Water quality guidelines for the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area: A basis for development and preliminary values

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Volumn 51, Issue 1-4, 2005, Pages 76-88

  Moss, Andrew ^a   Brodie, Jon ^b   Furnas, Miles ^c  

^a DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT   (Australia)

^b JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATCHMENTS; CHLOROPHYLL; DATA ACQUISITION; ECOLOGY; NATURAL WATER GEOCHEMISTRY; SEDIMENTS;

FRESH WATER QUALITY; GREAT BARRIER REEF WORLD HERITAGE AREA (GBRWHA); MARINE WATER QUALITY; PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PRESSURE;

WATER QUALITY;

AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL; CHLOROPHYLL A; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; SEA WATER;

BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS; COASTAL WATER; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; GUIDELINE; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTY; WATER QUALITY;

CONFERENCE PAPER; ECOSYSTEM; NUTRIENT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRESSURE; SEDIMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER STANDARD;

ANIMALS; ANTHOZOA; CHLOROPHYLL; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; GUIDELINES; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; QUALITY CONTROL; QUEENSLAND; REFERENCE VALUES; SEAWATER; WATER POLLUTANTS; WATER POLLUTION;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; CORAL SEA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; GREAT BARRIER REEF; OCEANIC REGIONS; PACIFIC OCEAN; QUEENSLAND; WORLD;

EID: 14844302182     PISSN: 0025326X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.10.052     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (105)

