela M, Kaunisto MA, et al.: A susceptibility locus for migraine with aura, on chromosome 4q24. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 70:652-662. Another new locus identified on chromosome 4.
13. Cupini LM, Massa R, Floris R, et al.: Migraine like disorder segregating with mt DNA 14484 Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy mutation. Neurology 2003, 60:717-719. Authors report a large family of 14484 mutation with migraine. Defective oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as a mechanism for migraine is raised.
14. Larsson B, Billie B, Pedersen N: Genetic influence in headaches: a Swedish twin study. Headache 1995, 35:513-519.
15. Honkasalo ML, Kaprio J, Winter MA, et al.: Migraine and concomitant symptoms among 8167 adult twin pairs. Headache 1995, 35:70-78.
16. Russell MB, Olesen J: Increased familial risk and evidence of genetic factor in migraine. BMJ 1995, 311:541-544.
17. Cologno D, De Pascale A, Manzoni GC: Familial occurrence of migraine with aura in a population based study. Headache 2003, 43:231-234.
18. Kors E, Hann J, Ferrari M: Migraine genetics. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2003, 7:212-217. A complete review article on the genetics of migraine. In particular, the clinical spectrum of CACNA1A gene in familial hemiplegic migraine is discussed.
19. Blau JN: Migraine prodromes separated from the aura: complete migraine. Br Med J 1980, 281:658-660.
20. Launer LJ, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD: The prevalence and characteristics of migraine in a population-based cohort: the GEM study. Neurology 1999, 53:537-542.
21. Olesen J: Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society: classification and diagnostic criteria for headache disorders, cranial neuralgia and facial pain. Cephalalgia 1998, 8(suppl 7):1-96.
22. Russell MB, Rausmussen BK, Fenger K, et al.: Migraine without aura and migraine with aura are distinct clinical entities: a study of four hundred and eighty four male and female migraineurs from the general population. Cephalalgia 1996, 16:239-245.
23. Russell MB, Olesen J: A nosographic analysis of the migraine aura in a general population. Brain 1996, 119:355-361.
24. Jensen K, Tfelt-Hansen P, Lauritzen M, et al.: Classic migraine. A prospective recording of symptoms. Acta Neurol Scand 1986, 73:359-362.
25. Miller NR, Newman NJ: Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 5th edn, vol 3. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998:3665.
26. Richards W: The fortification illusions of migraine. Sci Am 1971, 224:88-96.
27. Lashley KS: Patterns of cerebral integration indicated by the scotomas of migraine. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1941, 46:331-339.
28. Hupp SL, Kline LB, Corbett JJ: Visual disturbances of migraine. Surv Ophthalmol 1989, 33:221-236.
29. Quieroz LP, Rapoport AM, Weeks RE, et al.: Characteristic of migraine visual aura. Headache 1997, 37:137-141.
30. Lance JW, Anthony M: Some clinical aspects of migraine. Arch Neurol 1966, 15:356-361.
31. Miller NR, Newman NJ: Walsh & Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology. 5th edn, vol 3. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1998:3657-3723.
32. Troost BT: Duane's Clinical Ophthalmology, vol 2. Edited by Jaeger EA, Jacobiec FA, Wheeler MB, et al. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2002:1-37.
33. Friedman AP, Harter DH, Merritt HH: Ophthalmoplegic migraine. Arch Neurol 1962, 7:320-337.
34. Woody RC, Blaw ME: Ophthalmoplegic migraine in infancy. Clin Pediatr 1986, 25:82-84.
35. Robertson WC, Schnitzler ER: Pediatrics. Ophthalmoplegic migraine in infancy. Pediatrics 1978, 61:886-888.
36. Raymond LA, Tew J Jr, Fogelson MH: Ophthalmoplegic migraine of early onset. J Pediatr 1977, 90:1035-1036.
37. Durkan GP, Troost TB, Slamovits TL, et al.: Recurrent painless oculomotor palsy in children. A variant of ophthalmoplegic migraine? Headache 1981, 21:58-62.
38. Walsh JP, O'Doherty DS: A possible explanation of the mechanism of ophthalmoplegic migraine. Neurology 1960, 10:1079-1084.
