A link in the great chain of empire friendship': The victoria league in New Zealand

Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 29-50

  Pickles, Katie ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 14144254771     PISSN: 03086534     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0308653042000329003     Document Type: Review

References (148)

1. Julia Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power (London, 2000), 2.
2. Jim McAloon, No Idle Rich: The Wealthy in Canterbury and Otago 1840-1914 (Dunedin, 2002), 165.
3. Vron Ware, Beyond the Pale: White Women, Racism and History (London and New, 1992), 162.
4. Anna Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop, 5 (1978), 9-64; Jane Haggis, Women and Colonialism: Untold Stories and Conceptual Absences. A Critical Survey (Manchester, 1988).
5. Anna Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop, 5 (1978), 9-64; Jane Haggis, Women and Colonialism: Untold Stories and Conceptual Absences. A Critical Survey (Manchester, 1988).
6. Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, 1991); Joanna Trollope, Britania's Daughters: Women of the British Empire (London, Melbourne, Auckland and Johannesburg, 1983).
7. Margaret Strobel, European Women and the Second British Empire (Bloomington, 1991); Joanna Trollope, Britania's Daughters: Women of the British Empire (London, Melbourne, Auckland and Johannesburg, 1983).
8. Catherine Hall, White Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History (New York, 1992); Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Colony and Metropole in the English Imagination, 1830-1867 (Chicago and London, 2002).
9. Catherine Hall, White Male and Middle Class: Explorations in Feminism and History (New York, 1992); Catherine Hall, Civilising Subjects: Colony and Metropole in the English Imagination, 1830-1867 (Chicago and London, 2002).
10. Examples of such collections are Clare Midgley (ed.), Gender and Imperialism (Manchester, 1998); Ruth Roach Pierson, Nupur Chaudhuri (eds.), with Beth McAuley, Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race (Bloomington, 1998); and Antoinette Burton (ed.), Gender, Sexuality and Colonial Modernities (London and New York, 1999).
11. Examples of such collections are Clare Midgley (ed.), Gender and Imperialism (Manchester, 1998); Ruth Roach Pierson, Nupur Chaudhuri (eds.), with Beth McAuley, Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race (Bloomington, 1998); and Antoinette Burton (ed.), Gender, Sexuality and Colonial Modernities (London and New York, 1999).
12. Examples of such collections are Clare Midgley (ed.), Gender and Imperialism (Manchester, 1998); Ruth Roach Pierson, Nupur Chaudhuri (eds.), with Beth McAuley, Nation, Empire, Colony: Historicizing Gender and Race (Bloomington, 1998); and Antoinette Burton (ed.), Gender, Sexuality and Colonial Modernities (London and New York, 1999).
13. Antoinette Burton, At the Heart of Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, 1998); Angela Woollacott, To Try Her Fortune in London: Australian Women, Colonialism and Modernity (Oxford and New York, 2001). See also special issue of the Women's History Review, 11, 3 (2002); and Ros Pesman, Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad (Melbourne and New York, 1996).
14. Antoinette Burton, At the Heart of Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, 1998); Angela Woollacott, To Try Her Fortune in London: Australian Women, Colonialism and Modernity (Oxford and New York, 2001). See also special issue of the Women's History Review, 11, 3 (2002); and Ros Pesman, Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad (Melbourne and New York, 1996).
15. Antoinette Burton, At the Heart of Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, 1998); Angela Woollacott, To Try Her Fortune in London: Australian Women, Colonialism and Modernity (Oxford and New York, 2001). See also special issue of the Women's History Review, 11, 3 (2002); and Ros Pesman, Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad (Melbourne and New York, 1996).
16. Antoinette Burton, At the Heart of Empire: Indians and the Colonial Encounter in Late-Victorian Britain (Berkeley, 1998); Angela Woollacott, To Try Her Fortune in London: Australian Women, Colonialism and Modernity (Oxford and New York, 2001). See also special issue of the Women's History Review, 11, 3 (2002); and Ros Pesman, Duty Free: Australian Women Abroad (Melbourne and New York, 1996).
