Variability of breast cancer risk in observational studies of hormone replacement therapy: A meta-regression analysis

Maturitas

Volumn 47, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 175-183

  Garbe, Edeltraut ^a   Levesque, Linda ^b   Suissa, Samy ^b  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b ROYAL VICTORIA HOSPITAL   (Canada)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Heterogeneity; Hormone replacement therapy; Meta analysis; Observational studies

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; HORMONE;

AGE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY; CANCER RISK; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DATA ANALYSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG EFFECT; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EVALUATION; EXPOSURE; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; MEASUREMENT; MEDICAL RECORD; MENOPAUSE; META ANALYSIS; METHODOLOGY; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; QUESTIONNAIRE; RANDOMIZATION; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RELIABILITY; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; TELEPHONE;

EID: 1442301726     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2003.09.029     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative re-analysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52705 women with breast cancer and 108411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997;350:1047-59.
2. Writing Group of the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogens plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2002;288:321-3.
3. Shapiro S. Point/counterpoint: meta-analysis of observational studies. Meta-analysis/shmeta-analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140:1994;771-778.
4. Egger M., Schneider M., Smith G.D. Spurious precision? Meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ. 316:1998;140-144.
5. Shapiro S. Bias in the evaluation of low-magnitude associations: an empirical perspective. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151:2000;939-945.
6. Willis D.B., Calle E.E., Miracle-McMahil H.L., Heath C.W. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women in the United States. Cancer Causes Control. 7:1996;449-457.
7. Ravnihar B., Seigel D.G., Lindtner J. An epidemiologic study of breast cancer and benign breast neoplasias in relation to the oral contraceptive and estrogen use. Eur. J. Cancer. 15:1979;395-405.
8. Alexander F.E., Roberts M.M., Huggins A. Risk factors for breast cancer with applications to selection for the prevalence screen. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Health. 41:1987;101-106.
9. Lee N.C., Rosero-Bixby L., Oberle M.W., Grimaldo C., Whatley A.S., Rovira Z. A case-control study of breast cancer and hormonal contraception in Costa Rica. JNCI. 79:1987;1247-1254.
10. Hislop T.G., Coldman A.J., Elwood J.M., Brauer G., Kan L. Childhood and recent eating patterns and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Detect Prevent. 9:1986;47-58.
11. McPherson K., Vessey M.P., Neil A., Doll R., Jones L., Roberts M. Early oral contraceptive use and breast cancer: results of another case-control study. Br. J. Cancer. 56:1987;653-660.
12. Wang D.Y., De Stavola B.L., Bulbrook R.D., Allen D.S., Kwa H.G., Verstraeten A.A.et al. The relationship between blood prolactin levels and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women. Eur. J. Clin. Oncol. 23:1987;1541-1548.
13. Kay C.R., Hannaford P.C. Breast cancer and the pill - a further report from the Royal College of General Practitioners Oral Contraception Study. Br. J. Cancer. 58:1988;675-680.
14. Marubini E., Decarli A., Costa A. The relationship of dietary intake and serum levels of retinol and beta-carotene with breast cancer. Results of a case-control study. Cancer. 61:1988;173-180.
15. Siskind V., Schofield F., Rice D., Bain C. Breast cancer and breastfeeding: results from an Australian case-control study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 130:1989;229-236.
16. Vessey M.P., McPherson K., Villard-Mackintosh L., Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: latest findings in a large cohort study. Br. J. Cancer. 59:1989;613-617.
17. Paul C., Skegg D.C.G., Spears G.F.S. Oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 46:1990;366-373.
18. Segala C., Gerber M., Richardson S. The pattern of risk factors for breast cancer in a Southern France population: interest for a stratified analysis by age at diagnosis. Br. J. Cancer. 64:1991;919-925.
