Present status of photodynamic therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 189-202

  Wolfsen, Herbert C ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

Amino levulinic acid; Endoscopic mucosal resection; Endoscopic ultrasound; Photodynamic therapy; Porfimer sodium

Indexed keywords

ALUMINUM DISULPHONATED PHTHALOCYANINE; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; AMINOLEVULINIC ACID METHYL ESTER; BENZOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; CHLOROALUMINUM PHTHALOCYANINE TETRASULFONATE; HEMATOPORPHYRIN DERIVATIVE; LU TEX; LUTETIUM TEXAPHYRIN; MEDAC; OMEPRAZOLE; PHEOPHORBIDE; PHOTOCHLOR; PHOTOFRIN; PHOTOFRIN II; PHOTOSAN; PHOTOSENS; PHTHALOCYANINE DERIVATIVE; PREDNISONE; SILICON PHTHALOCYANINE; TALAPORFIN; TEMOPORFIN; TETRAKIS(3 HYDROXYPHENYL)CHLORIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CANCER RISK; CARCINOMA IN SITU; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; DISEASE COURSE; DOSIMETRY; DYSPLASIA; ENDOSCOPIC MUCOSAL RESECTION; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS PERFORATION; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; ESOPHAGUS STRICTURE; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HUMAN; METAPLASIA; NEOPLASM; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; PHOTOTOXICITY; PLEURA EFFUSION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; TRACHEOESOPHAGEAL FISTULA; ULTRASOUND;

BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; DIHEMATOPORPHYRIN ETHER; HUMANS; MESOPORPHYRINS; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS;

EID: 14144250646     PISSN: 01920790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.mcg.0000152748.56902.02     Document Type: Review

References (166)

1. Macdonald CE, Wicks AC, Playford RJ. Final results from 10 year cohort of patients undergoing surveillance for Barrett's oesophagus: observational study. Br Med J. 2000;321:1252-1255.
2. Corley DA, Levin TR, Habel LA, et al. Surveillance and survival in Barrett's adenocarcinomas: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:633-640.
3. Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer. 1998;83:2049-2053.
4. Oleinick NL, Evans HH. The photobiology of photodynamic therapy: cellular targets and mechanisms. Radiat Res. 1998;150(suppl):146-156.
5. Wang KK. Current status of photodynamic therapy of Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49(suppl):20-23.
6. Dougherty TJ. An update on photodynamic therapy applications. J Clin Laser Med Surg. 2002;20:3-7.
7. Barrett NR. Chronic peptic ulcer of the oesophagus and 'oesophagitis.' Br J Surg. 1950;38:175-182.
8. Conio M, Lapertosa G, Blanchi S, et al. Barrett's esophagus: an update. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2003;46:187-206.
9. Cameron AJ, Ott BJ, Payne WS. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. N Engl J Med. 1985;313:357-859.
10. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A, et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:825-831.
11. Sampliner RE. Long-term endoscopic surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1912-1913.
12. Solaymani-Dodaran M, Logan RF, West J, et al. Risk of oesophageal cancer in Barrett's oesophagus and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut. 2004;53:1070-1074.
13. Gerson LB, Shetler K, Triadafilopoulos G. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in asymptomatic individuals. Gastroenterology. 2002;123:461-467.
14. Rex DK, Cummings OW, Shaw M, et al. Screening for Barrett's esophagus in colonoscopy patients with and without heartburn. Gastroenterology. 2003;125:1670-1677.
15. DeVault KR, Ward EM, Wolfsen HC, et al. Symptoms do not predict the presence of Barrett's esophagus in older patients undergoing colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98 (suppl):13.
16. DeVault KR, Ward EM, Wolfsen HC, et al. Barrett's esphagus (BE) is common in older patients undergoing screening colonoscopy regardless of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB111.
17. Cameron AJ, Zinsrneister AR, Ballard DJ, et al. Prevalence of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus: comparison of population-based clinical and autopsy findings. Gastroenterology. 1990;99:918-922.
