Rotorcraft vibration reduction and noise prediction using a unified aeroelastic response simulation

Journal of the American Helicopter Society

Volumn 50, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 95-106

  Patt, Dan ^a   Liu, Li ^a   Friedmann, Peretz P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC NOISE; AERODYNAMICS; ALGORITHMS; COMPRESSIBILITY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; LAPLACE TRANSFORMS; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; MATRIX ALGEBRA; NOISE ABATEMENT; PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION; TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS; VIBRATION CONTROL;

ACTIVE CONTROLLED FLAPS; AEROELASTIC MODEL; BLADE VORTEX INTERACTION EFFECTS; ROTORCRAFT VIBRATION REDUCTION;

HELICOPTER ROTORS;

EID: 14144249428     PISSN: 00028711     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4050/1.3092846     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Friedmann, P. P., and Millott, T. A., "Vibration Reduction in Rotorcraft Using Active Control: A Comparison of Various Approaches," Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics, Vol. 18, (4), July-August 1995, pp. 664-673.
2. Friedmann, P. P., "Rotary-Wing Aeroelasticity: Current Status and Future Trends," Proceedings of the 39th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, January 2001. AIAA Paper No. 2001-0427; AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, (10), October 2004, pp. 1953-1972.
3. de Terlizzi, M., and Friedmann, P. P., "Active Control of BVI Induced Vibrations Using a Refined Aerodynamic Model and Experimental Correlation," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, May 1995, pp. 510-524.
4. Friedmann, P. P., de Terlizzi, M., and Myrtle, T. F., "New Developments in Vibration Reduction with Actively Controlled Trailing Edge Flaps," Mathematical and Computer Modelling, Vol. 33, 2001, pp. 1055-1083.
5. Depailler, G., and Friedmann, P. P., "Reductions of Vibrations Due to Dynamic Stall in Helicopters Using an Actively Controlled Flap," AIAA Paper No. 2002-1431, Proceedings of the 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ACS Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Denver, CO, April 2002.
6. Straub, F. K., and Charles, B. D., "Aeroelastic Analysis of Rotors with Trailing Edge Flaps Using Comprehensive Codes," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 46, (3), July 2001, pp. 192-199.
7. Milgram, J. H., Chopra, I., and Straub, F. K., "Comprehensive Rotorcraft Aeroelastic Analysis with Trailing Edge Flaps," American Helicopter Society 52nd Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, DC, June 1996, pp. 715-725.
8. Fulton, M., and Ormiston, R. A., "Small-Scale Rotor Experiments with On-Blade Elevons to Reduce Blade Vibratory Loads in Forward Flight," American Helicopter Society 54th Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, DC, May 1998, pp. 433-451.
9. Koratkar, N. A., and Chopra, I., "Wind Tunnel Testing of a Smart Rotor Model with Trailing Edge Flaps," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 47, (4), October 2002, pp. 263-272.
10. Brooks, T. F., Booth, E. R., Jolly, J. R., Yeager, W., and Wilbur, M., "Reduction of Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise Through Higher Harmonic Pitch Control," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 35, (1), January 1990, pp. 86-91.
11. Brooks, T. F., and Booth, E. R., "The Effect of Higher Harmonic Pitch Control on Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise and Vibration," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 38, (3), July 1993, pp. 45-55.
12. Splettstoesser, W., Schultz, K. J., Kube, R., Brooks, T. F., Booth, E. R., Niesl, G., and Streby, O., "A Higher Harmonic Control Test in the DNW to Reduce Impulsive BVI Noise," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 39, (4), October 1994, pp. 3-13.
13. Splettstoesser, W., Kube, R., Wagner, W., Seelhorst, U., Boutier, A., Micheli, F., Mercker, E., and Pengel, K., "Key Results From a Higher Harmonic Control Aeroacoustic Rotor Test (HART)," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 42, (1), January 1997, pp. 58-78.
14. Yu, Y. H., Tung, C., van der Wall, B., Pausder, H. J., Burley, C., Brooks, T., Beaumier, P., Delrieux, Y., Mercker, E., and Pengel, K., "The HART-II Test: Rotor Wakes and Aeroacoustics with Higher-Harmonic Pitch Control (HHC) Inputs - The Joint German/French /Dutch/US Project," American Helicopter Society 58th Annual Forum Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, June 2002.
