Radiation as a nervous system toxin

Neurologic Clinics

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 571-597

  Pimperl, L Cameron ^a  

^a WILFORD HALL MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

METHOTREXATE; RADIUM; STEROID; THORIUM DIOXIDE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; ATOMIC BOMB SURVIVOR; BLADDER CANCER; BONE CANCER; BRAIN CANCER; BRAIN RADIATION; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER RISK; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM TUMOR; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COLON CANCER; CYTOREDUCTIVE SURGERY; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; IRRADIATION; KIDNEY CANCER; LEUKEMIA; LEUKOENCEPHALOPATHY; LUNG CANCER; LYMPHOMA; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; MINER; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; NEUROTOXICITY; NONHODGKIN LYMPHOMA; PANCREAS CANCER; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RADIATION ACCIDENT; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION HAZARD; RADIATION INJURY; RADIATION NECROSIS; RADIOGRAPHY; REVIEW; SKIN CANCER; SKULL IRRADIATION; SOFT TISSUE CANCER; SOMNOLENCE; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TINEA CAPITIS;

EID: 14744305418     PISSN: 07338619     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2004.12.006     Document Type: Review

References (184)

1. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2000 report 2000 United Nations New York p. 2-17
2. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2001 report 2001 United Nations New York p. 1-160
3. D. Preston, Y. Shimizu, and D. Pierce Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors: report 13. Solid cancer and non-cancer disease mortality: 1950-1997 Radiat Res 160 4 2003 381 407
4. L.F. Fajardo, M. Berthrong, and R.E. Anderson Nervous system Radiation pathology 2001 Oxford University Press New York 351 363
5. A. Martins, J. Johnston, and J. Henry Delayed radiation necrosis of the brain J Neurosurg 47 1977 336 345
6. J. Marks, and J. Wong The risk of cerebral radionecrosis in relation to dose, time and fractionation: a follow-up study Prog Exp Tumor Res 29 1985 210 218
7. M. Anscher, D. Green, and S. Kneece Radiation injury of the brain and spinal cord R. Wilkins S. Rengachary Neurosurgery update II: vascular, spinal, pediatric, and function neurosurgery 1991 McGraw-Hill New York 42 49
8. R. Price, and D. Birdwell The central nervous system in childhood leukemia. III: mineralizing microangiopathy and dystrophic calcification Cancer 42 2 1978 717 728
9. L.F. Fajardo, M. Berthrong, and R.E. Anderson Acute radiation syndrome Radiation pathology 2001 Oxford University Press New York 43 51
10. T. Luckey Radiation hormesis overview RSO Magazine 8 4 2002 22 41
11. D. Preston, D. Pierce, and Y. Shimizu Dose response and temporal patterns of radiation-associated solid cancer risks Health Phys 85 1 2003 43 46
12. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 2000 Annex J 2000 United Nations New York p. 451-566
13. R. Rowland, and H. Lucas Radium-dial workers J.D. Boice Jr. J.F. Fraumeni Jr. Radiation carcinogenesis: epidemiology and biological significance 1984 Raven Press New York 231 240
14. H. Weiss, S. Darby, and R. Doll Cancer mortality following x-ray treatment for ankylosing spondylitis Int J Cancer 59 3 1994 327 338
15. S. Darby, R. Doll, and S. Gill Long term mortality after a single treatment course with x-rays in patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis Br J Cancer 55 2 1987 179 190
16. C. Lewis, P. Smith, and I. Stratton Estimated radiation doses to different organs among patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis with a single course of x-rays Br J Radiol 61 723 1988 212 220
17. L.F. Fajardo, M. Berthrong, and R.E. Anderson Exposures of human populations to ionizing radiation Radiation pathology 2001 Oxford University Press New York 19 42
18. M. Andersson, B. Carstensen, and H. Storm Mortality and cancer incidence after cerebral arteriography with or without thorotrast Radiat Res 142 1995 305 320
19. J. Fabrikantn, R. Dickson, and B. Fetter Mechanism of radiation carcinogenesis at the clinical level Br J Cancer 18 1964 459 477