17. Raewyn Dalziel, 'Editorial', New Zealand Journal of History, 23, 1 (1989), 3-4, 3.
18. Phillip Buckner and Carl Bridge, 'Reinventing the British World', Round Table, 368 (2003), 77-88, 78.
19. See Daiva Stasiulis and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds.), Unsettling Settler Societies: Articulations of Gender, Race, Ethnicity and Class (London, 1995).
20. For a revision of this perspective in favour of 'recolonisation', see James Belich, Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders (Auckland 2001); and Katie Pickles, 'Kiwi Icons and the Re-Settlement of New Zealand as Colonial Space', New Zealand Geographer, 58, 2 (2002), 5-16.
21. For a revision of this perspective in favour of 'recolonisation', see James Belich, Paradise Reforged: A History of the New Zealanders (Auckland 2001); and Katie Pickles, 'Kiwi Icons and the Re-Settlement of New Zealand as Colonial Space', New Zealand Geographer, 58, 2 (2002), 5-16.
22. See Barbara Brookes, 'Nostalgia for "Innocent Homely Pleasures": The 1964 New Zealand Controversy over Washday at the Pa', in Barbara Brookes (ed.), At Home in New Zealand: History, Houses, People (Wellington, 2000), 210-25; and Megan Woods, 'Integrating the Nation: Gendering Maori Urbanisation and Integration, 1942-1969", unpublished PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, 2002.
23. See Barbara Brookes, 'Nostalgia for "Innocent Homely Pleasures": The 1964 New Zealand Controversy over Washday at the Pa', in Barbara Brookes (ed.), At Home in New Zealand: History, Houses, People (Wellington, 2000), 210-25; and Megan Woods, 'Integrating the Nation: Gendering Maori Urbanisation and Integration, 1942-1969", unpublished PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, 2002.
24. For Lake's recent biography of an Aboriginal activist see Marilyn Lake, Faith: Faith Bandler, Gentle Activist (St Leonards, 2002); see also Fiona Paisley, Loving Protection?: Australian Feminism and Aboriginal Women's Rights, 1919-39 (Carlton South, 2000). See also Fiona Paisley, 'Performing New Zealand: Maori and Pakeha Delegates at the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, Hawai'i, 1934", New Zealand Journal of History, 38, 1 (2004), 22-38.
25. For Lake's recent biography of an Aboriginal activist see Marilyn Lake, Faith: Faith Bandler, Gentle Activist (St Leonards, 2002); see also Fiona Paisley, Loving Protection?: Australian Feminism and Aboriginal Women's Rights, 1919-39 (Carlton South, 2000). See also Fiona Paisley, 'Performing New Zealand: Maori and Pakeha Delegates at the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, Hawai'i, 1934", New Zealand Journal of History, 38, 1 (2004), 22-38.
26. For Lake's recent biography of an Aboriginal activist see Marilyn Lake, Faith: Faith Bandler, Gentle Activist (St Leonards, 2002); see also Fiona Paisley, Loving Protection?: Australian Feminism and Aboriginal Women's Rights, 1919-39 (Carlton South, 2000). See also Fiona Paisley, 'Performing New Zealand: Maori and Pakeha Delegates at the Pan-Pacific Women's Conference, Hawai'i, 1934", New Zealand Journal of History, 38, 1 (2004), 22-38.
27. For a useful and comprehensive survey see Anne Else (ed.), Women Together: A History of Women's Organisations in New Zealand (Wellington, 1993).
28. Julia Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism', Women's Studies International Forum, 21, 3 (1998), 277-89, 282.
29. Angela Woollacott, 'Inventing Commonwealth and Pan-Pacific Feminism: Australian Women's International Activism in the 1920s-30s', Gender and History, 10, 3 (1998), 425-48, 95.
30. W. David McIntyre, The Significance of Commonwealth 1965-90 (London, 1991).
31. John M. MacKenzie, Propaganda and Empire: The Manipulation of British Public Opinion, 1880-1960 (Manchester, 1984), 148.
32. See Diana McCurdy, 'Feminine Identity in New Zealand: The Girl Peace Scout Movement 1908-1925', MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2000.