15. Jacklin, S. A., "Second Test of a Helicopter Individual Blade Control System in the NASA Ames 40-by-80 Foot Wind Tunnel," Proceedings of the 2nd International American Helicopter Society Aeromechanics Specialists Conference, Bridgeport, CT, October 1995.
16. Swanson, S. M., Jacklin, S. A., Blaas, A., Niesl, G., and Kube, R., "Reduction of Helicopter BVI Noise, Vibration, and Power Consumption through Individual Blade Control," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, May 1995, pp. 662-680.
17. Jacklin, S. A., Blaas, A., Teves, D., and Kube, R., "Acoustic Results from a Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Test Evaluating Individual Blade Control," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, May 1995, pp. 461-480.
18. Jacklin, S. A., Haber, A., de Simone, G., Norman, T., Kitaplioglu, C., and Shinoda, P., "Full-Scale Wind Tunnel Test of an Individual Blade Control System for a UH-60 Helicopter," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, June 2002.
19. Bebesel, M., Roth, D., Dietrich, O., Pongratz, R., and Kube, R., "Individual Blade Root Control Demonstration Recent Activities," Proceedings of the 27th European Rotorcraft Forum, Moscow, Russia, September 2001, pp. 33.1-33.14.
20. Bebesel, M., Pongratz, R., and Roth, D., "Reduction of BVI Noise on Ground - In-Flight Evaluation of Closed-Loop Controller," Proceedings of the 28th European Rotorcraft Forum, Bristol, England, September 2002, pp. 19.1-19.9.
21. Yu, Y. H., Brooks, T. F., and Splettstoesser, W., "Reduction of Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise by Active Rotor Control Technology," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 33, (10), September 1997, pp. 647-687.
22. Yu, Y. H., "Rotor Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 36, (2), February 2000, pp. 97-115.
23. Brooks, T. F., Booth, E. R., Splettstoesser, W., and Kube, R., "Analysis of a Higher Harmonic Control Test to Reduce Blade Vortex Interaction Noise," AIAA Journal, Vol. 31, 1994, pp. 1341-1348.
24. van der Wall, B., "Simulation of HHC on Helicopter Rotor BVI Noise Emission Using a Prescribed Wake Method," Proceedings of the 26th European Rotorcraft Forum, The Hague, Netherlands, September 2000, pp. 43.2-43.15.
25. Beaumier, P., and Spiegel, P., "Validation of ONERA Aeroacoustic Prediction Methods for Blade-Vortex Interaction Using HART Test Results," American Helicopter Society 51st Annual Forum Proceedings, Fort Worth, TX, May 1995, pp. 510-524.
26. Kube, R., Splettstoesser, W., Wagner, W., Seelhorst, U., Yu, Y. H., Tung, C., Beamier, P., Prieur, J., Rahier, G., Spiegel, P., Boutier, A., Brooks, T. F., Burley, C. L., Boyd, D. D., Mercker, E., and Pengel, K., "HHC Aeroacoustic Rotor Tests in the German-Dutch Wind Tunnel: Improving Physical Understanding and Prediction Results," Aerospace Science and Technology, Vol. 2, (3), March 1998, pp. 177-190.
27. Splettstoesser, W., van der Wall, B., and Schultz, F., "The Effect of Individual Blade Pitch Control of Flight Test and Simulation Results," Proceedings of the 24th European Rotorcraft Forum, Marseilles, France, September 1998, pp. AC07.1-AC07.15.
28. Malovrh, B., and Gandhi, F., "Localized Individual Pitch Control for Reduction of Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise," Proceedings of the 28th European Rotorcraft Forum, Bristol, England, September 2002, pp. 6.1-6.10.
29. Kube, R., van der Wall, B., Schultz, K. J., and Splettstoesser, W., "IBC Effects on BVI Noise and Vibrations - A Combined Numerical and Experimental Investigation," American Helicopter Society 55th Annual Forum Proceedings, Montreal, Canada, May 1999.
30. Malovrh, B., Gandhi, F., and Tauszig, L., "Sensitivity of Helicopter BVI-Induced Noise and Vibration to Variations in Individual Interaction-Parameters," American Helicopter Society 57th Annual Forum Proceedings, Washington, DC, May 2001.
31. Brentner, K., "A Computer Program Incorporating Realistic Blade Motions and Advanced Acoustic Formulation," NASA Technical Memorandum, Vol. 87721, 1986.
32. Millott, T. A., and Friedmann, P. P., "Vibration Reduction in Helicopter Rotors Using an Actively Controlled Partial Span Trailing Edge Flap Located on the Blade," NASA CR 4611, June 1994.
