Pocketbook politics: Democracy and the market in Twentieth-Century America

The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 250-275

  Jacobs, Meg ^a  

^a MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

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EID: 14544275405     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (153)

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10. T. H. Breen, " 'Baubles of Britain': The American and Consumer Revolutions of the Eighteenth Century," Past and Present 119 (May 1988): 73-104;
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12. Robert E. Weems, Jr., Desegregating the Dollar: African-American Consumerism in the Twentieth Century (New York: New York University Press, 1998), 56-69.
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17. Jenna Joselit Weissman, "The Landlord as Czar: Pre-WorldWar I Tenant Activity," in The Tenant Movement in New York City, 1904-1984, ed. Ronald Lawson (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1986), 39-50;
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20. Leon Fink, Progressive Intellectuals and the Dilemmas of Democratic Commitment (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1997), 214-41.
21. Oliver Zunz, Making America Corporate, 1870-1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990);
22. Susan Porter Benson, Counter Cultures: Saleswomen, Managers, and Customers in American Department Stores, 1890-1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986);
23. Seymour Martin Lipset and Reinhard Bendix, Social Mobility in Industrial Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959), 48-56.
24. Horowitz, Morality of Spending, 67-84.
25. Ray Stannard Baker, "Capital and Labor Hunt Together," McClure's, 21 (September 1908): 463.
26. Piott, Anti-monopoly Persuasion, 64, 76, 79, 99.
27. Lippmann, Drift and Mastery, 54;
28. Henry Leffmann, "Who Is to Blame for the High Prices? Why the Trusts Are to Blame," Ladies' Home Journal, November 1, 1910, p. 21.
29. Temma Kaplan, "Female Consciousness and Collective Action: The Case of Barcelona, 1910-1918," Signs 7 (spring 1982): 545-66.
30. "Wilson Warns Foes of Food Bill of Nation's Blame," New York Times, June 19, 1917, pp. 1, 2.
31. "Control of Food by Government to Begin On November 1," New York Times, October 10, 1917, pp. 1, 22;
32. "Proclaims Food License System," New York Times, October 11, 1917, p. 1;
33. "To Control Retail Prices Now," New York Times, October 12, 1917, p. 10;
34. "Hoover Assumes Control of Prices," New York Times, November 4, 1917, p. 17.
35. "Retailers of Sugar Agree to Cut Price," New York Times, October 27, 1917, p. 12;
36. "Food Canvass ThisWeek," New York Times, October 28, 1917, p. 18.
37. "Uncle Sam Wants You: Political Obligations in World War I America" (Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 2002), 124-78.
38. "Must Save to Win War, Hoover Warns Public," New York Times, July 4, 1917, p. 4.
39. David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 93-143;
40. Robert D. Cuff, The War Industries Board: Business- Government Relations during World War I (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973);
41. Paul A. C. Koistinen, Mobilizing for Modern War: The Political Economy of AmericanWarfare, 1865-1919 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997).
42. William C. Mullendore, History of the United States Food Administration, 1917-1919 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1941);
43. Maxcy R. Dickson, The Food Front in World War I (Washington, D.C.: American Council on Public Affairs,1944).
44. William Trufant Foster and Waddill Catchings, "Business under the Curse of Sisyphus: A New Theory on Causes of Depressions," World's Work, September 1926, pp. 503-11.
45. Edward A. Filene, "Distribution of the Future," Address to the Taylor Society, October 29, 1925, p. 16.
46. "Finds Europe Improved," New York Times, October 15, 1925, p. 10.
47. "287 Wage Advances in May Reported," New York Times, June 11, 1923, p. 14.
48. Steve Fraser, Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the Rise of American Labor (New York: Free Press, 1991), 194-96.
49. Garet Garrett, "The American Book of Wonder," Saturday Evening Post, December 24, 1927, pp. 16-17, 64, 66, 69.
50. "Money for the Masses," New York Times, January 18, 1926, p. 20.
