Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal breast cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women in the United States

Cancer Causes and Control

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 449-457

  Willis, Dawn B ^a   Calle, Eugenia E ^a   Miracle McMahill, Heidi L ^a   Heath Jr , Clark W ^a  

^a AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY   (United States)

Author keywords

Breast cancer; Cohort studies; Estrogen; Postmenopausal; United States

Indexed keywords

ESTROGEN;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; ESTROGEN THERAPY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; AGE FACTORS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; CAUSE OF DEATH; COHORT STUDIES; CONFOUNDING FACTORS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; FEMALE; FIBROCYSTIC BREAST DISEASE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; HYSTERECTOMY; MENARCHE; MENOPAUSE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; POSTMENOPAUSE; PROPORTIONAL HAZARDS MODELS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SURVIVAL RATE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0029900618     PISSN: 09575243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/BF00052671     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, et al. Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in post-menopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 1016-37.
2. Hunt K, Vessey M, McPherson K. Mortality in a cohort of long-term users of hormone replacement therapy: an updated analysis. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1990; 97: 1080-6.
3. Henderson BE, Paganini-Hill A, Ross RK. Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy. Arch Intern Med 1991; 151: 75-8.
4. Calle EE, Miracle-McMahill HL, Thun MJ, Heath CW. Estrogen replacement therapy and risk of fatal colon cancer in a prospective cohort of postmenopausal women. JNCI 1995; 87: 517-23.
5. Newcomb PA, Storer BE. Postmenopausal hormone use and risk of large bowel cancer. JNCI 1995; 87: 1067-71.
6. Paganini-Hill A, Henderson VW. Estrogen deficiency and risk of Alzheimer's disease in women. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 256-61.
7. Voight LF, Weiss NS, Chu J, Daling JR, McKnight B, van Belle G. Progestogen supplementation of exogenous oestrogens and risk of endometrial cancer. Lancet 1991; 338: 274-7.
8. Wysowski DK, Golden L, Burke L. Use of menopausal estrogens and medroxyprogesterone in the United States 1982-1992. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 6-10.
9. Hulka BS, Liu ET, Lininger RA. Steroid hormones and risk of breast cancer. Cancer Sup 1994; 74: 1111-24.
10. Brinton LA, Schairer C. Estrogen replacement therapy and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 66-79.
11. Henrich JB. The postmenopausal estrogen/breast cancer controversy. JAMA 1992; 268: 1900-2.
12. Mills PK, Beeson LW, Phillips RL, Fraser GE. Prospective study of exogenous hormone use and breast cancer in Seventh-Day Adventists. Cancer 1989; 64: 591-7.
13. Colditz GA, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ, et al. The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1589-93.
14. Stanford JL, Weiss NS, Voigt LF, Daling JR, Habel LA, Rossing MA. Combined estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy in relation to risk of breast cancer in middle-aged women. JAMA 1995; 274: 137-42.
15. Colditz GA, Egan KM, Stampfer MJ. Hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: results from epidemiologic studies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 1473-80.
16. Steinberg KK, Smith SJ, Thacker SB, Stroup DF. Breast cancer risk and duration of estrogen use: the role of study design in meta-analysis. Epidemiology 1994; 5: 415-21.
17. Schairer C, Byrne C, Keyl PM, Brinton LA, Sturgeon SR, Hoover RN. Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1994; 5: 491-500.
18. Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, Hoover R, Schairer C. The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement. N Engl J Med 1989; 321: 293-7.
19. Hoover RN, Gray LA, Cole P, MacMahon B. Menopausal estrogens and breast cancer. N Engl J Med 1976; 295: 401-5.
20. Kaufman DW, Palmer JR, de Mouzon J, et al. Estrogen replacement therapy and the risk of breast cancer: results from the case-control surveillance study. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 134: 1375-85.
21. Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH. Type of postmenopausal hormone use and risk of breast cancer: 12-year follow-up from the Nurses' Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 1992; 3: 423-9.
22. Sturgeon SR, Schairer C, Brinton LA, Pearson T, Hoover RN. Evidence of a healthy estrogen user survivor effect. Epidemiology 1995; 6: 227-30.
23. Strickland DM, Gambrell RD, Butzin CA, Strickland K. The relationship between breast cancer survival and prior postmenopausal estrogen use. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 400-4.
24. Calle EE, Terrell DD. Utility of the National Death Index for ascertainment of mortality among Cancer Prevention Study II participants. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 137: 235-41.
25. World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 1977.
26. Cox DR. Regression models and life tables. J R Stat Soc(B) 1972; 34: 187-220.
27. Leon DA. A prospective study of the independent effects of parity and age at first birth on breast cancer incidence in England and Wales. Int J Cancer 1989; 43: 986-91.
28. Kelsey JL, Gammon MD. Epidemiology of breast cancer. Epidemiol Rev 1990; 12: 228-40.
29. Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Epidemiologic Research: Principles and Quantitative Methods. New York, NY (USA): Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 1982.
30. Mantel N. Chi-square tests with one degree of freedom: extensions of the Mantel-Haenszel procedure. J Am Stat Assoc 1983; 56: 690-700.
31. Lilienfeld AM. The relationship of cancer of the female breast to artificial menopause and marital status. Cancer 1956; 9: 927-9.
32. Trichopoulos D, MacMahon B, Cole P. The menopause and breast cancer risk. JNCI 1972; 48: 605-13.
33. Bernstein L, Ross RK. Endogenous hormones and breast cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev 1993; 15: 48-65.
34. Potter JD, Cerhan JR, Sellers TA, et al. Progesterone and estrogen receptors and mammary neoplasia in the Iowa Women's Health Study: how many kinds of breast cancer are there? Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 1995; 4: 319-26.
35. Bergkvist L, Adami HO, Persson I, Bergstrom R, Kruseno UB. Prognosis after breast cancer diagnosis in women exposed to estrogen and estrogen-progestogen replacement therapy. Am J Epidemiol 1989; 130: 221-8.
36. Yuen J, Persson I, Bergkvist L, Hoover R, Schairer C, Adami HO. Hormone replacement therapy and breast cancer mortality in Swedish women: results after adjustment for 'healthy drug-user' effect. Cancer Causes Control 1993; 4: 369-74.
37. Matthews KA, Bromberger J, Egeland G. Behavioral antecedents and consequences of the menopause. In: Korenman SG, ed. The Menopause: Biological and Clinical Consequences of Ovarian Failure: Evolution and Management. Nada, CA (USA): Serono Symposia 1989; 1-10.
38. Brinton LA, Hoover R, Fraumeni JF Jr. Menopausal oestrogens and breast cancer risk: an expanded case-control study. Br J Cancer 1986; 54: 825-32.
39. Squitieri R, Tartter PI, Ahmed S, Brower ST, Theise ND. Carcinoma of the breast in postmenopausal hormone user and nonuser control groups. J Am Coll Surg 1994; 178: 167-70.
40. Bonnier P, Romain S, Giacalone PL, Laffargue F, Martin PM, Peana L. Clinical and biologic prognostic factors in breast cancer diagnosed during postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 11-7.
41. Schwartzbaum JA, Hulka BS, Fowler WC, Kaufman DG, Hoberman D. The influence of exogenous estrogen use on survival after diagnosis of endometrial cancer. Am J Epidemiol 1987; 126: 851-60.
42. Nyholm HCJ, Nielsen AL, Norup P. Endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women with and without previous estrogen replacement treatment: comparison of clinical and histopathological characteristics. Oncology 1993; 49: 229-35.
43. Ewertz M, Gillanders S, Meyer L, Zedela K. Survival of breast cancer patients in relation to factors which affect the risk of developing breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1991; 49: 526-30.
44. US Department Health and Human Services. National Health Survey. Washington DC: National Center for Health Statistics, 1990; Series 10 (181: Table 58).
45. Gorsky RD, Koplan JP, Peterson HB, Thacker SB. Relative risks and benefits of long-term estrogen replacement therapy: a decision analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 161-6.
46. Healy B. Women's health, public welfare. JAMA 1991; 266: 566-8.