33. Myrtle, T. F., and Friedmann, P. P., "Application of a New Compressible Time Domain Aerodynamic Model to Vibration Reduction in Helicopters Using an Actively Controlled Flap," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 46, (1), January 2001, pp. 32-43.
34. Rogers, K. L., "Airplane Math Modeling Methods for Actively Control Design," AGARD-CP-228, August 1997.
35. Myrtle, T. F., "Development of an Improved Aeroelastic Model for the Investigation of Vibration Reduction in Helicopter Rotors using Trailing Edge Flaps," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 1998.
36. Depailler, G., "Alleviation of Dynamic Stall Induced Vibrations on Helicopter Rotors Using Actively Controlled Flaps," Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 2002.
37. Rodden, W. P., and Albano, E., "A Doublet-Lattice Method for Calculating Lift Distributions on Oscillating Surfaces in Subsonic Flows," AIAA Journal, Vol. 7, (2), 1969, pp. 279-285.
38. Bisplinghoff, R. L., Ashley, H., and Halfman, R., Aeroelasticity, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1955.
39. Johnson, W., CAMRAD/JA - A Comprehensive Analytical Model of Rotorcraft Aerodynamics and Dynamics, Vol I. Theory Manual. Johnson Aeronautics, Palo Alto, CA, 1988.
40. Patt, D., Liu, L., and Friedmann, P. P., "Rotorcraft Vibration Reduction and Noise Prediction Using a Unified Aeroelastic Response Simulation," American Helicopter Society 59th Annual Forum Proceedings, Phoenix, AZ, May 2003.
41. Liu, L., Patt, D., and Friedmann, P. P., "Simultaneous Vibration and Noise Reduction in Rotorcraft Using Aeroelastic Simulation," American Helicopter Society 60th Annual Forum Proceedings, Baltimore, MD, June 2004.
42. Gandhi, F., and Tauszig, L., "A Critical Evaluation of Various Approaches for the Numerical Detection of Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interactions," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 45, (3), July 2000, pp. 179-190.
43. Shampine, L. F., and Gordon, M. K., Computer Solution of Ordinary Differential Equations - The Initial Value Problem, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA, 1975.
44. Patt, D., Liu, L., Chandrasekar, J., Bernstein, D. S., and Friedmann, P. P., "The Higher Harmonic Algorithm for Helicopter Vibration Reduction Revisited," AIAA Paper No. 2004-1948, Proceedings of the 45th AIAA/ASME/ ASCE/AHS/ACS Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Palm Springs, CA, April 2004.
45. Johnson, W., "Self-Tuning Regulators for Multicyclic Control of Helicopter Vibrations," NASA Technical Paper 1996, 1982.
46. Cribbs, R., and Friedmann, P. P., "Actuator Saturation and Its influence on Vibration Reduction by Actively Controlled Flaps," AIAA Paper No. 2001-1467, Proceedings of the 42nd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ACS Structures, Structural Dynamics and Materials Conference, Seattle, WA, April 2001.
47. Gandhi, F., and Tauszig, L., "A Method to Evaluate the Contributions of Individual Interactions to Helicopter Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 48, (4), October 2003, pp. 287-299.
48. Schmitz, F. H., and Sim, B. W., "Radiation and Directionality Characteristics of Advancing Side Blade-Vortex Interaction (BVI) Noise," Proceedings of the 6th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Lahaina, HA, June 2000.
49. Ffowcs-Williams, J. E., and Hawkings, D. L., "Sound Generation by Turbulence and Surfaces in Arbitrary Motion," Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society of London, Series A, Vol. 264, (1151), May 1969, pp. 321-342.
50. Brentner, K. S., and Farassat, F., "Modeling Aerodynamically Generated Sound of Helicopter Rotors," Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 39, (2-3), February-April 2003, pp. 83-120.
51. Farassat, F., and Succi, G., "The Prediction of Helicopter Rotor Discrete Frequency Noise," Vertica, Vol. 7, (4), October 1983, pp. 309-320.
52. Boyd, D. D., Brooks, T. F., Burley, C. L., and Jolly, J. R., "Aeroacoustic Codes for Rotor Harmonic and BVI Noise - Camrad.Mod1/ HIRES," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 45, (2), April 2000, pp. 63-89.
53. DuVall, T., Sim, B. W., and Schmitz, F. H., "Cabin versus FarField Blade-Vortex Interaction Noise Level Trends," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society Aerodynamics, Acoustics and Test Evaluation Technical Specialists Meeting, San Francisco, CA, January 2002.