1. E. Abal, and W.C. Dennison Seagrass depth range and water quality in southern Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia Marine and Freshwater Research 47 1996 763 771
2. K.R.N. Anthony, and K.E. Fabricius Shifting roles of heterotrophy and autotrophy in coral energetics under varying turbidity Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 252 2000 221 253
3. ANZECC, 1992. Australian water quality guidelines for fresh and marine waters. National Water Quality Management Strategy Paper No 4, Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Canberra
4. ANZECC, 2000. Australian and New Zealand guidelines for fresh and marine water quality. National Water Quality Management Strategy, Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council and Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand, Canberra
5. ARMCANZ and ANZECC, 1994. National water quality management strategy. Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand and Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council, Canberra
6. R. Babcock, and P. Davies Effects of sedimentation on settlement of Acropora millepora Coral Reefs 9 1991 205 208
7. Babcock, R.C., Smith, L., 2002. Effects of sedimentation on coral settlement and survivorship. In: Moosa, M.K.K., Soemodihardjo, S., Nontji, A., Soegiarto, A., Romimohtarto, K., Sukarno, Suharsono (Eds.), Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium, Bali, Bali, Indonesia, October 23-27, 2000, pp. 245-248
8. C.A. Belda, C. Cuff, and D. Yellowlees Modification of shell formation in the giant clam Tridacna gigas at elevated nutrient levels in seawater Marine Biology 117 1993 251 257
9. P.R.F. Bell, P.F. Greenfield, D. Hawker, and D. Connell The impact of waste discharges on coral reef regions Water Science and Technology 21 1 1989 121 130
10. R. Berkelmans Time-integrated thermal bleaching thresholds of reefs and their variation on the Great Barrier Reef Marine Ecology Progress Series 229 2002 73 82
11. R. Berkelmans, and J.K. Oliver Large-scale bleaching of corals on the Great Barrier Reef Coral Reefs 18 1999 55 60
12. R. Berkelmans, G. De'ath, S. Kininmonth, and W. Skirving A comparison of the 1998 and 2002 coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef: spatial correlation, patterns and predictions Coral Reefs 23 2004 74 83
13. V. Brando, and A.G. Dekker Satellite hyperspectral remote sensing for estimating estuarine and coastal water quality IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 41 6 2003 1378 1387
14. Brodie, J.E., 2002. Keeping the wolf from the door: managing and-based threats to the Great Barrier Reef. In: Moosa, M.K.K., Soemodihardjo, S., Nontji, A., Soegiarto, A., Romimohtarto, K., Sukarno and Suharsono (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, Indonesian Institute of Sciences and State Ministry for Environment, Jakarta, Indonesia, 2, pp. 705-714
15. J. Brodie The Great Barrier Reef: 25 years of management as a Large Marine Ecosystem G. Hempel K. Sherman Large Marine Ecosystems of the World: Trends in Exploitation, Protection and Research 2003 Elsevier Amsterdam 313 336
16. Brodie, J., Furnas, M., 1994. Long term monitoring programs for eutrophication and the design of a monitoring program for the Great Barrier Reef. In: Richmond, R.H. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Coral Reef Symposium, Guam, 1, pp. 77-84
17. J. Brodie, and M.J. Furnas Cyclones, river flood plumes and natural water quality extremes in the central Great Barrier Reef H.M. Hunter A.G. Eyles G.E. Rayment Downstream Effects of Land Use 1996 Queensland Department of Natural Resources Brisbane, Australia 367 374
18. Brodie, J., Furnas, M.J., Steven, A.D.L., Trott, L.A., Pantus, F., Wright, M., 1997. Monitoring chlorophyll in the Great Barrier Reef lagoon: trends and variability. In: Proceedings of the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium 1, pp. 797-802
19. J. Brodie, M. Furnas, S. Ghonim, D. Haynes, A. Mitchell, S. Morris, J. Waterhouse, H. Yorkston, D. Audas, D. Lowe, and M. Ryan Great Barrier Reef Catchment Water Quality Action Plan 2001 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville 116 pp
20. Brodie, J., McKergow, L.A., Prosser, I.P., Furnas, M., Hughes, A.O., Hunter, H., 2003. Sources of sediment and nutrient exports to the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area. ACTFR Report No. 03/11, Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University, Townsville, 191 pp
21. Brodie, J., Fabricius, K., De'ath, G., Okaji, K., 2004. Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown of thorns starfish? An appraisal of the evidence. In: Hutchings, P.A., Haynes, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of Catchment to Reef: Water Quality Issus in the Great Barrier Reef Region Conference. Marine Pollution Bulletin
22. S.D. Costanzo, M.J. O'Donohue, W.C. Dennison, N.R. Loneragan, and M. Thomas A new approach for detecting and mapping sewage impacts Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 2001 149 156
23. E.F. Cox, and S. Ward Impact of elevated ammonium on reproduction in two Hawaiian scleractinian corals with different life history patterns Marine Pollution Bulletin 44 2002 1230 1235
24. Devlin, M., Brodie, J., 2004. Terrestrial discharge into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon: nutrient behaviour in coastal waters. In: Hutchings, P.A., Haynes, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of Catchment to Reef: Water Quality Issues in the Great Barrier Reef Region Conference. Marine Pollution Bulletin