51. Edward Filene, "Minimum Wage and Maximum Efficiency," American Economic Review 13, no. 3 (September 1923): 411-15.
52. Robert H. Zieger, "Herbert Hoover, the Wage-earner, and the 'New Economic System,' 1919- 1929," Business History Review 51, no. 2 (summer 1977): 161-89.
53. Eugene G. Grace, "Distributed Prosperity," Saturday Evening Post, September 4, 1926, pp. 3-4, 57-58.
54. Charles F. Abbott, "Creative Spending," Magazine of Business, August 1929, pp. 164, 166.
55. Stuart Chase and F. J. Schlink, Your Money's Worth: A Study in the Waste of the Consumer's Dollar (New York:Macmillan, 1927).
56. Adolph Berle and Gardiner C. Means, TheModern Corporation and Private Property (New York: Macmillan, 1932);
57. Robert S. Lynd, "The People as Consumers," in United States President's Research Committee on Social Trends, Recent Social Trends in the United States (New York: McGraw Hill, 1933), 857-911.
58. "Labor Bureau Sees Lower Wage Trend," New York Times, February 9, 1930, p. 16.
59. Edward A. Filene, "Mass Production Must Have Mass Consumption," Magazine of Wall Street, January 5, 1930.
60. Alan Brinkley, The End of Reform: New Deal Liberalism in Depression and War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1995), 67-72.
61. Fraser, Labor Will Rule, and Theodore Rosenof, Economics in the Long Run: New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies, 1933-1939 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997), 28-43.
62. Frederic S. Lee, "The Modern Corporation and Gardiner Means's Critique of Neoclassical Economics," Journal of Economic Issues 23, no. 2 (September 1990): 673-93.
63. Charles Geisst, Monopolies in America: Empire Builders and Their Enemies from Jay Gould to Bill Gates (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 121-25.
64. Franklin D. Roosevelt, quoted in Dexter M. Keezer, "The Consumer under the National Recovery Administration," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 171 (1934): 89.
65. Anthony J. Badger, The New Deal: The Depression Years, 1933-1940 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1989);
66. Jordan Schwarz, The New Dealers: Power Politics in the Age of Roosevelt (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1993).
67. Persia Campbell, Consumer Representation in the New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940).
68. Frederic C. Lee, "ANewDealer in Agriculture: G. C. Means and theWriting of Industrial Prices," Review of Social Economy 46 (October 1988): 180-202.
69. "Suggestions for Code Revision," Consumer Advisory Report to General Hugh S. Johnson, February 19, 1934;
70. Meg Jacobs, "'Democracy's Third Estate': New Deal Politics and the Construction of a 'Consuming Public,'" International Labor and Working-Class History 55 (spring 1999): 27-51.
71. Orelick, Common Sense, 229-40;
72. Orelick, " 'We Are That Mystical Thing Called the Public': Militant Housewives during the Great Depression," Feminist Studies 19, no. 1 (spring 1993): 147-72;
73. Beth S. Wenger, New York Jews and the Great Depression: Uncertain Promise (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1996), 103-35;
74. Mark Naison, Communists in Harlem during the Great Depression (New York: Grove, 1983), 149-50;
75. Naison, "From Eviction Resistance to Rent Control: Tenant Activism in the Great Depression," in Lawson, ed., Tenant Movement in New York City, 94-133;
76. Elizabeth Faue, Community of Suffering and Struggle: Women, Men, and the Labor Movement in Minneapolis, 1915-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991).