18. Ormsby AH, Kilgore SP, Goldblum JR, et al. The location and frequency of intestinal metaplasia at the esophagogastric junction in 223 consecutive autopsies: implications for patient treatment and preventive strategies in Barrett's esophagus. Mod Pathol. 2000;13:614-620.
19. Inadomi JM, Sampliner R, Lagergren J, et al. Screening and surveillance for Barrett esophagus in high-risk groups: a cost-utility analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138:176-186.
20. Provenzale D, Schmitt C, Wong JB. Barrett's esophagus: a new look at surveillance based on emerging estimates of cancer risk. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:2043-2053.
21. Wolfsen HC, Hemminger LL, DeVault KR. Barrett's dysplasia and mucosal carcinoma patients referred for photodynamic therapy: do they come from surveillance programs? [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB265.
22. Prosst RL, Wolfsen HC, Gahlen J. Photodynamic therapy for esophageal diseases: a clinical update. Endoscopy. 2003;35:1059-1068.
23. Dulai G, Jensen D, Saad M, et al. Simultaneous screening for Barrett's and colorectal cancer [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB259.
24. Dulai GS, Guha S, Kahn KL, et al. Preoperative prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in esophageal adenocarcinoma: a systematic review. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:26-33.
25. Koop H. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy. 2002;34:97-103.
26. Rosch T. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy. 2001;33:909-916.
27. Birkmeyer JD, Siewers AE, Finlayson EV, et al. Hospital volume and surgical mortality in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1128-1137.
28. Burian M, Stein HJ, Sendler A, et al. Sentinel node detection in Barrett's and cardia cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(suppl):255-258.
29. Perry Y, Fernando HC, Buenaventura PO, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy in the elderly. JSLS. 2002;6:299-304.
30. Kitagawa Y, Fujii H, Mukai M, et al. Current status and future prospects of sentinel node navigational surgery for gastrointestinal cancers. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11(suppl):242-244.
31. Ortner MA, Dorta G, Blum AL, et al. Endoscopic interventions for preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions: mucosectomy, argon plasma coagulation, and photodynamic therapy. Dig Dis. 2002;20:167-172.
32. von Rahden BH, Stein HJ, Siewert JR. Barrett's esophagus and Barrett's carcinoma. Curr Oncol Rep. 2003;5:203-209.
33. Spechler SJ. The natural history of dysplasia and cancer in esophagitis and barrett esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(suppl):2-5.
34. Lightdale CJ, Larghi A, Rotterdam H, et al. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for staging and treatment of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early adenocarcinoma (EAC) in Barrett's esophagus (BE) [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB183.
35. Faruqi SA, Arantes V, Bhutani MS. Barrett's esophagus: current and future role of endosonography and optical coherence tomography. Dis Esophagus. 2004;17:118-123.
36. Soetikno RM, Gotoda T, Nakanishi Y, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:567-579.
37. Rembacken BJ, Gotoda T, Fujii T, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection. Endoscopy. 2001;33:709-718.
38. Katada C, Muto M, Manabe T, et al. Esophageal stenosis after endoscopic mucosal resection of superficial esophageal lesions. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:165-169.
39. Nijhawan PK, Wang KK. Endoscopic mucosal resection for lesions with endoscopic features suggestive of malignancy and high-grade dysplasia within Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:328-332.
40. Ell C, May A, Gossner L, et al. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:670-677.
41. May A, Gossner L, Pech O, et al. Intraepithelial high-grade neoplasia and early adenocarcinoma in short-segment Barrett's esophagus (SSBE): curative treatment using local endoscopic treatment techniques. Endoscopy. 2002;34:604-610.
42. Pacifico RJ, Wang KK, Wong Kee Song LM, et al. Combined endoscopic mucosal resection and photodynamic therapy versus esophagectomy for management of early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:252-257.
43. Falk GW, Chittajallu R, Goldblum JR, et al. Surveillance of patients with Barrett's esophagus for dysplasia and cancer with balloon cytology. Gastroenterology. 1997;112:1787-1797.
44. Geisinger KR. Endoscopic biopsies and cytologic brushings of the esophagus are diagnostically complementary. Am J Clin Pathol. 1995;103:295-299.