20. R. Rankow, J. Conley, and P. Fodor Carcinoma of the maxillary sinus following thorotrast instillation J Maxillofac Surg 2 2-3 1974 119 126
21. S. Preston-Martin, W. Mack, and B. Henderson Risk factors for gliomas and meningiomas in males in Los Angeles County Cancer Res 49 21 1989 6137 6143
22. S. Preston-Martin, M. Yu, and B. Henderson Risk factors for meningiomas in men in Los Angeles County J Natl Cancer Inst 70 5 1983 863 866
23. S. Preston-Martin, M. Yu, and B. Benton N-nitroso compounds and childhood brain tumors: a case-control study Cancer Res 42 12 1982 5340 5345
24. S. Preston-Martin, A. Paganini-Hill, and B. Henderson Case-control study of intracranial meningiomas in women in Los Angeles County, California J Natl Cancer Inst 65 1 1980 67 73
25. R. Kuijten, G. Bunin, and C. Nass Gestational and familial risk factors for childhood astrocytoma: results of a case-control study Cancer Res 50 9 1990 2608 2612
26. M. McCredie, P. Maisonneuve, and P. Boyle Antenatal risk factors for malignant brain tumours in New South Wales children Int J Cancer 56 1 1994 6 10
27. P. Ryan, M. Lee, and B. North Amalgam fillings, diagnostic dental x-rays and tumours of the brain and meninges Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol 28B 2 1992 91 95
28. C. Fürst, M. Lundell, and L. Holm Cancer incidence after radiotherapy for skin hemangioma: a retrospective cohort study in Sweden J Natl Cancer Inst 80 17 1988 1387 1392
29. E. Ron, B. Modan, and J. Boice Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood N Engl J Med 319 16 1988 1033 1039
30. R. Shore, R. Albert, and B. Pasternack Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis: resurvey of post-treatment illness and mortality experience Arch Environ Health 31 1976 21 28
31. P. Karlsson, E. Holmberg, and M. Lundell Intracranial tumors after exposure to ionizing radiation during infancy: a pooled analysis of two Swedish cohorts of 28,008 infants with skin hemangioma Radiat Res 150 3 1998 357 364
32. A. Schneider, E. Shore-Freedman, and C. Bekerman Radiation-induced tumors of the head and neck following childhood irradiation Medicine (Baltimore) 64 1 1985 1 15
33. L. Sznajder, C. Abrahams, and D. Parry Multiple schwannomas and meningiomas associated with irradiation in childhood Arch Intern Med 156 16 1996 1873 1878
34. N. Hildreth, R. Shore, and L. Hempelmann Risk of extra-thyroid tumors following radiation treatment in infancy for thymic enlargement Radiat Res 102 1985 378 391
35. M. Little, F. de Vathaire, and A. Shamsaldin Risks of brain tumour following treatment for cancer in childhood: modification by genetic factors, radiotherapy and chemotherapy Int J Cancer 78 3 1998 269 275
36. J. Neglia, A. Meadows, and L. Robison Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood N Engl J Med 325 19 1991 1330 1336
37. D. Sandler, G. Comstock, and G. Matanoski Neoplasms following childhood radium irradiation of the nasopharynx J Natl Cancer Inst 68 1 1982 3 8
38. R. Tsang, N. Laperriere, and W. Simpson Glioma arising after radiation therapy for pituitary adenoma: a report of four patients and estimation of risk Cancer 72 1993 2227 2233
39. M. Brada, D. Ford, and S. Ashley Risk of second brain tumour after conservative surgery and radiotherapy for pituitary adenoma BMJ 304 1992 1343 1351
40. E. Hall, and C. Wuu Radiation-induced second cancers: the impact of 3D-CRT and IMRT Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56 1 2003 83 88
41. E. Hall, and S. Henry Kaplan Distinguished Scientist Award 2003: The Crooked Shall Be Made Straight. Dose-response relationships for carcinogenesis Int J Radiat Biol Phys 80 5 2004 327 337
42. D. Pierce, G. Sharp, and K. Mavuchi Joint effects of radiation and smoking on lung cancer risk among atomic bomb survivors Radiat Res 159 4 2003 511 520
43. S. Thaul, W. Page, and H. Crawford Summary The five series study: mortality of military participants in US nuclear weapons tests 2000 National Academy Press Washington DC 1 4
44. S. Machado, C. Land, and F. McKay Cancer mortality and radioactive fallout in Southwestern Utah Am J Epidemiol 125 1 1987 44 61
45. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Annex A: sources and effects of ionizing radiation 1994 United Nations New York p. 11-183