25. M. Devlin, J. Waterhouse, J. Taylor, and J. Brodie Flood plumes in the Great Barrier Reef: spatial and temporal patterns in composition and distribution, GBRMPA Research Publication No 68 2001 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville, Australia
26. Duke, N.C., Bell, A.M., 2004. Herbicides implicated as the cause of serious mangrove dieback in the Mackay region, NE Australia-serious implications for marine plant habitats of the GBR World Heritage Area. In: Hutchings, P.A., Haynes, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of Catchment to Reef: Water Quality Issues in the Great Barrier Region Conference. Marine Pollution Bulletin
27. Duke, N.C., Bell, A.M., Pedersen, D.K. Godson, L.M., Zahmel, K.N., Mackenzie, J., Bengston-Nash, S., 2003. Mackay Mangrove Dieback. Report to the Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Northern Fisheries Centre, Cairns and the Community of Mackay Region. 177 pp
28. Fabricius, K., 2004. Effects of terrestrial runoff on the ecology of corals and coral reefs: review and synthesis. Marine Pollution Bulletin
29. K. Fabricius, and G. De'ath Biodiversity on the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale patterns and turbidity-related local loss of soft coral taxa E. Wolanski Oceanographic Processes of Coral reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef 2001 CRC Press Boca Raton 127 144
30. K. Fabricius, and G. De'ath Environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of crustose coralline algae on the Great Barrier Reef Coral Reefs 19 4 2001 303 309
31. K.E. Fabricius, and G. De'ath Identifying ecological change and its causes: a case study on coral reefs Ecological Applications 14 2004 1448 1465
32. K.E. Fabricius, and E. Wolanski Rapid smothering of coral reef organisms by muddy marine snow Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 50 2000 115 120
33. K.E. Fabricius, C. Wild, E. Wolanski, and D. Abele Effects of transparent exopolymer particles and muddy terrigenous sediments on the survival of hard coral recruits Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 57 2003 613 621
34. Fabricius, K., De'ath, G., McCook, L., Turak E., Williams, D.B., 2004. Changes in algal, coral and fish assemblages along water quality gradients on the inshore Great Barrier Reef. In: Hutchings, P.A., Haynes, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of Catchment to Reef: Water Quality Issus in the Great Barrier Reef Region Conference. Marine Pollution Bulletin
35. Fernandes, L., Day, J., Lewis, A., Slegers, S., Kerrigan, B., Breen, D., Cameron, D., Jago, B. Hall, J., Lowe, D., Innes, J., Tanzer, J., Chadwick, V., Thompson, L., Gorman, K., Simmons, M., Barnett, B., Sampson, K., De'ath, G., Mapstone, B., Marsh, H., Possingham, H., Ball, I., Ward, T., Dobbs, K., Aumend, J., Slater, D., Stapleton, K., in press. Implementing representative no-take areas over 1/3 of the Great Barrier Reef: large-scale implementation of Marine Protected Area theory with lessons for global application. Conservation Biology
36. C. Ferrier-Pages, V. Schoelzke, J. Jaubert, L. Muscatine, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg Response of a scleractinian coral, Stylophora pistillata, to iron and nitrate enrichment Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 259 2001 249 261
37. M.J. Furnas Cyclonic disturbance and a phytoplankton bloom in a tropical shelf environment T. Okaichi D.M. Anderson T. Nemoto Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology 1989 Elsevier New York 273 277
38. M. Furnas Catchments and corals: terrestrial runoff to the great barrier reef 2003 Australian Institute of Marine Science and CRC Reef Research Centre Townsville 334
39. M.J. Furnas, and J. Brodie Current status of nutrient levels & other water quality parameters in the Great Barrier Reef H.M. Hunter A.G. Eyles G.E. Rayment Downstream Effects of Land Use 1996 Department of Natural Resources Brisbane 9 23
40. M. Furnas, J, and A.W. Mitchell Nutrient inputs into the central Great Barrier Reef (Australia) from subsurface intrusions of Coral Sea waters: a two-dimensional displacement model Continental Shelf Research 16 9 1996 1127 1148
41. M.J. Furnas, and A.L. Mitchell Biological oceanography of the Great Barrier Reef N. Turia C. Dalliston The Great Barrier Reef: Science, Use and Management 1997 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville, Australia
42. GBR long-term chlorophyll monitoring program, 2004. http://adc.aims.gov. au:9555/chloro/do/gotoLauncher.do/
43. M. Gilbert, J. Waterhouse, M. Ramsay, and J. Brodie Population and major land use in the Great Barrier Reef catchment area: spatial and temporal trends, Research Publication Series 2003 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville
44. J. Gilmour Experimental investigation into the effects of suspended sediment on fertilisation, larval survival and settlement in a scleractinian coral Marine Biology 3 1999 451 462
45. P.L. Harrison, and S. Ward Elevated levels of nitrogen and phosphorus reduce fertilisation success of gametes from scleractinian reef corals Marine Biology 139 2001 1057 1068
46. Hart, B.T., 1982. A compilation of Australian water quality criteria. Australian Water Resources Council Technical paper No. 7, Department of the Environment and Conservation, Canberra
47. B.T. Hart, B. Maher, and I. Lawrence New generation water quality guidelines for ecosystem protection Freshwater Biology 41 1999 347 359
48. D.W. Hawker, and D.W. Connell An evaluation of the tolerance of corals to nutrients and related water quality characteristics International Journal of Environmental Studies A&B 34 1989 179 188