45. Cave DR, Sachdev R, Mitty R, et al. A comparison of conventional endoscopy (EGD) and video capsule endoscopy (CE) for screening for esophageal mucosal disorders [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2004; 126(suppl 2):A50.
46. Sidorenko EI, Sharma P. High-resolution chromoendoscopy in the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2004;14:437-451.
47. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Petras RE, et al. Methylene blue selectively stains intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 1996;44:1-7.
48. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Willis J, et al. Methylene blue-directed biopsies improve detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:560-568.
49. Canto MI, Setrakian S, Willis JE, et al. Methylene blue staining of dysplastic and nondysplastic Barrett's esophagus: an in vivo and ex vivo study. Endoscopy. 2001;33:391-400.
50. Canto MI, Yoshida T, Gossner L. Chromoscopy of intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Endoscopy. 2002;34:330-336.
51. Kiesslich R, Hahn M, Herrmann G, et al. Screening for specialized columnar epithelium with methylene blue: chromoendoscopy in patients with Barrett's esophagus and a normal control group. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:47-52.
52. Egger K, Werner M, Meining A, et al. Biopsy surveillance is still necessary in patients with Barrett's oesophagus despite new endoscopic imaging techniques. Gut. 2003;52:18-23.
53. Olliver JR, Wild CP, Sahay P, et al. Chromoendoscopy with methylene blue and associated DNA damage in Barrett's oesophagus. Lancet. 2003;362:373-374.
54. Lovat L, Bown S. Elastic scattering spectroscopy for detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2004;14:507-517.
55. Poneros JM. Diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus using optical coherence tomography. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2004;14:573-588.
56. Panjehpour M, Overholt BF, Vo-Dinh T, et al. Endoscopic fluorescence detection of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 1996;111:93-101.
57. Georgakoudi I, Jacobson BC, Van Dam J, et al. Fluorescence, reflectance, and light-scattering spectroscopy for evaluating dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1620-1629.
58. Brand S, Wang TD, Schomacker KT, et al. Detection of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus by spectroscopy measurement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002;56:479-487.
59. Wallace MB, Perelman LT, Backman V, et al. Endoscopic detection of dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus using light-scattering spectroscopy. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:677-682.
60. Mayringer B. Endoscopic fluorescence imaging in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2004;14:487-506.
61. Stepinac T, Grosjean P, Woodtli A, et al. Optimization of the diameter of a radial irradiation device for photodynamic therapy in the esophagus. Endoscopy. 2002;34:411-415.
62. Endlicher E, Messmann H. Photodynamic diagnosis in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2004;14:475-485.
63. Kendall C, Stone N, Shepherd N, et al. Raman spectroscopy, a potential tool for the objective identification and classification of neoplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. J Pathol. 2003;200:602-609.
64. Gonzalez-Correa CA, Brown BH, Smallwood RH, et al. Low frequency electrical bioimpedance for the detection of inflammation and dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. Physiol Meas. 2003;24:291-296.
65. Guelrud M, Herrera I, Essenfeld H, et al. Enhanced magnification endoscopy: a new technique to identify specialized intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:559-565.
66. Sharma P, Weston AP, Topalovski M, et al. Magnification chromoendoscopy for the detection of intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2003;52:24-27.
67. Sharma P, McGregor D, Cherian R, et al. Use of narrow band imaging, a novel imaging technique, to detect intestinal metaplasia and high-grade dysplasia in patients with Barrett's esophagus [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:AB76.
68. Nijihawan PK, Wolfsen HC, Wang KK. Cutaneous photosensitivity after photodynamic therapy: is it really more common in sunny climates? [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:1363.
69. Hamamoto Y, Endo T, Nosho K, et al. Usefulness of narrow-band imaging endoscopy for diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus. J Gastroenterol. 2004;39:14-20.
70. Reid BJ, Levine DS, Longton G, et al. Predictors of progression to cancer in Barrett's esophagus: baseline histology and flow cytometry identify low- and high-risk patient subsets. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1669-1676.
71. Doak SH, Jenkins GJ, Parry EM, et al. Chromosome 4 hyperploidy represents an early genetic aberration in premalignant Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2003;52:623-628.
