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This work was supported by NASA grants NAG5-13467 to C.F., and NAG5-10623 and NAG5-10696 to J.B. The work by J.B., Z.D., S.B., and G.G. was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration by the University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48. Department of Energy (DOE) contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 supported electron microscopy performed at the National Center for Electron Microscopy at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) and infrared spectroscopy performed at the Advanced Light Source (ALS) at LBNL. We thank T. Smolar of Washington University for NanoSIMS maintenance and support, M. Martin and ALS personnet for providing the ALS beamline, and K. Moore at LLNL for assistance with energy-filtered imaging.
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