33. Mb367 series a, 5, Mr G.G. Hogg, Victoria League Annual Meeting 1936. Victoria League Collection, MacMillan Brown Library (MBL), University of Canterbury, Christchurch.
34. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 3.
35. Victoria League Card: Aims and Work (1920s), Mb 367 series a, 2, MBL.
36. Linda Bryder and RNZ Plunket Society, A Voice for Mothers: the Plunket Society and Infant Welfare, 1907-2000 (Auckland, 2003), ix.
37. Philippa Mein Smith, Maternity in Dispute: New Zealand 1920-1939 (Wellington, 1986); for Australia see Philippa Mein Smith, Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia 1880-1950 (London, 1997). For an early discussion of empire, 'racial fitness' and eugenics, see Margaret Tennant, 'Matrons with a Mission: Women's Organisations in New Zealand, 1893-1915', MA thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1976.
38. Philippa Mein Smith, Maternity in Dispute: New Zealand 1920-1939 (Wellington, 1986); for Australia see Philippa Mein Smith, Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia 1880-1950 (London, 1997). For an early discussion of empire, 'racial fitness' and eugenics, see Margaret Tennant, 'Matrons with a Mission: Women's Organisations in New Zealand, 1893-1915', MA thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1976.
39. Philippa Mein Smith, Maternity in Dispute: New Zealand 1920-1939 (Wellington, 1986); for Australia see Philippa Mein Smith, Mothers and King Baby: Infant Survival and Welfare in an Imperial World: Australia 1880-1950 (London, 1997). For an early discussion of empire, 'racial fitness' and eugenics, see Margaret Tennant, 'Matrons with a Mission: Women's Organisations in New Zealand, 1893-1915', MA thesis, Massey University, Palmerston North, 1976.
40. Philippa Mein Smith, 'New Zealand milk for "building Britons'", in Mary Sutphen and Bridie Andrews (eds.), Medicine and Colonial Identity (London, 2003), 79-102, 85 and 95.
41. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power; Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism'; Julia Bush, '"The Right Sort of Woman": Female Emigrators and the Emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910', Women's History Review, 3, 3 (1994), 385-409; Elizabeth L. Riedi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: The Victoria League 1899-1914' PhD Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998; Eliza Riedi, 'Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901-1914', Historical Journal, 45, 3 (2002), 569-99; Eliza Riedi, 'Options For An Imperialist Woman: The Case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion, 32 (2000), 59-84.
42. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power; Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism'; Julia Bush, '"The Right Sort of Woman": Female Emigrators and the Emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910', Women's History Review, 3, 3 (1994), 385-409; Elizabeth L. Riedi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: The Victoria League 1899-1914' PhD Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998; Eliza Riedi, 'Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901-1914', Historical Journal, 45, 3 (2002), 569-99; Eliza Riedi, 'Options For An Imperialist Woman: The Case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion, 32 (2000), 59-84.
43. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power; Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism'; Julia Bush, '"The Right Sort of Woman": Female Emigrators and the Emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910', Women's History Review, 3, 3 (1994), 385-409; Elizabeth L. Riedi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: The Victoria League 1899-1914' PhD Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998; Eliza Riedi, 'Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901-1914', Historical Journal, 45, 3 (2002), 569-99; Eliza Riedi, 'Options For An Imperialist Woman: The Case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion, 32 (2000), 59-84.
44. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power; Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism'; Julia Bush, '"The Right Sort of Woman": Female Emigrators and the Emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910', Women's History Review, 3, 3 (1994), 385-409; Elizabeth L. Riedi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: The Victoria League 1899-1914' PhD Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998; Eliza Riedi, 'Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901-1914', Historical Journal, 45, 3 (2002), 569-99; Eliza Riedi, 'Options For An Imperialist Woman: The Case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion, 32 (2000), 59-84.
45. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power; Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism'; Julia Bush, '"The Right Sort of Woman": Female Emigrators and the Emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910', Women's History Review, 3, 3 (1994), 385-409; Elizabeth L. Riedi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: The Victoria League 1899-1914' PhD Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998; Eliza Riedi, 'Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901-1914', Historical Journal, 45, 3 (2002), 569-99; Eliza Riedi, 'Options For An Imperialist Woman: The Case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion, 32 (2000), 59-84.
46. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power; Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism'; Julia Bush, '"The Right Sort of Woman": Female Emigrators and the Emigration to the British Empire, 1890-1910', Women's History Review, 3, 3 (1994), 385-409; Elizabeth L. Riedi, 'Imperialist Women in Edwardian Britain: The Victoria League 1899-1914' PhD Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1998; Eliza Riedi, 'Women, Gender, and the Promotion of Empire: The Victoria League, 1901-1914', Historical Journal, 45, 3 (2002), 569-99; Eliza Riedi, 'Options For An Imperialist Woman: The Case of Violet Markham, 1899-1914', Albion, 32 (2000), 59-84.
47. Elizabeth Van Heyningen and Pat Merrett, '"The Healing Touch": The Guild of Loyal Women of South Africa 1900-1912', unpublished paper, British World History Conference, Cape Town, January 2002; Dianne Davidson, Women on the Warpath: Feminists of the First Wave (Nedlands, 1997).
48. Elizabeth Van Heyningen and Pat Merrett, '"The Healing Touch": The Guild of Loyal Women of South Africa 1900-1912', unpublished paper, British World History Conference, Cape Town, January 2002; Dianne Davidson, Women on the Warpath: Feminists of the First Wave (Nedlands, 1997).
49. See Katie Pickles, Female Imperialism and National Identity: Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (Manchester, 2002); Katie Pickles, 'Colonial Counterparts: The First Academic Women in Anglo-Canada, New Zealand and Australia', Women's History Review, 10, 2 (2001), 273-97.
50. See Katie Pickles, Female Imperialism and National Identity: Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (Manchester, 2002); Katie Pickles, 'Colonial Counterparts: The First Academic Women in Anglo-Canada, New Zealand and Australia', Women's History Review, 10, 2 (2001), 273-97.
51. Dorothy Thompson, Queen Victoria: The Woman, The Monarchy, and The People (New York, 1990), 145.
52. Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism", 278.
53. Bush, Edwardian Ladies and Imperial Power, 68, 70.
54. Pickles, Female Imperialism and National Identity, 15-16.
55. Bush, 'Edwardian Ladies and the "Race" Dimensions of British Imperialism', 281.
56. Pickles, Female Imperialism and National Identity, 17.
57. Ibid., 109.
58. B.O. Stokes, A History of the Victoria League For Commonwealth Friendship in New Zealand (New Zealand, 1979), 3.
59. Ibid., 4.
60. Ibid., 6.
61. Ibid., 7.
62. Ibid., 8.
63. Ibid., 13.
64. Ibid., 17.
65. Ibid., 1.
66. See McAloon, No Idle Rich; and Jim McAloon, 'The Christchurch Elite' in John Cookson and Graeme Dunstall (eds.), Southern Capital: Christchurch: Towards a City Biography 1850-2000 (Christchurch, 2000), 193-221; Stevan Eldred-Grigg, The Rich: A New Zealand History (Auckland, 1996); Stevan Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry: New Zealanders Who Inherited the Earth (Auckland, 1980).
67. See McAloon, No Idle Rich; and Jim McAloon, 'The Christchurch Elite' in John Cookson and Graeme Dunstall (eds.), Southern Capital: Christchurch: Towards a City Biography 1850-2000 (Christchurch, 2000), 193-221; Stevan Eldred-Grigg, The Rich: A New Zealand History (Auckland, 1996); Stevan Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry: New Zealanders Who Inherited the Earth (Auckland, 1980).
68. See McAloon, No Idle Rich; and Jim McAloon, 'The Christchurch Elite' in John Cookson and Graeme Dunstall (eds.), Southern Capital: Christchurch: Towards a City Biography 1850-2000 (Christchurch, 2000), 193-221; Stevan Eldred-Grigg, The Rich: A New Zealand History (Auckland, 1996); Stevan Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry: New Zealanders Who Inherited the Earth (Auckland, 1980).