72. Sirieix PS, O'Donovan M, Brown J, et al. Surface expression of minichromosome maintenance proteins provides a novel method for detecting patients at risk for developing adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:2560-2566.
73. Dolan K, Walker SJ, Gosney J, et al. TP53 mutations in malignant and premalignant Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2003;16:83-89.
74. Dar MS, Goldblum JR, Rice TW, et al. Can extent of high grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus predict the presence of adenocarcinoma at oesophagectomy? Gut. 2003;52:486-489.
75. Galipeau PC, Li X, Longton G, et al. A panel of molecular and cytometric markers in Barrett's esophagus (BE) predicts progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(suppl 2):A114.
76. Boyce HW Jr. Barrett esophagus: endoscopic findings and what to biopsy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(suppl):19-25.
77. Montgomery E, Bronner MP, Goldblum JR, et al. Reproducibility of the diagnosis of dysplasia in Barrett esophagus: a reaffirmation. Hum Pathol. 2001;32:368-378.
78. O'Riordan JM, Byrne PJ, Ravi N, et al. Long-term clinical and pathologic response of Barrett's esophagus after antireflux surgery. Am J Surg. 2004;188:27-33.
79. Rudolph RE, Vaughan TL, Storer BE, et al. Effect of segment length on risk for neoplastic progression in patients with Barrett esophagus. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132:612-620.
80. Bonavina L, Via A, Incarbone R, et al. Results of surgical therapy in patients with Barrett's adenocarcinoma. World J Surg. 2003;27:1062-1066.
81. Tseng EE, Wu TT, Yeo CJ, et al. Barrett 's esophagus with high grade dysplasia: surgical results and long-term outcome: an update. J Gastrointest Surg. 2003;7:164-170; discussion 170-171.
82. Buttar NS, Wang KK, Sebo TJ, et al. Extent of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus correlates with risk of adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1630-1639.
83. Schnell TG, Sontag SJ, Chejfec G, et al. Long-term nonsurgical management of Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastroenterology. 2001;120:1607-1619.
84. Romagnoli R, Collard JM, Gutschow C, et al. Outcomes of dysplasia arising in Barrett's esophagus: a dynamic view. J Am Coll Surg. 2003;197:365-371.
85. Weston AP, Sharma P, Topalovski M, et al. Long-term follow-up of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1888-1893.
86. Overholt BF, Lightdale CJ, Wang KK, et al. International multicenter partially blinded randomized study of the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) using portimer sodium (POR) for ablation of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and results of 24 month follow up. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(suppl 1):A20.
87. Sampliner RE. Prevention of adenocarcinoma by reversing Barrett's esophagus with mucosal ablation. World J Surg. 2003;27:1026-1029.
88. Overholt BF, Panjehpour M, Halberg DL. Photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia and/or early stage carcinoma: long-term results. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:183-188.
89. Leiper K, Morris AI. Treatment of oesophago-gastrio tumours. Endoscopy. 2002;34:139-145.
90. Kahaleh M, Van Laethem JL, Nagy N, et al. Long-term follow-up and factors predictive of recurrence in Barrett's esophagus treated by argon plasma coagulation and acid suppression. Endoscopy. 2002;34:950-955.
91. Van Laethem JL, Jagodzinski R, Peny MO, et al. Argon plasma coagulation in the treatment of Barrett's high-grade dysplasia and in situ adenocarcinoma. Endoscopy. 2001;33:257-261.
92. Weston AP, Sharma P. Neodymium:yttrium-aluminum garnet contact laser ablation of Barrett's high grade dysplasia and early adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002;97:2998-3006.
93. Enns RA. Prospective randomized trial of argon plasma coagulation versus multipolar electrocoagulation in the ablation of Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia: preliminary results. Gastroenterology. 2002;122:A685.
94. Attwood SEA, Lewis CJ, Caplin S, et al. Argon beam plasma coagulation as therapy for high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;1:258-263.
95. Morris CD, Byrne JP, Armstrong GR, et al. Prevention of the neoplastic progression of Barrett's oesophagus by endoscopic argon beam plasma ablation. Br J Surg. 2001;88:1357-1362.