46. D. Pierce, Y. Shimizu, and D. Preston Studies of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 12, Part 1. Cancer: 1950-1990 Radiat Res 146 1 1996 1 27
47. D. Preston, E. Ron, and S. Yonehara Rumors of the nervous system and pituitary gland associated with atomic bomb radiation exposure J Natl Cancer Inst 94 20 2002 1555 1563
48. T. Najarian, and T. Colton Mortality from leukaemia and cancer in shipyard nuclear workers Lancet 1 8072 1978 1018 1020
49. R. Rinsky, R. Zumwalde, and R. Waxweiler Cancer mortality at a naval nuclear shipyard Lancet 1 8214 1981 231 235
50. S. Wing, C. Shy, and J. Wood Mortality among workers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory: evidence of radiation effects in follow-up through 1984 JAMA 265 11 1991 1397 1402
51. G. Kendall, C. Muirhead, and B. MacGibbon Mortality and occupational exposure to radiation: first analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers BMJ 304 6821 1992 220 225
52. E. Gilbert, S. Fry, and L. Wiggs Analysis of combined mortality data on workers at the Hanford Site, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, and Rocky Flats Nuclear Weapons Plant Radiat Res 120 1 1989 19 35
53. W.J. Schull Epilogue Effects of atomic radiation 1995 Wiley-Liss New York 274 296
54. E. Cardis, E. Gilbert, and L. Carpenter Effects of low doses and low dose rates of external ionizing radiation: cancer mortality among nuclear industry workers in three countries Radiat Res 142 2 1995 117 132
55. C. Muirhead, A. Goodill, and R. Haylock Occupational radiation exposure and mortality: second analysis of the National Registry for Radiation Workers J Radiol Prot 19 1 1999 3 26
56. J. Wang, P. Inskep, and J. Boice Cancer incidence among medical diagnostic x-ray workers in China, 1950-1985 Int J Cancer 45 5 1990 889 895
57. P. Smith, and R. Doll Mortality from cancer and all causes among British radiologists Br J Radiol 54 1981 187 194
58. G. Matanoski, R. Seltser, and P. Sartwell The current mortality rates of radiologists and other physician specialists: specific causes of death Am J Epidemiol 101 3 1975 199 210
59. W. Court Brown, and R. Doll Expectation of life and mortality from cancer among British radiologists BMJ 34 5090 1958 181 187
60. Y. Yoshimoto, H. Kato, and W. Schull Risk of cancer among children exposed in utero to A-bomb radiations, 1950-84 Lancet 2 8612 1988 665 669
61. Y. Yoshimoto Cancer risk among children of atomic bomb survivors JAMA 264 5 1990 596 600
62. J. Bithell, and A. Stewart Pre-natal irradiation and childhood malignancy: a review of British data from the Oxford survey Br J Cancer 31 1975 271 287
63. R. Miller, and J. Boice Cancer after intrauterine exposure to the atomic bomb Radiat Res 147 3 1997 396 397
64. R. Wakeford, and M. Little Risk coefficients for childhood cancer after intrauterine irradiation: a review Int J Radiat Biol Phys 79 5 2003 293-309
65. R. Doll, and R. Wakeford Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation Br J Radiol 70 1997 130 139
66. J. Greskovich, and R. Macklis Radiation therapy in pregnancy: risk calculation and risk minimization Semin Oncol 27 6 2000 633 645
67. E. Dropcho Central nervous system injury by therapeutic irradiation Neurol Clin 9 4 1991 969 988
68. P. Duffner, and M. Cohen Long-term consequences of CNS treatment for childhood cancer. Part II: clinical consequences Pediatr Neurol 7 4 1991 237 242
69. M. Cohen, and P. Duffner Long-term consequences of CNS treatment for childhood cancer. Part I: pathologic consequences and potential for oncogenesis Pediatr Neurol 7 3 1991 157 163
70. L. Constine, A. Konski, and S. Ekholm Adverse effects of brain irradiation correlated with MR and CT imaging Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 15 2 1988 319 330
71. E.C. Halperin, L.S. Constine, and N.J. Tarbell Late effects of cancer treatment Pediatric radiation oncology 1999 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Philadelphia 457 537
72. R. Packer, R. Sposto, and T. Atkins Quality of life in children with primitive neuroectodermal tumors (medulloblastoma) of the posterior fossa Pediatr Neurosci 13 4 1987 169 175
73. J. Dobbing, and J. Sands The quantitative growth and development of the human brain Arch Dis Child 48 1963 757 767
