The Application of the Fluoride Reactivation Process to the Detection of Sarin and Soman Nerve Agent Exposures in Biological Samples

Drug and Chemical Toxicology

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 77-91

  Adams, T K ^a   Capacio, B R ^a   Smith, J R ^a   Whalley, C E ^b   Korte, W D ^a  

^a US ARMY MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL DEFENSE   (United States)

^b EDGEWOOD CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Carboxylesterase; Fluoride reactivation; Guinea pigs and monkeys; Sarin and soman assay

Indexed keywords

NERVE GAS; SARIN; SOMAN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIOASSAY; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DRUG DETERMINATION; DRUG EXPOSURE; FLUORIDE REACTIVATION PROCESS; GUINEA PIG; LD 50; NONHUMAN; PLASMA; RHESUS MONKEY;

ANIMALS; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; CHOLINESTERASE REACTIVATORS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; FLUORIDES; GUINEA PIGS; HUMANS; KIDNEY; LETHAL DOSE 50; MACACA MULATTA; SARIN; SOMAN;

ANIMALIA; CAVIA; CAVIA PORCELLUS; MACACA; MACACA MULATTA; SUS SCROFA;

EID: 1542275600     PISSN: 01480545     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/DCT-120027901     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Noort, D.; Benschop, H.P.; Black, R.M. Biomonitoring of exposure to chemical warfare agents: a review. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2002, 184 (2), 116-126.
2. Nostrandt, A.C.; Duncan, J.A.; Padilla, S. A modified spectrophotometric method appropriate for measuring cholinesterase activity in tissue from carbaryl-treated animals. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1993, 21 (2), 196-203.
3. Benschop, H.P.; Bijleveld, E.C.; Otto, M.F.; Degenhardt, C.E.A.; Van Helden, H.P.M.; De Jong, L.P.A. Stabilization and gas chromatographic analysis of the four stereoisomers of 1,2,3-trimethylpropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (soman) in rat blood. Anal. Biochem. 1985, 151 (2), 242-253.
4. Shih, M.L.; Smith, J.R.; McMonagle, J.D.; Dolzine, T.W.; Gresham, V.C. Detection of metabolites of toxic alkylmethylphosphonic acids in biological samples. Biol. Mass Spectrom. 1991, 20 (11), 717-723.
5. Shih, M.L.; McMonagle, J.D.; Dolzine, T.W.; Gresham, V.C. Metabolite pharmacokinetics of soman, sarin, and GF in rats and biological monitoring of exposure to toxic organophosphorus agents. J. Appl. Toxicol. 1994, 14 (3), 195-199.
6. Driskell, W.J.; Shih, M.; Needham, L.L.; Barr, D.B. Quantitation of organophosphorus nerve agent metabolites in human urine using isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Toxicol. 2002, 26 (1), 6-10.
7. Polhuijs, M.; Langenberg, J.P.; Noort, D.; Hulst, A.G.; Benschop, H.P. Retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphates: analyses in blood of human beings and rhesus monkeys. In NBC Risks; Sohns, T., Voicu, V.A., Eds.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Netherlands, 1999; 513-521. Presented by De Jong, D.P.A.
8. Polhuijs, M.; Langenberg, J.P.; Benschop, H.P. New method for retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorus anticholinesterases: application to alleged sarin victims of Japanese terrorists. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1997, 146 (1), 156-161.
9. Jakubowski, E.M.; Heykamp, L.S.; Durst, H.D.; Thomson, S.A. Preliminary studies in the formation of ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate from rat and human serum exposed to VX and treated with fluoride ion. Anal. Lett. 2001, 34 (5), 727-737.
10. Fidder, A.; Noort, D.; Hulst, A.G.; De Ruiter, R.; Van der Schans, M.J.; Benschop, H.P.; Langenberg, J.P. Retrospective detection of exposure to organophosphorus anti-cholinesterases: mass spectrometric analysis of phosphylated human butyrylcholinesterase. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 2002, 15 (4), 582-590.
11. Barak, R.; Ordentlich, A.; Barak, D.; Fischer, M.; Benschop, H.P.; De Jong, L.P.A.; Segal, Y.; Velan, B.; Shafferman, A. Direct determination of the chemical composition of acetylcholinesterase phosphonylation products utilizing electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry. FEBS Lett. 1997, 407 (3), 347-352.
12. Fleisher, J.H.; Harris, L.W. Dealkylation as a mechanism for aging of cholinesterase after poisoning with pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1965, 14 (5), 641-650.
13. De Jong, L.P.A.; Van Dijk, C. Formation of soman (1,2,2-trimethylpropylmethylphosphonofluoridate) via fluoride-induced reactivation of soman-inhibited aliesterase in rat plasma. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1984, 33 (7), 663-669.
14. Black, R.M.; Harrison, J.M.; Reed, R.W. The interaction of sarin and soman with plasma proteins: the identification of a novel phosphonylation site. Arch. Toxicol. 1999, 73 (2), 123-126.
15. Maxwell, D.M.; Brecht, K.M. Carboxylesterase: specificity and spontaneous reactivation of an endogenous scavenger for organophosphorus compounds. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2001, 21 (Suppl. 1), S103-S107.
16. Clement, J.G. Importance of aliesterase as a detoxification mechanism for soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate) in mice. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1984, 33 (23), 3807-3811.
17. Clement, J.G.; Benschop, H.P.; De Jong, L.P.A.; Wolthuis, O.L. Stereoisomers of soman (pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate): inhibition of serum carboxylic ester hydrolase and potentiation of their toxicity by CBDP (2-2-methylphenoxy)-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin-2-oxide) in mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1987, 89 (1), 141-143.
18. Maxwell, D.M.; Brecht, K.M.; O'Neill, B.L. The effect of carboxylesterase inhibition on interspecies differences in soman toxicity. Toxicol. Lett. 1987, 39 (1), 35-42.
19. Myers, D.K. Studies on cholinesterase 7: determination of the molar concentration of pseudo-cholinesterase in serum. Biochem. J. 1952, 51, 303-311.
20. Maxwell, D.M.; Vlahacos, C.P.; Lenz, D.E. A pharmacodynamic model for soman in the rat. Toxicol. Lett. 1988, 43 (1-3), 175-188.
21. Clement, J.G. Role of aliesterase in organophosphate poisoning. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 1984, 4 (2 Pt. 2), S95-S105.
22. Sterri, S.H.; Lyngaas, S.; Fonnum, F. Toxicity of soman after repetitive injection of sublethal doses in guinea pig and mouse. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1981, 49 (1), 8-13.
23. Worek, F.; Mast, U.; Kiderlen, D.; Diepold, C.; Eyer, P. Improved determination of acetylcholinesterase activity in human blood. Clin. Chim. Acta 1999, 288 (1-2), 73-90.
24. Gay, D.D.; Hoskins, F.C.G. Stereospecificity and active site requirements in a diisopropylphosphorofluoridate-hydrolyzing enzyme. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1979, 28 (7), 1259-1261.