96. Byrne JP, Armstrong GR, Attwood SE. Restoration of the normal squamous lining in Barrett's esophagus by argon beam plasma coagulation. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998;93:1810-1815.
97. Pereira-Lima JC, Busnello JV, Saul C, et al. High power setting argon plasma coagulation for the eradication of Barrett's esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:1661-1668.
98. Schulz H, Miehlke S, Antos D, et al. Ablation of Barrett's epithelium by endoscopic argon plasma coagulation in combination with high-dose omeprazole. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;51:659-663.
99. Tigges H, Fuchs KH, Maroske J, et al. Combination of endoscopic argon plasma coagulation and antireflux surgery for treatment of Barrett's esophagus. J Gastrointest Surg. 2001;5:251-259.
100. Basu KK, Pick B, Bale R, et al. Efficacy and one year follow up of argon plasma coagulation therapy for ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: factors determining persistence and recurrence of Barrett's epithelium. Gut. 2002;51:776-780.
101. van Laethem JL, Peny MO, Salmon I, et al. Intramucosal adenocarcinoma arising under squamous re-epithelialisation of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2000;46:574-577.
102. Shand A, Dallal H, Palmer K, et al. Adenocarcinoma arising in columnar lined oesophagus following treatment with argon plasma coagulation. Gut. 2001;48:580-581.
103. Wolfsen HC. Photodynamic therapy for mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma and dysplastic Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis. 2002;20:5-17.
104. Pagani M, Granelli P, Chella B, et al. Barrett 's esophagus: combined treatment using argon plasma coagulation and laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Dis Esophagus. 2003;16:279-283.
105. Ganz RA, Utley DS, Stern RS, et al. Complete ablation of porcine esophageal epithelium using a balloon-based bipolar electrode [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB250.
106. Hammeeteman W, Tytgat GN, Houthoff HJ, et al. Barrett's esophagus: development of dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterology. 1989;96:1249-1256.
107. Webber J, Herman M, Kessel D, et al. Current concepts in gastrointestinal photodynamic therapy. Ann Surg. 1999;230:12-23.
108. Kubba AK. Role of photodynamic therapy in the management of gastrointestinal cancer. Digestion. 1999;60:1-10.
109. Xue LY, Chiu SM, Oleinick NL. Photochemical destruction of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein during photodynamic therapy with the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4. Oncogene. 2001;20:3420-3427.
110. Kessel D. Photodynamic therapy: from the beginning. Photodiag and Photodyn Ther. 2004;1:3-7.
111. Allison SP, Lobo DN. Fluid and electrolytes in the elderly. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7:27-33.
112. Bown SG, Rogowska AZ. New photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy in gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol. 1999;13:389-392.
113. Bellnier DA, Greco WR, Loewen GM, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of the photodynamic therapy agent 2-[1-hexyloxyethyl]-2-devinyl pyropheophorbide-a in cancer patients. Cancer Res. 2003;63:1806-1813.
114. Overholt BF, Panjehpour M, Haydek JM. Photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus: follow-up in 100 patients. Gastrointest Endosc. 1999;49:1-7.
115. Wolfsen HC, Woodward TA, Raimondo M. Photodynamic therapy for dysplastic Barrett esophagus and early esophageal adenocarcinoma. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002;77:1176-1181.
116. Wang KK, Kim JY. Photodynamic therapy in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2003;13:483-489.
117. Wolfsen HC, Hemminger LL. Photodynamic therapy for dysplastic Barrett's esophagus and mucosal adenocarcinoma [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB251.
118. Wang KK, Wong Kee Song LM, Buttar NS, et al. Barrett's esophagus after photodynamic therapy: risk of cancer development during long term follow up [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(suppl 2):A50.
119. Ukleja A, Scolapio JS, Wolfsen HC. Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for staging and treatment of high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and early adenocarcinoma (EAC) in Barrett's esophagus (BE) [Abstract]. Gastrotenterology. 1999;116:A582.
120. Nijhawan PK, Wolfsen HC, Wang KK, et al. Cutaneous photosensitivity after photodynamic therapy: is it really more common in sunny climates? [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:A227.