39. Carlow TJ: Oculomotor ophthalmoplegic migraine: is it really migraine? J Neuro-Ophthalmol 2002, 22:215-221. Author's series of ophthalmoplegic migraine with magnetic resonance imaging changes is discussed. He also proposes a new theory based on the trigeminovascular system.
40. Vijayan N: Ophthalmoplegic migraine: ischemic or compressive neuropathy? Headache 1980, 20:300-304.
41. Lance JW, Zagami AS: Ophthalmoplegic migraine: a recurrent demyelinating optic neuropathy? Cephalgia 2001, 21:84-89.
42. Imes RK, Monteiro ML, Hoyt WF: Ophthalmoplegic migraine with proximal posterior cerebral artery vascular anomaly. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1984, 4:221-223.
43. Bickerstaff ER: Basilar artery migraine. Lancet 1961, 39:469-476.
44. Sturzenegger MH, Meienberg O: Basilar artery migraine: a follow-up study of 82 cases. Headache 1985, 25:408-415.
45. Ducros A, Denier C, Joutel A, et al.: The clinical spectrum of familial hemiplegic migraine associated with mutations in a neuronal calcium channel. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:17-24.
46. Olsen J: The Headaches. Chapter 35, Migraine with aura and its subform. Edited by Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA. New York: Raven Press; 1993:272-273.
47. Koeppen AH: Familial hemiplegic migraine. Arch Neurol 2003, 60:663-664.
48. Troost TR, Tomsak RL: Ophthalmoplegic migraine and retinal migraine. In The Headaches. Edited by Olesen J, Tfelt-Hansen P, Welch KMA. New York: Raven Press; 1993:421-426.
49. Tomsak RL, Jergens PB: Benign recurrent transient monocular blindness: a possible variant of acephalgia migraine. Headache 1987, 27:66.
50. Kline LB, Kelley CL: Ocular migraine in a patient with cluster headaches. Headache 1980, 20:253-257.
51. Killer HE, Forrer A, Flammer J: Retinal vasospasm during an attack of migraine. Retina 2003, 23:253-254.
52. Schatz NJ: In discussion of reference 10. Opthhalmology 1981, 88:1002.
53. Blumenthal HJ, Rapoport AM: The clinical spectrum of migraine. Med Clin North Am 2001, 85:897-909.
54. Fisher CM: Late-life migraine accompaniments as a cause of unexplained transient ischemic attacks. Can J Neurol Sci 1980, 7:9-17.
55. Fisher CM: Late-life migraine accompaniments-further experience. Stroke 1986, 17:1033-1042.
56. Burde RM: Migraine. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1986, 6:72-73.
57. Katz B: Migrainous central retinal artery occlusion. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1986, 6:69-71.
58. Krapin D: Occlusion of central retinal artery in migraine. N Engl J Med 1964, 270:359.
59. McDonald WI, Sanders MD: Migraine complicated by ischemic papillopathy. Lancet 1971, 2:521-523.
60. O'Hara M, O'Connor PS. Migrainous optic neuropathy. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 1984, 4:85-90.
61. Cowan CL Jr, Knox DL: Migraine optic neuropathy. Ann Ophthalmol 1982, 14:164-166.
62. Katz B, Bamford CR: Migrainous ischemic optic neuropathy. Neurology 1985, 35:112-114.
63. Katz B: Bilateral sequential migrainous ischemic optic neuropathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1985, 99:489.
64. Lee AG, Brazis PW, Miller NR: Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy Associated with migraine. Headache 1996, 36:506-509.
65. Woods D, O'Connor PS, Fleming R: Episodic Unilateral Mydriasis and migraine. Am J Ophthamol 1984, 98:229-234.
66. Jacobson DM: Benign episodic unilateral mydriasis. Clinical characteristics. Ophthalmology 1995, 102:1623-1627.
67. Massey EW: Pupillary dysautonomia and migraine: is Adie's pupil caused by migraine. Headache 1981, 21:143-146.
68. Purvin VA: Adie's tonic pupil secondary to migraine. J Neuroophthalmol 1995, 15:43-44.
69. Jacome DE: Status migrainous and Adie's syndrome. Headache 2002, 42:793-795.
70. Lewis R, Vijayan N, Watson C, et al.: Visual field loss in migraine. Ophthalmology 1989, 96:321-326.
71. Comoglu S, Yarangumeli A, Gurbuz Koz O, et al.: Glaucomatous visual field defects in patients with migraine. J Neurol 2003, 250:201-206. The study shows 62% of patients having glaucoma-like field defect in the absence of krown ocular disease. Possible relationship of migraine and normal pressure glaucoma is discussed.