49. D. Haynes, J. Müller, and S. Carter Pesticide and herbicide residues in sediments and seagrass from the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area and Queensland coast Marine Pollution Bulletin 41 7-12 2000 279 287
50. D. Haynes, P. Ralph, J. Prange, and W.C. Dennison The impact of the herbicide Diuron on photosynthesis in three species of tropical seagrass Marine Pollution Bulletin 41 2000 288 293
51. D. Haynes, J. Brodie, C. Christie, M. Devlin, K. Michalek-Wagner, S. Morris, M. Ramsay, J. Storrie, J. Waterhouse, and H. Yorkston Great Barrier Reef Water Quality: Current Issues 2001 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville
52. O. Hoegh-Guldberg Climate change, coral bleaching and the future of the world's coral reefs Marine and Freshwater Research 50 1999 839 866
53. T. Hughes, A.M. Szmant, R. Steneck, R. Carpenter, and S. Miller Algal blooms on coral reefs: what are the causes Limnology and Oceanography 44 6 1999 1583 1586
54. W. Hunte, and M. Wittenberg Effects of eutrophication and sedimentation on juvenile corals. 2. Settlement Marine Biology 114 1992 625 631
55. P. Hutchings, and D. Haynes Sources, fates and consequences of pollutants in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Pollution Bulletin 41 7-12 2000 265 434
56. R.J. Jones, T. Kildea, and O. Hoegh-Guldberg PAM chlorophyll fluorometry: a new in-situ technique for stress assessment in scleratinian corals, used to examine the effects of cyanide from cyanide fishing Marine Pollution Bulletin 38 1999 864 874
57. A.B. Jones, M.J. O'Donohue, J. Udy, and W.C. Dennison Assessing ecological impacts of shrimp and sewage effluent: biological indicators with standard water quality analyses Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 52 2001 91 109
58. R.J. Jones, J. Muller, D. Haynes, and U. Schreiber Effects of herbicides Diuron and Atrazine on corals of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia Marine Ecology Progress Series 251 2003 153 167
59. B.S. Kamber, and G.E. Webb The geochemistry of late Archaean microbial carbonate: implications for ocean chemistry and continental erosion history Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 2001 2509 2525
60. D.W. Kinsey, and P.J. Davies Effects of elevated nitrogen and phosphorus on a coral reef Limnology and Oceanography 24 1979 935 940
61. Kinsey, D.W., Domm, A., 1974. Effects of fertilisation on a coral reef environment-primary production studies. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Coral Reef Symposium 1, pp. 49-66
62. J.A. Kleypus, J.W. McManus, and L.A.B. Menez Environmental limits to coral reef development: where do we draw the line American Zoologist 39 1999 146 159
63. K. Koop, D. Booth, A. Broadbent, J. Brodie, D. Bucher, D. Capone, J. Coll, W. Dennison, M. Erdmann, P. Harrison, O. Hoegh-Guldberg, P.A. Hutchings, G.B. Jones, A.W.D. Larkum, J. O'Neil, A. Steven, E. Tentori, S. Ward, J. Williamson, and D. Yellowlees ENCORE: the effect of nutrient enrichment on coral reefs. Synthesis of results and conclusions Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 2 2001 91 120
64. B.E. Lapointe Nutrient thresholds for eutrophication and macroalgal blooms on coral reefs in Jamaica and southeast Florida Limnology and Oceanography 42 1997 1119 1131
65. P. Larcombe, P.V. Ridd, A. Prytz, and B. Wilson Factors controlling suspended sediment on inner-shelf coral reefs, Townsville, Australia Coral Reefs 14 1995 163 171
66. Longstaff, B.J., 2003. Investigations into the light requirements of seagrasses in northeast Australia. PhD Thesis submitted to the Department of Botany, The University of Queensland, Australia
67. Y. Loya Effects of water turbidity and sedimentation on the community structure of Puerto Rico corals Bulletin of Marine Science 26 1976 450 466
68. F. Marubini, and P.S. Davies Nitrate increases zooxanthellae population density and reduces skeletogenesis in corals Marine Biology 127 1996 319 328
69. T. McClanahan, R, and D. Obura Sedimentation effects on shallow coral communities in Kenya Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 209 1-2 1997 103 122
70. L.J. McCook Macroalgae, nutrients and phase shifts on coral reefs: scientific issues and management consequences for the Great Barrier Reef Coral Reefs 18 1999 357 367
71. L.J. McCook, J. Jompa, and G. Diaz-Pulido Competition between corals and algal turfs along a gradient of terrestrial influence in the nearshore central Great Barrier Reef Coral Reefs 19 2001 419 425
72. M. McCulloch, S. Fallon, T. Wyndham, J. Lough, and D. Barnes Coral Record of increased sediment flux to the inner Great Barrier Reef since European settlement Nature 421 2003 727 730
73. McMahon, K., Bengson-Nash, S., Muller, J., Duke, N., Eaglesham, G., 2003. Relationship between seagrass health and herbicide concentration in Harvey Bay and the Great Sandy Straits. Report to the Environment Protection Agency, Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Maryborough, Queensland
74. M.W. Miller Coral/seaweed competition and the control of reef community structure within and between latitudes Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual reviews 36 1998 65 96
75. Mitchell, C., Brodie J., White, I., 2004. Sediments, nutrients and pesticide residues in event flow conditions in streams of the Mackay Whitsunday Region, Australia. In: Hutchings, P.A., Haynes, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of Catchment to Reef: Water Quality Issues in the Great Barrier Reef Region Conference. Marine Pollution Bulletin