121. Mang TS. Laser and light sources for pdt. Photodiag and Photodyn Ther. 2004;1:43-48.
122. Panjehpour M, Overholt BF, Haydek JM, et al. Results of photodynamic therapy for ablation of dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus and effect of oral steroids on stricture formation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:2177-2184.
123. Hemminger LL, Wolfsen HC. Photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus and high grade dysplasia: results of a patient satisfaction survey. Gastroenterol Nurs. 2002;25:139-141.
124. Hur C, Nishioka NS, Gazelle GS. Cost-effectiveness of photodynamic therapy for treatment of Barrett's esophagus with high grade dysplasia. Dig Dis Sci. 2003;48:1273-1283.
125. Gossner L, Stolte M, Sroka R, et al. Photodynamic ablation of high-grade dysplasia and early cancer in Barrett's esophagus by means of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Gastroenterology. 1998;114:448-455.
126. Gossner L, May A, Sroka R, et al. Photodynamic destruction of high grade dysplasia and early carcinoma of the esophagus after the oral administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid. Cancer. 1999;86:1921-1928.
127. Gossner L, May A, Sroka R, et al. A new long-range through-the-scope balloon applicator for photodynamic therapy in the esophagus and cardia. Endoscopy. 1999;31:370-376.
128. Javaid B, Watt P, Krasner N. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for oesophageal dysplasia and early carcinoma with mTHPC (m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin): a preliminary study. Lasers Med Sci. 2002;17:51-56.
129. Etienne J, Dorme N, Bourg-Heckly G, et al. Photodynamic therapy with green light and m-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorin for intramucosal adenocarcinoma and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:880-889.
130. Ackroyd R, Brown NJ, Davis MF, et al. Photodynamic therapy for dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus: a prospective, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial. Gut. 2000;47:612-617.
131. Ackroyd R, Brown NJ, Davis MF, et al. Aminolevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy: safe and effective ablation of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Dis Esophagus. 2000;13:18-22.
132. Barr H, Shepherd NA, Dix A, et al. Eradication of high-grade dysplasia in columnar-lined (Barrett's) oesophagus by photodynamic therapy with endogenously generated protoporphyrin IX. Lancet. 1996;348:584-585.
133. Orth K, Stanescu A, Ruck A, et al. Photodynamic ablation and argon-plasma coagulation of premalignant and early-stage malignant lesions of the oesophagus: an alternative to surgery? Chirurg. 1999;70:431-438.
134. Pech O, Gossner L, May A, et al. Long term results of PDT for early neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:W1567.
135. Ortner MA, Zumbusch K, Liebetruth J, et al. Is topical delta-aminolevulinic acid adequate for photodynamic therapy in Barrett's esophagus? A pilot study. Endoscopy. 2002;34:611-616.
136. Hage M, Siersema PD, van Dekken H, et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy versus argon plasma coagulation for ablation of Barrett's oesophagus: a randomised trial. Gut. 2004;53:785-790.
137. van den Bergh H. On the evolution of some endoscopic light delivery systems for photodynamic therapy. Endoscopy. 1998;30:392-407.
138. Panjehpour M, Overholt BF, Haydek JM. Light sources and delivery devices for photodynamic therapy in the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 2000;10:513-532.
139. Overholt BF, Panjehpour M, DeNovo RC, et al. Balloon photodynamic therapy of esophageal cancer: effect of increasing balloon size. Lasers Surg Med. 1996;18:248-252.
140. Nakamura T, Fukui H, Shirakawa K, et al. Photodynamic therapy of superficial esophageal cancer with a transparent hood. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;60:120-124.
141. Boere IA, Robinson DJ, de Bruijn HS, et al. Monitoring in situ dosimetry and protoporphyrin IX fluorescence photobleaching in the normal rat esophagus during 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy. Photochem Photobiol. 2003;78:271-277.
142. Braichotte DR, Savary JF, Monnier P, et al. Optimizing light dosimetry in photodynamic therapy of early stage carcinomas of the esophagus using fluorescence spectroscopy. Lasers Surg Med. 1996;19:340-346.