72. Phleps CD, Corbett JJ: Migraine and low tension glaucoma. A case control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985, 26:1105-1108.
73. Curseifen C, Wisse M, Curseifen S, et al.: Migraine and tension headache in high-pressure and normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2000, 129:102-104.
74. Wang JJ, Mitchell P, Smith W: Is there an association between migraine headache and open angle glaucoma? Findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1997, 104:1714-1719.
75. Klein BE, Klein R, Meuer SM, et al.: Migraine headache and its association with open angle glaucoma: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993, 34:3024-3027.
76. Jen J, Cohen AH, Yue Q, et al.: Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy and stroke (HERNS). Neurology 1997, 49:1322-1330.
77. Sakia AJ, Oberstein L, van den Boom, Hubb AM, et al.: Incipient CADASIL Arch Neurol 2003, 60:707-712.
78. Joutel A, Vahedi K, Corpechot C, et al.: Strong clustering and stereotyped nature of Notch3 mutations in CADASIL patients. Lancet 1997, 350:1511-1515.
79. Robinson W, Galetta SL, McCluskey, et al.: Retinal findings in cerebra autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (cadasil). Surv Ophthalmol 2001, 45:445-448.
80. Ophoff RA, De Young J, Service SK, et al.: Hereditary vascular retinopathy, cerebroretinal vasculopathy and hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, Nephropathy and stroke map to a single locus on chromosome 3p21.1-p21.3. Am J Hum Genet 2001, 69:447-453.
81. Wolff's Headache and Other Head Pain, 6th edn. Edited by Donald J. Dalessio and Stephen D. Silberstein. New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.
82. Olesen J, Larsen B, Lauritzen M: Focal hyperemia followed by spreading oligemia and impaired activation of rCBF in classic migraine. Ann Neurol 1981, 9:344-352.
83. Kruuse C, Thomsen LL, Birk S, et al.: Migraine can be induced by sildenafil without changes in middle cerebral artery diameter. Brain 2003, 126:241-247. The authors have shown that migraine can be induced by cGMP-dependent mechanisms without middle cerebral artery dilatation in this double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study. This study suggests other possible sites of action in migraine.
84. Leao AAP: Spreading depression activity in the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 1944, 7:359-390.
85. Lauritzen M: Cortical spreading depression as a putative migraine mechanism. Trends Neurosci 1987, 10:8-13.
86. Lauritzen M: Pathophysiology of the migraine aura. The spreading depression theory. Brain 1994, 117:199-210.
87. Welch KMA, Levine SR, D'Andrea G, et al.: Preliminary observations on brain energy metabolism in migraine studied in vivo phosphorus 31NMR spectroscopy. Neurology 1989, 39:538-541.
88. Cao Y, Welch KMA, Aurora S, et al.: Functional MRI BOLD of visually triggered headache in patients with migraine. Arch Neurol 1999, 56:548-554.
89. Cao Y, Aurora SK, Nagesh V, et al.: Functional MRI BOLD of brainstem structures during visually triggered migraine. Neurology 2002, 59:72-78. This study showed activation of the brainstem structures, the red nucleus and substantia nigra, in visually triggered migraine in patients with MA and MWA. This activity preceded changes in the occipital cortex and clinical symptoms, suggesting a possible role of these structures in the initiation of migraine.
90. Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, et al. Mechanism of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:4687-4692.
91. Bowyer SM, Aurora SK, Moran JE, et al.: Magnetoencephalographic fields from patients with spontaneous and induced migraine aura. Ann Neurol 2001, 50:582-587.