76. Moss, A.J., Rayment, G.E., Reilly, N., Best, E.K., 1992. A preliminary assessment of sediment and nutrient exports from Queensland coastal catchments. Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Technical Report No. 4, Brisbane. 33 pp
77. L. Muscatine, P.G. Falkowski, Z. Dubinsky, P.A. Cook, and L.R. McCloskey The effect of external nutrient resources on the population dynamics of zooxanthellae in a reef coral Proceedings of the Royal Society London Series B 236 1989 311 324
78. D.T. Neil, A.R. Orpin, P.V. Ridd, and B. Yu Sediment yield and impacts from river catchments to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon Marine and Freshwater Research 53 2002 733 752
79. NOAA, 2004. Available from: 〈http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/PSB/EPS/SST/ methodology.html〉
80. A.R. Orpin, P.V. Ridd, and L.K. Stewart Assessment of the relative importance of major sediment-transport mechanisms in the central Great Barrier Reef lagoon Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46 1999 883 896
81. R.A. Pastorok, and G.R. Bilyard Effects of sewage pollution on coral reef communities Marine Ecology Progress Series 21 1985 175 189
82. E. Philipp, and K. Fabricius Photophysiological stress in scleractinian corals in response to short-term sedimentation Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 287 2003 57 78
83. P.J. Ralph Herbicide toxicity of Halophila ovalis assessed by chlorophyll a fluorescence Aquatic Botany 66 2000 141 152
84. Rasmussen, C.E., Cuff, C., 1990. Enhanced nutrient levels in the marine environment and their effects on coral reefs. In: Proceedings of the Fourth Pacific Conference on Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, 1, pp. 13-20
85. B.B. Riegl, and G.M. Riegl Effects of sedimentation on the energy budget of four scleractinian (Bourne 1900) and five alcyonacean (Lamouroux 1816) corals Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 186 1995 259 275
86. C.S. Rogers Sublethal and lethal effects of sediments applied to common Caribbean reef corals in the field Marine Pollution Bulletin 14 1983 378 382
87. C.S. Rogers Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation Marine Ecology Progress Series 62 1990 185 202
88. 15N on the Great Barrier Reef: further consideration of the reef nutrient paradox Marine Ecology Progress Series 180 1999 131 138
89. M.G. Stafford-Smith, and R.F.G. Ormond Sediment-rejection mechanisms of 42 species of Australian scleractinian corals Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research 43 1992 683 705
90. J. Stimson, and S.T. Larned Effects of herbivory, nutrient levels, and introduced algae on the distribution and abundance of the invasive macroalga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii Coral Reefs 19 2001 343 357
91. A.M. Szmant Nutrient enrichment on coral reefs: is it a major cause of coral reef decline Estuaries 25 2002 743 766
92. G.J. Telesnicki, and W.M. Goldberg Effects of turbidity on the photosynthesis and respiration of two south Florida reef coral species Bulletin of Marine Science 57 1995 527 539
93. T. Tomascik, and F. Sander Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. 1. Growth rate of the reef-building coral Montastrea annularis Marine Biology 87 1985 143 155
94. T. Tomascik, and F. Sander Effects of eutrophication on reef-building corals. 3. Reproduction of the reef-building coral Porites porites Marine Biology 94 1987 77 94
95. 15 values in aquatic plants from cleared catchments: why Marine and Freshwater Research 52 2001 347 351
96. M.M. van Katwijk, N.F. Meier, R. van Loon, E.M. van Howe, W.B. Giesen, and G. vanderVelde Sabaki River sediment loading and coral stress: correlation between sediments and condition of the Malindi-Watamu reefs in Kenya (Indian Ocean) Marine Biology 117 1993 675 683
97. R. van Woesik, T. Tomascik, and S. Blake Coral assemblages and physico-chemical characteristics of the Whitsunday Islands: evidence of recent community changes Marine and Freshwater Research 50 1999 427 440
98. D. Wachenfeld, J. Oliver, and J. Morrisey State of the great barrier reef world heritage area 1998 Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority Townsville 139
99. S. Ward, and P. Harrison Changes in gametogenesis and fecundity of acroporid corals that were exposed to elevated nitrogen and phosphorus during the ENCORE experiment Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 246 2000 179 221
100. I. Wesseling, A.J. Uychiaoco, P.M. Aliño, T. Aurin, and J.E. Vermaat Damage and recovery of four Philippine corals from short-term sediment burial Marine Ecology Progress Series 176 1999 11 15
101. K. West, and R. Van Woesik Spatial and temporal variance of river discharge on Okinawa (Japan): inferring the temporal impact on adjacent coral reefs Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 2001 864 872
102. M. Wittenberg, and W. Hunte Effects of eutrophication and sedimentation on juvenile corals. 1. Abundance, mortality and community structure Marine Biology 116 1992 131 138
103. E. Wolanski, and S. Spagnol Pollution by mud of Great Barrier Reef coastal waters Journal of Coastal Research 16 4 2000 1151 1156
104. E. Wolanski, R. Richmond, L. McCook, and H. Sweatman Mud, marine snow and coral reefs American Scientist 91 2003 44 51
105. C.S. Yentsch, C.M. Yentsch, J.J. Cullen, B. Lapointe, D.A. Phinney, and S.W. Yentsch Sunlight and water transparency: cornerstones in coral research Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 268 2002 171 183