74. P. Duffner, and M. Cohen The long-term effects of central nervous system therapy on children with brain tumors Neurol Clin 9 2 1991 479 495
75. L. Jannoun Are cognitive and educational development affected by age at which prophylactic therapy is given in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia? Arch Dis Child 58 1983 953 958
76. L. Kun, R. Mulhern, and J. Crisco Quality of life in children treated for brain tumors: intellectual, emotional, and academic function J Neurosurg 58 1983 1 6
77. F. Halberg, J. Kramer, and I. Moore Prophylactic cranial irradiation dose effects on late cognitive function in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 22 1 1991 13 16
78. J. Rowland, O. Glidewell, and R. Sibley Effects of different forms of central nervous system prophylaxis on neuropsychologic function in childhood leukemia J Clin Oncol 2 12 1984 1327 1334
79. R. Mulhern, D. Fairclough, and J. Ochs A prospective comparison of neuropsychologic performance of children surviving leukemia who received 18-Gy, 24-Gy, or no cranial irradiation J Clin Oncol 9 8 1991 1348 1356
80. E. Ron, B. Modan, and S. Floro Mental function following scalp irradiation during childhood Am J Epidemiol 116 1 1982 149 160
81. A. Werner, B. Modan, and D. Davidoff Doses to brain, skull and thyroid following x-ray therapy for tinea capitis Phys Med Biol 13 2 1968 247 258
82. E. Ron, B. Modan, and J. Boice Jr. Mortality after radiotherapy for ringworm of the scalp Am J Epidemiol 127 4 1988 713 725
83. R. Albert, and A. Omran Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis Arch Environ Health 17 1968 899 918
84. R. Schulz, and R. Albert Doses to organs of the head from the x-ray treatment of tinea capitis Arch Environ Health 17 1968 935 950
85. N. Harley, R. Albert, and R. Shore Follow-up study of patients treated by x-ray epilation for tinea capitis: estimation of the dose to the thyroid and pituitary glands and other structures of the head and neck Phys Med Biol 21 4 1976 631 642
86. D. Waber, N. Tarbell, and C. Kahn The relationship of sex and treatment modality to neuropsychologic outcome in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Clin Oncol 10 5 1992 810 817
87. D. Waber, N. Tarbell, and D. Fairclough Cognitive sequelae of treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: cranial radiation requires an accomplice J Clin Oncol 13 10 1995 2490 2496
88. R. Mulhern, A. Wasserman, and D. Fairclough Memory function in disease-free survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia given CNS prophylaxis with or without 1,800 cGy cranial irradiation J Clin Oncol 6 2 1988 315 320
89. J. Ochs, R. Mulhern, and D. Fairclough Comparison of neuropsychologic functioning and clinical indicators of neurotoxicity in long-term survivors of childhood leukemia given cranial radiation or parenteral methotrexate: a prospective study J Clin Oncol 9 1 1991 145 151
90. J. Williams, and K. Davis Central nervous system prophylactic treatment for childhood leukemia. neuropsychological outcome studies Cancer Treat Rev 13 2 1986 113 127
91. J. Fletcher, and D. Copeland Neurobehavioral effects of central nervous system prophylactic treatment of cancer in children J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 10 4 1988 495 538
92. D. Copeland, J. Fletcher, and B. Pfefferbaum-Levine Neuropsychological sequelae of childhood cancer in long-term survivors Pediatrics 75 4 1985 745 753
93. D. Copeland, B. Moore, and D. Francis Central and peripheral nervous system effects of cancer treatment on children: a longitudinal study [abstract] J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 12 1990 77
94. M. Prince, G. Souheaver, and D. Berry Neuropsychological effects of irradiation and chemotherapy treatments upon children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case study of monozygotic twins Neurotoxicology 9 3 1988 341 350
95. I. Syndikus, D. Tait, and S. Ashley Long-term follow-up of young children with brain tumors after irradiation Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 30 4 1994 781 787
96. R. Mulhern, J. Hancock, and D. Fairclough Neuropsychological status of children treated for brain tumors: a critical review and integrative analysis Med Pediatr Oncol 20 1992 181 191