92. Ba AM, Guiou M, Pouratian N, et al.: Multiwavelength optical intrinsic imaging of cortical spreading depression. J Neurophysiol 2002, 88:2726-2735. Optical intrinsic signal imaging is a functional neuroimaging technique that gives good temporal and spatial resolution. The authors using this technique studied CSD in rats. They observed a triphasic response at different wavelengths. Changes in light scattering precede perfusion changes, and during the oligemic period there is a greater reduction in oxygen delivery than demand.
93. Pietrobon D, Striessnig J: Neurobiology of migraine. Nat Rev Neurosci 2003, 4:386-398. Excellent review article on the pathogenesis of migraine. The author discusses cortical spreading depression (CSD), trigeminal vascular system (TGVS), and familial hemiplegic migraine.
94. Woods RP, Iacoboni M, Mazziotta JC: Bilateral spreading cerebral hypoperfusion during spontaneous migraine headache. N Engl J Med 1994, 331 1689-1692.
95. Bahra A, Matharu MS, Buchel C, et al.: Brain stem activation specific to migraine headache. Lancet 2001, 357:1016-1017.
96. Moskowitz MA: The neurobiology of vascular head pain. Ann Neurol 1984, 16:157-168.
97. Goadsby PJ, Zagami AS, Lambert GA: Neural processing of craniovascular pain: a synthesis of the central structures involved in migraine. Headache 1991, 31:365-371.
98. 2A receptor in migraine.
99. Thomsen LL, Olesen J: A pivotal role of nitric oxide in migraine pain. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997, 835:363-372.
100. Bolay H, Reuter U, Dunn AK, et al.: Intrinsic brain activity triggers trigeminal meningeal afferents in a migraine model. Nat Med 2002, 8:136-142. The authors, using rat models, have shown for the first time that CSD activated the trigeminovascular system and thereby a series of cortical meningeal and brainstem events that cause migraine headache.
101. Ebesberger A, Schaible HG, Averbeck B, et al.: Is there a correlation between spreading depression, neurogenic inflammation and nociception that might cause migraine headache? Ann Neurol 2001, 49:7-13.
102. Welch KMA, Levine SR, D'Andrea G: et al. Preliminary observations on brain energy metabolism in migraine studied in vivo phosphorus 31NMR spectroscopy. Neurology 1989, 39:538-541.
103. Welch KMA, D'Andrea G, Tepley N, et al.: The concept of migraine as a state of central neuronal hyperexcitability. Neurol Clin 1990, 8:817-828.
104. Aurora SK, Welch KM, Al-Sayed F: The threshold for phosphenes is lower in migraine. Cephalalgia 2003, 23:258-263. In this double-blind study, the authors using transcranial magnetic stimulation have shown that the occipital cortex of migraineurs in hyperexcitable.
105. Capobianco DJ, Cheshire WP, Campbell JK: An overview of the diagnosis and pharmacologic treatment of migraine. Mayo Clin Proc 1996, 71:1055-1066.
106. Silberstein SD: Practice parameter: evidence-based guidelines for migraine headache. Report of the quality standards subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2000, 55:754-763.
107. Lassepas MR, Espinosa CE, Cicero JJ, et al.: Predictors of intracranial pathologic findings in patients who seek emergency care because of headache. Arch Neurol 1997, 54:1506-1509.
108. Lipton RB, Scher AI, Steiner TJ: Patterns of healthcare utilization for migraine in England and in the United States. Neurology 2003, 60:441-448. This epidemiological study compares the consultations for migraine in the United States and the United Kingdom.
109. Millichap JG, Yee MM: The diet factor in pediatric and adolescent migraine. Pediatr Neurol 2003, 28:9-15. This review article describes the food triggers in migraine.
110. Saper JR: Diagnosis and symptomatic treatment of migraine. Headache 1997, 37(suppl 1):S1-S14.
111. Boureau F, Joubert JM, Lasserre V, et al.: Double blind comparison of an acetaminophen 400 mg-codeine 25 mg combination versus aspirin 1000 mg and placebo in acute migraine attack. Cephalalgia 1994, 14:156-161.
112. Tfelt-Hansen P, Olesen J: Effervescent metoclopramide and aspirin (Miggravess) versus effervescent aspirin or placebo for migraine attacks: a double-blind study. Cephalalgia 1984, 4:107-111.