19. Miller A.B., Baines C.J., To T., Wall C. Canadian National Breast Screening Study. 1. Breast cancer detection and death rates among women aged 40-49 years. Can. Med. Assoc. J. 147:1992;1459-1476.
20. Ursin G., Aragaki C.C., Paganini-Hill A., Siemiatycki J., Thompson W.D., Haile R.W. Oral contraceptives and premenopausal bilateral breast cancer: a case-control study. Epidemiology. 3:1992;414-419.
21. Morabia A., Szklo M., Stewart W., Schuman L., Thomas D.B. Consistent lack of association between breast cancer and oral contraceptives using either hospital or neighbourhood controls. Prevent. Med. 22:1993;178-186.
22. Ngelangel C.A., Lacaya L.B., Cordero C., Laudico A.V. Risk factors for breast cancer among Filipino women. Philos. J. Inter. Med. 32:1994;231-236.
23. Rookus M.A., van Leeuwen F.E. For The Netherlands Oral Contraceptives and Breast Cancer Study Group. Oral contraceptives and risk of breast cancer in women aged 20-54 years. Lancet. 344:1994;844-851.
24. White E., Malone K.E., Weiss N.S., Daling J.R. Breast cancer among young US women in relation to oral contraceptive use. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 86:1994;505-514.
25. Brinton L.A., Daling J.R., Liff J.M., Schoenberg J.B., Malone K.E., Stanford J.L.et al. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk among younger women. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87:1995;827-835.
26. WHO Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives. Breast cancer and combined oral contraceptives: results from a multinational study. Br J Cancer 1990;61:110-9.
27. Thomas H.V., Key T.J., Allen D.S., Moore J.W., Dowsett M., Fentiman I.S.et al. Reversal of relation between body mass and endogenous estrogen concentrations with menopausal status. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 89:1997;396-397.
28. Sartwell P.E., Arthes F.G., Tonascia J.A. Exogenous hormones, reproductive history, and breast cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59:1977;1589-1592.
29. Wynder E.L., MacCornack F.A., Stellman S.D. The epidemiology of breast cancer in 785 United States Caucasian women. Cancer. 41:1978;2341-2354.
30. Hoover R., Glass A., Finkle W.D., Azevedo D., Milne K. Conjugated estrogens and breast cancer risk in women. JNCI. 67:1981;815-820.
31. Kelsey J.L., Fischer D.B., Holford T.R., LiVoisi V.A., Mostow E.D., Goldenberg I.S.et al. Exogenous estrogens and other factors in the epidemiology of breast cancer. JNCI. 67:1981;327-333.
32. Sherman B., Wallace R., Bean J. Estrogen use and breast cancer. Interaction with body mass. Cancer. 51:1983;1527-1531.
33. Horwitz R.I., Stewart K.R. Effect of clinical features on the association of estrogens and breast cancer. Am. J. Med. 76:1984;192-198.
34. Chen C.-L., Weiss N.S., Newcomb P., Barlow W., White E. Hormone replacement therapy in relation to breast cancer. JAMA. 287:2002;734-741.
35. Brownson R.C., Blackwell C.W., Pearson D.K., Reynolds R.D., Richens J.W., Papermaster B.W. Risk of breast cancer in relation to cigarette smoking. Arch. Intern. Med. 148:1988;140-144.
36. Harris R.E., Namboodiri K.K., Wynder E.L. Breast cancer risk: effects of estrogen replacement therapy and body mass. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84:1992;1575-1582.
37. Kaufman D.W., Miller D.R., Rosenberg L., Helmrich S.P., Stolley P., Schottenfeld D.et al. Noncontraceptive estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 252:1984;63-67.
38. Kaufmann D.W., Palmer J.R., de Mouzon J. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer: results from the case-control surveillance study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:1991;1375-1385.
39. Ross R.K., Paganini-Hill A., Gerkins V.R., Mack T.M., Pfeffer R., Arthur M.et al. A case-control study of menopausal estrogen therapy and breast cancer. JAMA. 243:1980;1635-1639.
40. Brinton L.A., Hoover R.N., Szklo M., Fraumeni J.F. Menopausal estrogen use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer. 47:1981;2517-2522.
41. Thomas D.B., Persing J.P., Hutchinson W.B. Exogenous estrogens and other risk factors for breast cancer in women with benign breast diseases. JNCI. 69:1982;1017-1025.
42. Hulka B.S., Chambless L.E., Deubner D.C., Wilkinson W.E. Breast cancer and estrogen replacement therapy. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 143:1982;638-644.
