Vehicle-pedestrian collisions: Validated models for pedestrian impact and projection

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering

Volumn 219, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 183-195

  Wood, D P ^a   Simms, C K ^b   Walsh, D G ^c  

^a Denis Wood Associates   (Ireland)

^b TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^c Dr J H Burgoyne and Partners LLP   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Coefficient of retardation; Impact speed; Pedestrian collisions; Projection distance

Indexed keywords

AUTOMOBILES; BRAKES; COLLISION AVOIDANCE; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; PARAMETER ESTIMATION; STATISTICAL METHODS; TIRES;

COEFFICIENT OF RETARDATION; IMPACT SPEED; PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS; PROJECTION DISTANCE;

PEDESTRIAN SAFETY;

EID: 14544276287     PISSN: 09544070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1243/095440705X6703     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (40)

1. Walz, F. H., Hoefliger, M., and Fehlmann, W. Speed limit reduction from 60 to 50 km/h and pedestrian injuries. Proceedings of 27th Stapp Car Crash Conference Proceedings with International Research Committee on Biokinetics of Impacts (IRCOBI), 1983, pp. 311-318.
2. Howard, M., Thomas, A., Koch, W., Watson, J., and Hardy, R. Validation and application of a finite element pedestrian humanoid model for use in pedestrian accident simulations. In Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, 2000, pp. 101, 119.
3. Evans, A. K. and Smith, R. Vehicle speed calculation from pedestrian throw distance. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 1999, 213, 441-447.
4. Rau, H. and Otte, D. Car to pedestrian collisions with high speed impact. J. Verkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik, 2001.
5. Toor, A. and Araszewski, M. Theoretical vs empirical solutions for vehicle/pedestrian collisions. SAE paper 2003-02-0883, 2003.
6. Van Wijk, J., Wismans, J., Maltha, J., and Wittebrood, L. MADYMO pedestrian simulations. SAE paper 830060, 1983.
7. Searle, J. A. and Searle, A. The trajectories of pedestrians, motorcycles, motorcyclists, etc., following a road accident. SAE paper 831622, 1983.
8. Searle, J. A. The physics of throw distance in accident reconstruction. SAE paper 930659, 1993.
9. Wood, D. P. and Walsh, D. G. Pedestrian forward projection impact. Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2002, 7(3), 285-305.
10. Wood, D. P. and Simms, C. K. A hybrid model for pedestrian impact and projection. Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2000, 5(4), 393-403.
11. Han, I. and Brach, R. Impact throw model for vehicle-pedestrian collision reconstruction. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D; J. Automobile Engineering, 2002, 216, 443-453.
12. Ravani, B., Broughham, D., and Mason, R. T. Pedestrian post-impact kinematics and injury patterns. SAE paper 811024, 1981.
13. Eubanks, J. J., Hill, P. F., Casteel, D. A., and Solomon, S. S. In Pedestrian Accident Reconstruction and Litigation 1998 (Lawyers and Judges Publishing Company, Tucson, Arizona).
14. Wood, D. Pedestrian impact, injury and accident causation. In Automotive Engineering and Litigation (Eds G. A. Peters and B. J. Peters), 1991, Vol. 4, Ch. 3 (John Wiley, New York).
15. Wood, D. P. Impact and movement of pedestrian in frontal collisions with vehicles. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 1988, 202(D2), 101-110.
16. Wood, D. P. Application of a pedestrian impact model to the determination of impact speed. SAE paper 910814, 1991.
17. Wood, D. P. Application of a rigid body impact model to the pedestrian-car collision. In Proceedings of International IRCOBI Conference, 1988, pp. 241-252.
18. Lucchini, E. and Weissner, D. Differences between the kinematics and loadings of impacted adults and children results from dummy tests. IRCOBI, 1980.
19. Aldman, B., Thorngren, L., Bunketorp, O., and Romanus, B. An experimental model for the study of lower leg and knee injuries in car pedestrian impacts. IRCOBI, 1980, pp. 180-193.
20. Toor, A., Araszewski, M., Johal, R., Overgaard, R., and Happer, A. Revision and validation of vehicle/ pedestrian collision analysis method. SAE paper 2002-01-0550, 2002.
21. Field, J. Analysis of real world pedestrian/vehicle collisions in the United Kingdom. 6th Conference of Institute of Traffic Accident Investigators, 2003, pp. 129-142.
22. Hill, G. S. Calculations of vehicle speed from pedestrian throw. Impact, Spring 1994, 18-20.
23. Dettinger, J. Methods of improving the reconstruction of pedestrian accidents: development differential, impact factor, longitudinal forward trajectory, position of glass splinters (in German). J. Verkehrsunfall und Fahrzeugtechnik, December 1996, 324-330; January 1997, 25-30 (two parts).
24. Grandel, J., Zeisberger, H., and Walz, F. H. Kinematics and head injuries in vehicle/pedestrian accidents at speeds above 50 kph. In Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, 1986, pp. 189-204.
25. Schneider, H. and Beier, G. Experiment and accident: comparison of dummy test results and real pedestrian accidents. SAE paper 741177, 1974.
26. Steffan, H., Moser, A., Geigl, B., and Motomiya, Y. Validation of the coupled PC-Crash - MADYMO occupant simulation model. SAE paper 2000-01-0471, 2000.
27. Otte, D. Use of throw distances of pedestrians and bicyclists as part of a scientific accident reconstruction method. SAE paper 200401-1216, 2004.
28. Evans, A. K. and Smith, R. Vehicle speed calculation from pedestrian throw distance. Proc. Instn Mech. Engrs, Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 1999, 213, 441-447.
29. Hardy, R., Watson, J., and Howard, M. Developments in the simulation of real world car to pedestrian accidents using a pedestrian humanoid finite element model. Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2000, 5(1), 102-117.
30. Yang, J. K. and Lovsund, P. Development and validation of a human body mathematical model for simulation of car pedestrian collisions. In Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, 1997, pp. 133-149.
31. Coley, G., de Lange, R., de Oliviera, P., Neal-Sturgess, C. E., and Happee, R. Pedestrian human body validation using detailed real world accidents. In Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, 2001, pp. 89-102.
32. Liu, X. and Yang, J. Development of child pedestrian models and evaluation with accident recon-structions. In Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, 2001, pp. 103-113.
33. Liu, X. J., Yang, J. K., and Lovsund, P. A study of influences of vehicle speed and front structure on pedestrian impact responses using mathematical models. J. Traff. Injury Prev., 2002, (3), 31-42.
34. Svoboda, J., Sole, Z., and Cizek, V. Analysis of collisions between pedestrian and small car. Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2003, 8(3), 269-276.
35. Silva, M. P. T. and Ambrosio, J. A. C. Pedestrian impact and run over using a multi-body simulation tool. Int. J. Crashworthiness, 1999, 4(3), 261-271.
36. Bhalla, K. V., Montazemi, P., and Crandall, J. Vehicle impact velocity prediction from pedestrian throw distance: trade-offs between throw formulae, crash simulators, and detailed multi-body modeling. In Proceedings of IRCOBI Conference, Munich, Germany, 2002, pp. 263-276.
37. Simms, C. K., Wood, D. P., and Walsh, D. G. Confidence limits for impact speed estimation from pedestrian projection distance. Int. J. Crashworthiness, 2004, 9(2), 219-228.
38. FARS, United States Department of Transport Fatal Accident Reporting System, 1975-2002.
39. Pheasant Bodyspace - Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design, 1986 (Taylor and Francis).
40. Wood, D. P. and Simms, C. K. Coefficient of friction in pedestrian throw. Impact, J. ITAI, 2000, 9(1), 12-14.