97. A. Meadows, D. Massari, and J. Fergusson Declines in IQ scores and cognitive dysfunctions in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia treated with cranial irradiation Lancet 2 8254 1980 1015 1018
98. L. Iuvone, P. Mariotti, and C. Colosimo Long-term cognitive outcome, brain computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging in children cured for acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cancer 95 12 2002 2562 2570
99. V. Peckham, A. Meadows, and N. Bertel Educational late effects in long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia Pediatrics 81 1 1988 127 133
100. Tamaroff M, Salwen R, Miller D, et al. Comparison of neuropsychologic performance in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia with 1800 rads cranial radiation plus intrathecal methotrexate or intrathecal methotrexate alone [abstract]. Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology 1984;3:198.
101. P. Brouwers, and D. Poplack Memory and learning sequelae in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: association with attention deficits J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 12 2 1990 174 181
102. R. Mulhern, and R. Butler Neurocognitive sequelae of childhood cancers and their treatment Pediatr Rehabil 7 1 2004 1 14
103. R. Mulhern, T. Merchant, and A. Gajjar Late neurocognitive sequelae in survivors of brain tumours in childhood Lancet Oncol 5 7 2004 1 15
104. B. Danoff, S. Cowchock, and C. Marquette Assessment of the long-term effects of primary radiation therapy for brain tumors in children Cancer 49 8 1982 1580 1586
105. B. Spiegler, E. Bouffet, and M. Greenberg Change in neurocognitive functioning after treatment with cranial radiation in childhood J Clin Oncol 22 4 2004 706 713
106. W. Reddick, H. White, and J. Glass Developmental model relating white matter volume to neurocognitive deficits in pediatric brain tumor survivors Cancer 97 10 2003 2512 2519
107. J. Spunberg, C. Chang, and M. Goldman Quality of long-term survival following irradiation for intracranial tumors in children under the age of two Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 7 6 1981 727 736
108. R.J. Packer, R. Sposto, and T.E. Atkins Prospective evaluation of neuropsychological function in children treated for medulloblastoma D.M. Green G.J. D'Angio Late effects of treatment for childhood cancer 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc. New York 41 48
109. I. Moore, J. Dramer, and W. Wara Cognitive function in children with leukemia: effect of radiation dose and time since irradiation Cancer 68 9 1991 1913 1917
110. L. Levisohn, A. Cronin-Golomv, and J. Schmahmann Neurophychological consequences of cerebellar tumour resection in children: cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome in a paediatric population Brain 123 2000 1041 1050
111. S. Palmer, O. Goloubeva, and W. Reddick Patterns of intellectual development among survivors of pediatric medulloblastoma: a longitudinal analysis J Clin Oncol 19 8 2001 2302 2308
112. D. Waber More good news about neuropsychological late effects in long-term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia [guest commentary] J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 24 2 2002 86 87
113. D. Waber, B. Shapiro, and S. Carpentieri Excellent therapeutic efficacy and minimal late neurotoxicity in children treated with 18 grays of cranial radiation therapy for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cancer 92 1 2001 15 22
114. M. Ris, R. Packer, and J. Goldwein Intellectual outcome after reduced-dose radiation therapy plus adjuvant chemotherapy for medulloblastomas: a children's cancer group study J Clin Oncol 19 15 2001 3470 3476
115. R. Packer, J. Goldwein, and H. Nicholson Treatment of children with medulloblastomas with reduced-dose craniospinal radiation therapy and adjuvant chemotherapy: a children's cancer group study J Clin Oncol 17 7 1999 2127 2136
116. J. Silber, J. Radcliffe, and V. Peckham Whole-brain irradiation and decline in intelligence: the influence of dose and age on IQ scores J Clin Oncol 10 9 1992 1390 1396
117. A. Walter, R. Mulhern, and A. Gajjar Survival and neurodevelopmental outcome of young children with medulloblastoma at St Jude Children's Research Hospital J Clin Oncol 17 12 1999 3720 3728