143. Zellweger M, Grosjean P, Monnier P, et al. Stability of the fluorescence measurement of Foscan in the normal human oral cavity as an indicator of its content in early cancers of the esophagus and the bronchi. Photochem Photobiol. 1999;69:605-610.
144. Radu A, Conde R, Fontolliet C, et al. Mucosal ablation with photodynamic therapy in the esophagus: optimization of light dosimetry in the sheep model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;57:897-905.
145. Cheung R, Solonenko M, Busch TM, et al. Correlation of in vivo photosensitizer fluorescence and photodynamic therapy-induced depth of necrosis in a murine tumor model. J Biomed Opt. 2003;8:248-252.
146. Luketich JD, Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, et al. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: 77 cases over a 2-year period. Surg Endosc. 2000;14:653-657.
147. Overholt BF, Panjehpour M. Photodynamic therapy for Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin North Am. 1997;7:207-220.
148. Savary JF, Grosjean P, Monnier P, et al. Photodynamic therapy of early squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus: a review of 31 cases. Endoscopy. 1998;30:258-265.
149. Grosjean P, Savary J-F, Wagnieres G, et al. Tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)- chlorin clinical photodynamic therapy of early bronchial and oesophageal cancers. Lasers Med Sci. 1996;11:227-235.
150. Wolfsen HC, Ng CS. Cutaneous consequences of photodynamic therapy. Cutis. 2002;69:140-142.
151. Robert ME. Defining dysplasia in Barrett Esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36(suppl 2):19-25.
152. Sharma VK, Fleisher DE, Wang KK, et al. A randomized trial of radiofrequency ablation of specialized intestinal metaplasia of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004;59:AB113.
153. Fisher RS, Bromer MQ, Thomas RM, et al. Predictors of recurrent specialized intestinal metaplasia after complete laser ablation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98:1945-1951.
154. Triadafilopoulos G, Kaur B, Traxler B, et al. The effects of esomeprazole combined with aspirin or rofecoxib on steady state prostaglandin E2 production in patients with Barrett's esophagus [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(suppl 2):A617.
155. Lanas A, Ortega J, Sopena F, et al. Long-term effects of a COX-2 inhibitor on esophageal mucosal epithelial cell proliferation of patients with Barrett's esophagus [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(suppl 2):A25.
156. Edwards MJ, Gable DR, Lentsch AB, et al. The rationale for esophagectomy as the optimal therapy for Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Ann Surg. 1996;223:585-589; discussion 589-591.
157. Oberg S, Johansson J, Wenner J, et al. Metaplastic columnar mucosa in the cervical esophagus after esophagectomy. Ann Surg. 2002;235:338-345.
158. Barr H, Kendall C, Stone N. Photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer: a useful and realistic option. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2003; 2:65-76.
159. Krishnadath KK, Wang KK, Taniguchi K, et al. Persistent genetic abnormalities in Barrett's esophagus after photodynamic therapy. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:624-630.
160. Bourre L, Thibaut S, Briffaud A, et al. Potential efficacy of a delta 5-aminolevulinic acid thermosetting gel formulation for use in photodynamic therapy of lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacol Res. 2002;45:159-165.
161. Ruol A, Zaninotto G, Costantini M, et al. Barrett's esophagus: management of high-grade dysplasia and cancer. J Surg Res. 2004;117:44-51.
162. Slehria S, Wei JT, Hall M, et al. The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma in paitents with Barrett's esophagus undergoing endoscopic ablation therapy: a systematic review of the literature. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(suppl 2):A50.
163. Skacel M, Petras RE, Gramlich TL, et al. The diagnosis of low-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus and its implications for disease progression. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95:3383-3387.
164. Beejay U, Ribeiro A, Hourigan L, et al. Photodynamic therapy of high grade dysplasia with intramucosal carcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: 30 months follow up [Abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001;53:AB144.
165. Gossner L, May A, Pech O, et al. Photodynamic therapy of Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia or early cancer [Abstract]. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:A413.
166. Ackroyd R, Brown NJ, Davis MF, et al. Aminolaevulinic acid-induced photodynamic therapy in the treatment of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma. Lasers Med Sci. 1999;14:278-285.