77. Christopher Tomlins, The State and the Unions: Labor Relations, Law, and the Organized Labor Movement in America, 1880-1960 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985);
78. Fraser, Labor Will Rule;
79. Kenneth Casebeer, "Drafting Wagner's Act: Leon Keyserling and the Precommittee Drafts of the Labor Disputes Act and the National Labor Relations Act," Industrial Relations Law Journal 11 (1989): 88;
80. Casebeer, "Clashing Views of the Wagner Act: the Files of Leon Keyserling," Labor's Heritage (April 1990): 50.
81. Landon R. Y. Storrs, Civilizing Capitalism: The National Consumers' League, Women's Activism, and Labor Standards in the New Deal Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000), 177-205;
82. Fraser, Labor Will Rule, 391-94.
83. Ronald C. Tobey, Technology as Freedom: The New Deal and the Electrical Modernization of the American Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996);
84. Badger, New Deal, 169-86; Schwarz, New Dealers.
85. Geisst, Monopolies in America, p. 161;
86. "Message Interests," New York Times, January 1, 1938, p. 1.
87. Frederic S. Lee, "From Multi-industry Planning to Keynesian Planning: Gardiner Means, the American Keynesians, and National Economic Planning at the National Resources Committee," Journal of Policy History 2, no. 2 (1990): 186-212;
88. Helen Sorenson, The Consumer Movement: What It Is and What It Means (New York: Harper, 1941), 23.
89. Hawley, New Deal, 389-90, 409, 416, 453, 458;
90. Brinkley, End of Reform, 48-49;
91. Julian Zelizer, "The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal: Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1938," Presidential Studies Quarterly 30, no. 2 (June 2000): 331-58.
92. Hawley, New Deal, 427, 438.
93. Meg Jacobs, " 'How about Some Meat?' The Office of Price Administration, Consumption Politics, and State-Building from the Bottom-Up, 1941-1946," Journal of American History 84 (December 1997): 910-41.
94. Mark H. Leff, "The Politics of Sacrifice on the American Home Front in World War II," Journal of American History 77 (March 1991): 1296-1318;
95. Robert B. Westbrook, "Fighting for the American Family: Private Interests and Political Obligation in World War II," in The Power of Culture: Critical Essays in American History, ed. Richard Wightman Fox and T. J. Jackson Lears (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993), 195-221.
96. Amy Bentley, Eating for Victory: Food Rationing and the Politics of Domesticity (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998).
97. Walter Reuther, "GM versus the Rest of Us," New Republic, January 14, 1946, p. 42;
98. George Soule, "Wages, Prices, and Employment," New Republic, November 5, 1945, 592-94;
99. Nelson Lichtenstein, The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit:Walter Reuther and the Fate of American Labor (New York: Basic Books, 1995), 231-34.
100. Hugh Rockoff, Drastic Measures: A History of Wage and Price Controls in the United States (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 101-2.
101. Jacobs, "'How about Some Meat?' " 939-40.
102. "President's Statement on Taft and Prices," New York Times, June 6, 1947, 1, 18;
103. "Taft Says Truman Is Man to Blame for Higher Prices," New York Times, June 7, 1947, 1, 18;
104. "Truman Calls Special Session Nov. 17 on High Prices and Relief in Europe," New York Times, October 24, 1947, 1, 2;
105. "High Prices: Should We Restore Price Control?" New Republic, October 20, 1947, 19-26;
106. "High Prices: TheyWill Be One of Congress' Biggest Headaches as It Meets Nov. 17," Life, November 10, 1947, 31-35.
107. Howell John Harris, The Right to Manage: Industrial Relations Policies of American Business in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982);
108. Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolfe, Selling Free Enterprise: The Business Assault on Labor and Liberalism, 1945-60 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1994);
109. David Plotke, Building a Democratic Political Order: Reshaping American Liberalism in the 1930s and 1940s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
110. Kevin Boyle, The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945-1968 (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1995);
111. Robert H. Zieger, AmericanWorkers, American Unions, 1920-1985 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986).
112. George H. Gallup, The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1935-1971 (Wilmington, Del.: Scholarly Resources, 1972);
113. Louis Harris, The Harris Survey Yearbook of Public Opinion, 1970-1973 (New York: Louis Harris and Associates, 1971-1974).