118. T. Ahles, P. Silberfarb, and J. Herndon Psychologic and neuropsychologic functioning of patients with limited small-cell lung cancer treated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without warfarin: a study by the cancer and leukemia group B J Clin Oncol 16 5 1998 1954 1960
119. L. Einhorn The case against prophylactic cranial irradiation in limited small cell lung cancer Semin Radiat Oncol 5 1 1995 57 60
120. J. Crossen, D. Garwood, and E. Glatstein Neurobehavioral sequelae of cranial irradiation in adults: a review of radiation-induced encephalopathy J Clin Oncol 12 3 1994 627 642
121. N. Senzer Rationale for a phase III study of erythropoietin as a neurocognitive protectant in patients with lung cancer receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation Semin Oncol 29 6 Suppl 19 2002 47 52
122. E. Laukkanen, H. Klonoff, and B. Allan The role of prophylactic brain irradiation in limited stage small cell lung cancer: clinical, neuropsychologic, and CT sequelae Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 14 6 1988 1109 1117
123. A. Turrisi Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer: is it still controversial or is it a no-brainer? Oncologist 5 2000 299 310
124. A. Hovenden Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer: is it still controversial or is it a no-brainer? Oncologist 5 6 2000 520
125. E. Gore Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer Oncology 17 6 2003 775 779
126. J. Kotalik, E. Yu, and B. Markman Practice guideline on prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 2 2001 309 316
127. C. Pottgen, W. Eberhardt, and M. Stuschke Prophylactic cranial irradiation in lung cancer Curr Treat Options Oncol 5 1 2004 43 50
128. A. Gregor, A. Cull, and R. Stephens Prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated following complete response to induction therapy in small cell lung cancer: results of a multicentre randomised trial Eur J Cancer 33 11 1997 1752 1758
129. O. Surma-aho, M. Niemelä, and J. Vilkki Adverse long-term effects of brain radiotherapy in adult low-grade glioma patients Neurology 56 2001 1285 1290
130. G. Glosser, P. McManus, and J. Munzenrider Neuropsycological function in adults after high dose fractionated radiation therapy of skull base tumors Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 38 1997 231 239
131. M. Vigliani, N. Sichez, and M. Poisson A prospective study of cognitive functions following conventional radiotherapy for supratentorial gliomas in young adults: 4-year results Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 35 1996 527 533
132. C. Armstrong, J. Ruffer, and B. Corn Biphasic patterns of memory deficits following moderate-dose partial-brain irradiation: neuropsychologic outcome and proposed mechanisms J Clin Oncol 13 1995 2263 2271
133. A. Gregor, A. Cull, and E. Traynot Neuropsychometric evaluation of long-term survivors of adult brain tumors: relationship with tumor and treatment parameters Radiother Oncol 41 1996 55 59
134. M. Taphoorn, A. Schiphorst, and F. Snoek Cognitive functions and quality of life in patients with low-grade gliomas: the impact of radiotherapy Ann Neurol 36 1994 48 54
135. L. Kleinberg, K. Wallner, and M. Malkin Good performance status of long-term disease-free survivors of intracranial gliomas Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 1993 129 133
136. J. Imperato, N. Paleologos, and N. Vick Effects of treatment on long-term survivors with malignant astrocytomas Ann Neurol 28 1990 818 822
137. P. Brown, J. Buckner, and J. O'Fallon Effects of radiotherapy on cognitive function in patients with low-grade glioma measured by the Folstein mini-mental state examination J Clin Oncol 21 13 2003 2519 2524
138. B. Taylor, J. Buckner, and R. Cascino Effects of radiation and chemotherapy on cognitive function in patients with high grade glioma J Clin Oncol 16 6 1998 2195 2201
139. L. DeAngelis, J. Delattre, and J. Posner Radiation-induced dementia in patients cured of brain metastases Neurology 39 1989 789 796
140. K. Murray, C. Scott, and B. Zachariah Importance of the mini-mental status examination in the treatment of patients with brain metastases: a report from the radiation therapy oncology group protocol 91-04 Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48 1 2000 59 64