113. Lipton RB, Stewart WF, Ryan RE, et al.: Efficacy and safety of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine in alleviating migraine headache pain: three double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Arch Neurol 1998, 55:210-217.
114. Kloster R, Nestvold K, Vilming ST: A double-blind study of ibuprofen versus placebo in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1992, 12:169-171.
115. Diamond S: Treatment of migraine with isometheptene, acetaminophen, and dichloralphenazone combination: a double-blind, crossover trial. Headache 1976, 15:282-287.
116. Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlof C, et al.: Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine: a review and European consensus. Brain 2000, 123:9-18.
117. Rohr J, Dufresne JJ: Dihydroergotamine nasal spray for the treatment of migraine attacks: a comparative double-blind crossover study with placebo. Cephalalgia 1985, 5(suppl 3):142-143.
118. Tulunay FC, Karan O, Aydin N, et al.: Dihydroergotamine nasal spray during migraine attacks. A double-blind crossover study with placebo. Cephalalgia 1987, 7:131-133.
119. Winner P, Ricalde O, Le Force, et al.: A double blind study of subcutaneous dihydroergotamine vs subcutaneous sumatriptan in the treatment of acute migraine. Arch Neurol 1996, 53:180-184.
120. Silberstein SD, Young WB, Mendizabal JE, et al.: Acute migraine treatment with droperidol. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 2003, 60:315-321.
121. Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Tepper SJ, et al.: Intravenous dipyrone in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura: a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Headache 2002, 42:862-871.
122. Tek DS, McClellan DS, Olshaker JS, et al.: A prospective double-blind study of metoclopramide hydrochloride for the control of migraine in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1990, 1083-1087.
123. Coppola M, Yealy DM, Leibold: Randomized placebo-controlled evaluation of prochlorperazine versus metoclopramide for the emergency department treatment of migraine headache. Ann Emerg Med 1995, 26:541-546.
124. Bigal ME, Krymchantowski AV, Rapoport A: New developments in migraine prophylaxis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2003, 4:433-443. The article discusses the various newly available prophylactic medications for use in migraine. Most of these are anticonvulsants. Botulinum toxin is also discussed.
125. Welch KMA: Drug therapy of migraine. N Engl J Med 1993, 20:1476-1483.
126. Aukerman G, Knutson D, Miser WF: Management of acute migraine headache. Am Fam Physician 2002, 66:2123-2130. This article provides evidence-based information on migraine treatment. Treatment of acute migraine is discussed.
127. Snow V, Weiss K, Wall EM, et al.: Pharmacologic management of acute attacks of migraine and prevention of migraine Headache. Ann Intern Med 2002, 137:840-849. Provides evidence-based information on acute and prophylactic treatment of migraine.
128. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD: Migraine-current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:257-270. The article discusses the current pathogenesis of migraine. Various medications used in acute attack with meta-analysis of triptans is provided.
129. Binder WJ, Brin MF, Blitzer A, et al.: Botulinum toxin type A for treatment of migraine headaches: an open-label study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2000, 123:669-676.
130. Ishikawa H, Mitsui Y, Yoshitomi T, et al.: Presynaptic effects of botulinum toxin type A on the neuronally evoked response of albino and pigmented rabbit iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2000, 44:106-109.
131. Loder E, Biondi D: Use of botulinum toxins for chronic headaches: a focused review. Clin J Pain 2002, 18(suppl):S169-S176. This review article discusses the use of botulinum toxin in various headaches.
132. Evers S, Rahmann A, Vollmer-Haase J, et al.: Treatment of headache with botulinum toxin type A-a review according to evidence based medicine criteria. Cephalalgia 2002, 22:699-710. Review article analyzes various study of use of Botox based on evidence-based criteria. In addition to migraine, other headaches are also discussed. Regarding migraine, no conclusions can be drawn.
133. Behmand RA, Tucker T, Guyuron B, et al.: Single site injection for the elimination of migraine trigger points [Abstract S130]. Headache 2002, 42:403.
134. Blumenfeld A: Decrease in headache medication use and cost after botulinum toxin type A treatment in a high triptan use population. Headache 2002, 42:420.
135. Silberstein S, Mathew N, Saper J, et al.: Botulinum toxin type A as a migraine preventive treatment. Headache 2000, 40:445-450.