114. Charles Maier, "The Politics of Inflation in the Twentieth Century," in The Political Economy of Inflation, ed. Fred Hirsch and John Goldthorpe (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,1978), 37-72.
115. Robert J. Gordon, "The Demand for and Supply of Inflation," Journal of Law and Economics 18 (1975): 807-36.
116. Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics (New York: Harper, 1952), 75, 218-19.
117. Gary R. Reichard, The Reaffirmation of Republicanism: Eisenhower and the Eighty-third Congress (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975), 13, 16-17, 24.
118. Craufurd D. Goodwin and R. Stanley Herren, "The Truman Administration: Problems and Policies Unfold," in Exhortation and Controls: The Search for a Wage-Price Policy, 1945-1971, ed. Craufurd D. Goodwin (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press,1975), 84-86.
119. Kirk Porter and Donald Bruce Johnson, comps. National Party Platforms, vol. 1 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1978), 480-81, 500-501.
120. Edwin Diamond and Stephen Bates, The Spot: The Rise of Political Advertising on Television (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press,1992), 38, 41;
121. James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 348.
122. Diamond and Bates, Spot, 56-57;
123. Paul F. Boller, Jr., Presidential Campaigns (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 282.
124. Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Packaging the Presidency: A History and Criticism of Presidential Campaign Advertising (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 38-89;
125. Patterson, Grand Expectations, 258-59.
126. "Who's Making the Big Money," U.S. News, August 31, 1956, pp. 111- 12;
127. "Latest Argument for Pay Raises," U.S. News, August 31, 1956, pp. 112-13;
128. Benjamin L. Masse, "Joe Smith's 50-cent Dollar," America, November 24, 1956, pp. 227-29.
129. "Steel-Why the Inflation Threat," Newsweek, June 4, 1956, p. 72;
130. "Inching Inflation," Fortune, August 1956, p. 40;
131. "Inflation Race-Who's Ahead, Who's Behind," U.S. News, August 3, 1956, 95-97;
132. "Why Our Dollars Won't Go as Far," Newsweek, August 6, 1956, pp. 19-20;
133. "This Inflation Is Serious," America, September 8, 1956, p. 520;
134. "Beefsteak: $1.49 a Pound and Still Going Up," U.S. News, September 28, 1956, p. 30;
135. "Cost of Living: What's Happening to It," Business Week, October 27, 1956, p. 169;
136. "Inflation Checked?" New Republic, September 10, 1956, p. 6;
137. "Inflation or Deflation? Burns Says Both Must Be Avoided," U.S. News, June 1, 1956, p. 126-29.
138. Henry Hazlitt, "Built-in Inflation," Newsweek, May 28, 1956, p. 86;
139. "A Picture of the Wage-Spiral at Work," U.S. News, May 18, 1956, pp. 64-66;
140. "Steel-Why the Inflation Threat," Newsweek, June 4, 1956, p. 71.
141. John Kenneth Galbraith, "Are Living Costs Out of Control?" Atlantic, February 1957, pp. 37-41.
142. "Purchasing Power: Fact versus Fallacy," April 1956;
143. "A New Force for Inflation," May 1956;
144. Judith Stein, Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 17, 22-25.
145. Geisst, Monopolies in America, 212-16;
146. Stein, Running Steel, 18-22.
147. Estes Kefauver, In a Few Hands: Monopoly Power in America (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 3.
148. Brinkley, End of Reform, 122.
149. A useful treatment of consumer politics is David Vogel, Fluctuating Fortunes(New York: Basic Books, 1987).
150. Rockoff, Drastic Measures, 200-234;
151. Allen J. Matusow, Nixon's Economy: Booms, Busts, Dollars, and Votes(Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1998);
152. Neil de Marchi, "The First Nixon Administration: Prelude to Controls," in Goodwin, ed., Exhortation and Controls, 295-353.
153. Colin Gordon, New Deals: Business, Labor, and Politics in America, 1920-1935 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).