141. W. Regine, C. Scott, and K. Murray Neurocognitive outcome in brain metastases patients treated with accelerated-fractionation vs. accelerated-hyperfractionated radiotherapy: an analysis for radiation therapy oncology group study 91-04 Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 51 3 2001 711 717
142. R. Patchell, and W. Regine The rationale for adjuvant whole brain radiation therapy with radiosurgery in the treatment of single brain metastases Technol Cancer Res Treat 2 2 2003 111 115
143. C. Armstrong, K. Gyato, and A. Awadalla A critical review of the clinical effects of therapeutic irradiation damage to the brain: the roots of controversy Neuropsychol Rev 14 1 2004 65 86
144. W. Regine The radiation oncologist's perspective on stereotactic radiosurgery Technol Cancer Res Treat 1 1 2002 43 49
145. P. Sneed, K. Lamborn, and J. Forstner Radiosurgery for brain metastases: is whole brain radiotherapy necessary? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 43 3 1999 549 558
146. B. Amendola, A. Wolf, and S. Coy Gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with single and multiple brain metastases from carcinoma of the breast Cancer J 6 2 2000 88 92
147. J. Flickinger Radiotherapy and radiosurgical management of brain metastases Curr Oncol Rep 3 6 2001 484 489
148. C. Eiser Intellectual abilities among survivors of childhood leukaemia as a function of CNS irradiation Arch Dis Child 54 5 1978 391 395
149. P. Brouwers, R. Riccardi, and P. Fedio Long-term neuropsychologic sequelae of childhood leukemia: correlation with CT brain scan abnormalities J Pediatr 106 5 1985 723 727
150. Y. Chan, D. Roebuck, and M. Yuen Long-term cerebral metabolite changes on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients cured of acute lymphoblastic leukemia with previous intrathecal methotrexate and cranial irradiation prophylaxis Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 50 3 2001 759 763
151. A. Virta, N. Patronas, and R. Raman Spectroscopic imaging of radiation-induced effects in the white matter of glioma patients Magn Reson Imaging 18 7 2000 851 857
152. A. Davidson, D. Tait, and G. Payne Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the evaluation of neurotoxicity following cranial irradiation for childhood cancer Br J Radiol 73 2000 421 424
153. J. Rock, L. Scarpace, and D. Hearshen Associations among magnetic resonance spectroscopy, apparent diffusion coefficients, and image-guided histopathology with special attention to radiation necrosis Neurosurgery 54 5 2004 1111 1117 discussion 1117-9
154. S. Chao, J. Suh, and S. Raja The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery Int J Cancer 96 3 2001 191 197
155. M. Fouladi, J. Langston, and R. Mulhern Silent lacunar lesions detected by magnetic resonance imaging of children with brain tumors: a late sequela of therapy J Clin Oncol 18 4 2000 824 831
156. R. Laitt, E. Chambers, and P. Goddard Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography in long term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with cranial irradiation Cancer 76 10 1995 1846 1852
157. C. Parageorgiou, C. Dardoufas, and V. Kouloulias Psychophysiological evaluation of short-term neurotoxicity after prophylactic brain irradiation in patients with small cell lung cancer: a study of event related potentials J Neurooncol 50 3 2000 275 285
158. D. Cowen, and L. Geller Long-term pathological effects of prenatal X: irradiation on the central nervous system of the rat J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 19 1960 488 527
159. S. Hicks, C. Schaufus, and A. Williams Some effects of ionizing radiation and metabolic inhibition of the developing mammalian nervous system J Pediatr 40 1952 489 513
160. S. Hicks Developmental malformations produced by radiation: a time table of their development AJR Am J Roentgenol 69 1953 272 293
161. Otake M, Yoshimaru H, Schull W. Severe mental retardation among the prenatally exposed survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasake: a comparison of the T65DR and DS86 dosimetry systems. Hiroshima: Radiation Effects Research Foundation; 1987. TR 16-87.