69. See McAloon, No Idle Rich; and Jim McAloon, 'The Christchurch Elite' in John Cookson and Graeme Dunstall (eds.), Southern Capital: Christchurch: Towards a City Biography 1850-2000 (Christchurch, 2000), 193-221; Stevan Eldred-Grigg, The Rich: A New Zealand History (Auckland, 1996); Stevan Eldred-Grigg, A Southern Gentry: New Zealanders Who Inherited the Earth (Auckland, 1980).
70. McAloon, No Idle Rich, 164.
71. Jim McAloon, 'The Christchurch Elite' 211.
72. Stevan Eldred-Grigg, A New History of Canterbury (Dunedin, 1982), 122.
73. Geoffrey W. Rice, Heaton Rhodes of Otahuna: The Illustrated Biography (Christchurch, 2001), 124.
74. Ibid., 228.
75. Megan Woods, 'Re/producing the Nation: Women Making Identity in New Zealand, 1906-1925', unpublished MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 1997, 85.
76. Woods, 'Integrating the Nation', v.
77. Mackenzie, Propaganda and Empire, 152.
78. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 24.
79. Ibid., 6.
80. Chris Maclean and Jock Phillips, The Sorrow and the Pride: New Zealand War Memorials (Wellington, 1990), 37.
81. Ibid., 31-32.
82. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 8.
83. Ibid., 12.
84. Ibid., author's note.
85. Ibid., 7.
86. Ibid., 7.
87. Ibid., 8.
88. Ibid., 9.
89. Ibid., 5.
90. Ibid., 11.
91. Katie Pickles, 'Empire Settlement and Single British Women as New Zealand Domestic Servants During the 1920s', New Zealand Journal of History, 35, 1 (2001), 22-44.
92. SOSBW 4th Annual Report, 1923, 18. AJCP, M2306, Australian National Library (ANL).
93. Ibid., SOSBW 7th Annual Report, 1926, 43-44.
94. This was also the case in the state of Victoria, Australia, and in Canada the IODE hoped for a similar outcome. Pickles, Female Imperialism and National Identity, 60-61.
95. SOSBW 7th Annual Report, 1926, 43. AJCP, M2306, (ANL). 28 women in 1926.
96. Ibid., SOSBW 9th Annual Report, 1928, 44.
97. Ibid., SOSBW 10th Annual Report, 1929, 40.
98. Ibid., SOSBW 11th Annual Report, 1930, 9, 34.
99. See Avril M. C. Madrell, 'Empire, Emigration and School Geography: Changing Discourses of Imperial Citizenship, 1880-1925', Journal of Historical Geography, 22, 4 (1996), 373-87.
100. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 5.
101. Mb367, series a, 1, Minutes 6 Dec. 1922, MBL.
102. Ibid., series a, 1, Minutes 14 Aug. 1924, MBL.
103. Ibid., series a, 2, Minutes 4 March 1926, MBL.
104. Ibid., 14.
105. Mb367 series a, 5, Minutes 1936, MBL. For Candy, see Pickles, 'Colonial Counterparts'.
106. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 13.
107. Ibid., 12.
108. Eve Ebbett, Victoria's Daughters: New Zealand Women of the Thirties (Wellington, 1981), 7.
109. Mb 367, series a, 1, Minutes 12 April 1923, MBL. Wreaths were also provided for the Cathedral on ANZAC Day.
110. Ibid., series a, 5, Minutes 15 April 1936, MBL. The Canterbury branch always received a reply of thanks for their cables, making mention of such in its records.
111. Ibid., series a, 7, Minutes 23 May 1940, MBL.
112. Ibid., series a, 1, Minutes 8 Dec. 1921, MBL. Proposed by Miss Overton and seconded by Mrs Blunt.
113. Ibid., series a, 1, Minutes 9 Feb. 1922, MBL.
114. Ibid., series a, 5, Minutes 1 Nov. 1935, MBL.
115. Ibid., series a, 5, Minutes 11 Feb. 1936, MBL.
116. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 20. 'The presentation was made in London on account of the cancellation of the Royal visit".