43. Vessey M., Baron J., Doll R., McPherson K., Yeates D. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer: final report of an epidemiological study. Br. J. Cancer. 47:1983;455-462.
44. Hiatt R.A., Bawol R., Friedman G.D., Hoover R. Exogenous estrogen and breast cancer after bilateral oophorectomy. Cancer. 54:1984;139-144.
45. Talamini R., LaVecchia C., Franceschi S. Reproductive and hormonal factors and breast cancer in a Northern Italian population. Int. J. Epidemiol. 14:1985;70-74.
46. Nomura A.M.Y., Kolonel L.N., Hirohata T., Lee J. The association of replacement estrogens with breast cancer. Int. J. Cancer. 37:1986;49-53.
47. Wingo P.A., Layde P.M., Lee N.C., Rubin G., Ory H.W. The risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have used estrogen replacement therapy. JAMA. 257:1987;209-215.
48. Mills P.K., Beeson W.L., Phillips R.L., Fraser G.E. Prospective study of exogenous hormone use and breast cancer in seventh-day adventists. Cancer. 64:1989;591-597.
49. Ewertz M. Influence of non-contraceptive exogenous and endogenous sex hormones on breast cancer risk in Denmark. Int. J. Cancer. 42:1988;832-838.
50. Rohan T.E., McMichael A.J. Non-contraceptive exogenous oestrogen therapy and breast cancer. Med. J. Aust. 148:1988;217-221.
51. Bergkvist L., Adami H.O., Persson I., Hoover R., Schairer C. The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:1989;293-297.
52. Palmer J.R., Rosenberg L., Clarke E.A., Miller D.R., Shapiro S. Breast cancer risk after estrogen replacement therapy: results of the Toronto breast cancer study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:1991;1386-1395.
53. Yang C.P., Daling J.R., Band P.R., Gallagher R.P., White E., Weiss N.S. Noncontraceptive hormone use and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 3:1992;475-479.
54. LaVecchia C. Oestrogen replacement treatment and breast cancer: update of an Italian case-control study. In: Mann RD (Ed.), Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. Carnforth, UK: The Parthenon Publishing Group; 1992. p. 107-16.
55. Weinstein A.L., Mahoney M.C., Nasca P.C., Hanson R.L., Leske M.C., Varma A.O. Oestrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 22:1993;781-789.
56. Schairer C., Byrne C., Keyl P.M., Brinton L.A., Sturgeon S.R., Hoover R.N. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 5:1994;491-500.
57. Lipworth L., Katsouyanni K., Stuver S., Samoli E., Hankinson S.E., Trichopoulos D. Oral contraceptives, menopausal estrogens, and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study in Greece. Int. J. Cancer. 62:1995;548-551.
58. La Vecchia C., Negri E., Franceschi S., Favero A., Nanni O., Filberti R.et al. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk: a cooperative Italian study. Br. J. Cancer. 72:1995;244-248.
59. Schuurman A.G., van den Brandt P.A., Goldbohm R.A. Exogenous hormone use and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: results of The Netherlands cohort study. Cancer Causes Control. 6:1995;416-424.
60. Newcomb P.A., Longnecker M.P., Storer B.E. Long-term hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 142:1995;788-795.
61. Folsom A.R., Mink P.J., Sellers T.A., Hong C.P., Zheng W., Potter J.D. Hormonal replacement therapy and morbidity and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women. Am. J. Public Health. 85:1995;1128-1132.
62. Stanford J.L., Weiss N.S., Voigt L.F., Daling J.R., Habel L.A., Rossing M.A. Combined estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy in relation to risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women. JAMA. 274:1995;137-142.
63. Colditz G.A., Stampfer M.J., Willett W.C., Hennekens C.H., Rosner B., Speizer F.E. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cacncer in postmenopausal women. N. Engl. J. Med. 332:1995;1589-1593.
64. Levi F., Lucchini F., Pasche C., LaVecchia C. Oral contraceptives, menopausal hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. Eur. J. Cancer Prevent. 5:1996;259-266.
65. Goodman M.T., Cologne J., Moriwaki H., Vaeth M., Mabuchi K. Risk factors for primary breast cancer in Japan: 8-year follow-up of atomic-bomb survivors. Prevent. Med. 26:1997;144-153.
66. Dwyer T., Couper T., Walter S.D. Sources of heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of observational studies. The example of SIDS and sleeping position. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 54:2001;440-447.
67. Greenland S. Invited commentary: a critical look at some popular meta-analytic methods. Am. J. Epidemiol. 140:1994;290-296.