162. M. Otake, Y. Fujikoshi, and W. Schull A longitudinal study of growth and development of stature among prenatally exposed atomic bomb survivors Radiat Res 134 1 1993 94 101
163. W. Schull Cognitive function and prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation Teratology 59 4 1999 222 226
164. Schull W, Otake M, Yoshimaru H. Effect on intelligence test score of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation in Hiroshima and Nagasake: a comparison of the T65 and DS86 dosimetry systems. Hiroshima: Radiation Effects Research Foundation. TR 3-88.
165. Otake M, Schull W, Fujikoshi Y, et al. Effect on school performance of prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation in Hiroshima: a comparison of the T65DR and DS86 dosimetry systems. Hiroshima: Radiation Effects Research Foundation. TR 2-88.
166. R. Miller Severe mental retardation and cancer among atomic bomb survivors exposed in utero [discussion] Teratology 59 1999 234 235
167. K. Dunn, H. Yoshimaru, and M. Otake Prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation and subsequent development of seizures Am J Epidemiol 131 1 1990 114 123
168. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1993 Annex H 1993 United Nations New York p. 805-67
169. S. Yokota, D. Tagawa, and S. Otsuru Dissection examination of an individual with Down's syndrome exposed in utero to the atomic bombing Med J Osaka Univ 38 1963 92 95
170. S. Neriishi, and H. Matsumura Morphological observations of the central nervous system in an in-utero exposed autopsied case J Radiat Res (Tokyo) 24 1983 18
171. W. Schull Radiation-induced mental retardation: an update REFR Update 3 4 1991 3 4
172. J. Donoso, and S. Norton The pyramidal neuron in cerebral cortex following prenatal X irradiation Neurotoxicology 3 1982 72 84
173. Y. Tsutsui, M. Nagahama, and A. Mizutani Neuronal migration disorders in cerebral palsy Neuropathology 19 1999 14 27
174. P. Crino, H. Miyata, and H. Vinters Neurodevelopmental disorders as a cause of seizures: neuropathologic, genetic, and mechanistic considerations Brain Pathol 12 2002 212 233
175. M. Little A comparison of the risks of leukaemia in the offspring of the Japanese bomb survivors and those of the Sellafield workforce with those in the offspring of the Ontario and Scottish workforces J Radiol Prot 13 1993 161 175
176. T. Schultheiss, L. Kun, and K. Ang Radiation response of the central nervous system Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 31 5 1995 1093 1112
177. K. Ang Clinical application of laboratory data on neurotoxicity T. Weigel W. Hinkelbein M. Brock Controversies in neuro-oncology 1999 Karger Basel 253 264
178. A. Jones Transient radiation myelopathy (with reference to Lhermitte's sign of electrical paresthesia) Br J Radiol 37 1964 727 744
179. P. Smith Late effects of x-ray treatment of ankylosing spondylitis J.D. Boice Jr. J.F. Fraumeni Jr. Radiation carcinogenesis: epidemiology and biological significance 1984 Raven Press New York 107 118
180. A. Georgiou, P. Grigsby, and C. Perez Radiation-induced lumbosacral plexopathy in gynecologic tumors: clinical findings and dosimetric analysis Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 3 1993 479 482
181. D. Mendes, R. Nawalkar, and S. Eldar Post-irradiation femoral neuropathy: a case report J Bone Joint Surg Am 73 1 1991 137 140
182. N. Olsen, P. Pfeiffer, and L. Johannsen Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy: neurological follow-up in 161 recurrence-free breast cancer patients Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 26 1 1993 43 49
183. J. Stryker, K. Sommerville, and R. Perez Sacral plexus injury after radiotherapy for carcinoma of cervix Cancer 66 7 1990 1488 1492
184. S. Powell, J. Cooke, and C. Parsons Radiation-induced brachial plexus injury: follow-up of two different fractionation schedules Radiother Oncol 18 3 1990 213 220