117. Mb367 series a, 2, 'Victoria League to Visit Otahuna", anonymous newspaper clipping, Sept. 1926, MBL.
118. Ibid., 'Victoria League Garden Fete', Lyttelton Times, 28 Feb. 1927, MBL.
119. Caroline Daley, Leisure and Pleasure: Reshaping and Revealing the New Zealand Body 1900-1960 (Auckland, 2003), 103-04.
120. For similar events in Canada, see Katie Pickles, 'The Old and the New on Parade: Queen Victoria, Victoria Day and Mimesis in 1920s Victoria, B.C.', in Katie Pickles and Myra Rutherdale (eds.), Embodied Contacts: Aboriginal and Settler Women in Canada's Colonial Past (Vancouver, forthcoming).
121. Kate Darian-Smith and Sara Wills, 'From Queen of Agriculture to Miss Showgirl: Embodying Rurality in Twentieth-Century Australia', Journal of Australian Studies, 71 (2002), 17-31, 18.
122. Mb367, series a, 2, 'Riccarton House', 1 Dec. 1927 The Press, MBL.
123. John Cookson, 'Reading Between the Willows': The Character of Christchurch 1850-2000 (Christchurch), 4. See also, Geoffrey Rice, Heaton Rhodes, epilogue on 'Heaton Rhodes and the 'Englishness' of Canterbury', 328-39.
124. John Cookson, 'Reading Between the Willows': The Character of Christchurch 1850-2000 (Christchurch), 4. See also, Geoffrey Rice, Heaton Rhodes, epilogue on 'Heaton Rhodes and the 'Englishness' of Canterbury', 328-39.
125. See note 98.
126. See Katie Pickles, 'Exhibiting Canada: Empire, Migration and the 1928 English Schoolgirl Tour', Gender, Place and Culture, 7, 1 (2000), 81-96.
127. Mb367, series a, 3, Minutes 9 June 1932, MBL.
128. Judith Smart, 'Feminists, Flappers and Miss Australia: Contesting the Meanings of Citizenship, Femininity and Nation in the 1920s', Journal of Australian Studies, 71 (2002), 1-15, 8.
129. Mb367 series a, 3, Minutes 14 April 1932, MBL.
130. Ibid., series a, 4, Minutes 11 June 1935, MBL.
131. SOSBW 12th Annual Report, 1931, 11. AJCP, M2306, ANL.
132. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 14.
133. Ibid., 5.
134. A hussif or 'housewife' was a serviceman's kit (especially Navy) containing sewing supplies such as pins, needles, scissors and buttons.
135. Ibid., 16.
136. McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, 1965-90; W. David McIntyre, When, If Ever, Did New Zealand Become Independent? (Christchurch, 2002); Stuart Ward (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire (Manchester, 2001).
137. McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, 1965-90; W. David McIntyre, When, If Ever, Did New Zealand Become Independent? (Christchurch, 2002); Stuart Ward (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire (Manchester, 2001).
138. McIntyre, The Significance of the Commonwealth, 1965-90; W. David McIntyre, When, If Ever, Did New Zealand Become Independent? (Christchurch, 2002); Stuart Ward (ed.), British Culture and the End of Empire (Manchester, 2001).
139. Stokes, History of the Victoria League, 18.
140. Ibid., 17.
141. Ibid., 18.
142. Sarah Dowling, 'Female Imperialism: The Victoria League in Canterbury, New Zealand, 1910-2003', unpublished MA thesis, University of Canterbury, 2004, 20.
143. Katie Pickles, 'Coffee, Tea and Spinsters' Sprees: Female Imperialism in Sherbrooke and the Eastern Townships', Journal of Eastern Townships Studies, 21 (2002), 73-97, 90.
144. W. David McIntyre, A Guide to the Contemporary Commonwealth (New York, 2001), 188. In 1989 there were 55 branches worldwide.
145. Stokes, History of the Victoria league, 26.
146. Ibid., 20.
147. Ibid., 26.
148. Ibid., 20.