Physical metallurgy of Ti-Ni-based shape memory alloys

Progress in Materials Science

Volumn 50, Issue 5, 2005, Pages 511-678

  Otsuka, K ^a   Ren, X ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CRYSTAL LATTICES; DUCTILITY; ELASTICITY; PHASE DIAGRAMS; PHASE TRANSITIONS; STRENGTH OF MATERIALS; TITANIUM ALLOYS;

HETEROPHASE FLUCTUATIONS; LATTICE INSTABILITY; PRECURSORS; SUPERELASTICITY;

SHAPE MEMORY EFFECT;

EID: 13844313866     PISSN: 00796425     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2004.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (412)

1. W.J. Buehler, J.W. Gilfrich, and R.C. Wiley J Appl Phys 34 1963 1473
2. L.C. Chang, and T.A. Read Trans AIME 189 1951 47
3. M.W. Burkart, and T.A. Read Trans AIME 197 1953 1516
4. Z.S. Basinski, and J.W. Christian Acta Metall 2 1954 101
5. T. Honma H. Funakubo Shape memory alloys 1987 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers New York 61
6. T. Saburi K. Otsuka C.M. Wayman Shape memory materials 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 49
7. B.A. Bilby, and J.W. Christian Inst Met Monograph 18 1955 121
8. C.M. Wayman Introduction to crystallography of martensitic transformations 1964 MacMillan New York
9. H. Warlimont, and J. Delaey Progress in materials science vol. 18 1974 Pergamon Oxford
10. Z. Nishiyama Martensitic transformations 1978 Academic Press New York
11. A.G. Khachaturyan Theory of structural transformations in solids 1983 John Wiley New York
12. G.B. Olson W.S. Owen Martensite: A tribute to Morris Cohen 1992 ASM International
13. J.W. Christian The theory of transformations in metals and alloys (Parts I and II) 2002 Pergamon Oxford
14. K. Bhattacharya Microstructure of martensite: Why it forms and how it gives rise to the shape memory effect 2003 Oxford University Press Oxford
15. K. Otsuka, and C.M. Wayman P. Feltham Deformation behavior of materials vol. II 1977 Freund Publishing House Israel 98
16. H. Funakubo Shape memory alloys 1987 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers New York
17. K. Otsuka C.M. Wayman Shape memory materials 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
18. Jackson CM, Wagner HJ, Wasilewsli RJ. 55-Nitinol-the alloy with a memory: its physical metallurgy, properties, and applications. NASA Report SP 5111, 1972
19. Suzuki H, editor. Proc 1st JIM Int Symp on New Aspects of Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-76). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1976
20. Owen WS et al., editors. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-79). Cambridge, MA, 1979
21. Delaey L, Chandrasekaran J, editors. J Phys, vol. 43, Suppl. 12 (ICOMAT-82), 1982
22. Tamura I, editor. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-86). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1987
23. Muddle BC, editor. Martensitic Transformations (Proc. ICOMAT-89), Mater Sci. Forum vol. 56-58, 1990
24. Wayman CM, Perkins J, editors. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-92). Carmel, CA: Monterey Institute of Advanced Studies; 1993
25. Gotthardt R, Van Humbeeck J, editors. Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-95), Suppl J Phys, vol. III, no. 12, 1995
26. Ahlers M, Kostorz G, Sade M, editors. Mater Sci Eng, vol. 273-275 (ICOMAT-98), 1999
27. Pietikainen J, Soederberg O, editors. J Phys IV (ICOMAT-02), 2003
28. Otsuka K, Shimizu K, editors. Proc MRS Int Meeting on Adv Mater (Tokyo, 1988). Pittsburgh: MRS; 1989
29. Liu CT, Kunsmann H, Otsuka K, Wuttig M, editors. MRS Symp Proc vol. 246, 1992
30. Otsuka K, Fukai Y, editors. Shape memory materials and hydrides, Advanced materials 93/B, vol. 18B. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1994
31. George EP, Takahashi S, McKinstry ST, Uchino K, Wun-Fogle M, editors. MRS Symp Proc vol. 360, 1995
32. Goerge EP, Gotthardt R, Otsuka K, Troiler-McKinstry, Wun-Fogle, editors. MRS Symp Proc vol. 459, 1997. Duerig TW, Melton KN, Stockel D, Wayman CM, editors. Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1990
33. Goerge EP, Gotthardt R, Otsuka K, Troiler-McKinstry, Wun-Fogle, editors. MRS Symp Proc vol. 459, 1997. Duerig TW, Melton KN, Stockel D, Wayman CM, editors. Engineering aspects of shape memory alloys. London: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1990
34. Chu Y, Hsu TY, Ko T, editors. Proc Int Symp on Shape Memory Alloys (Guilin, 1986). Beijing: China Academic Pub; 1986
35. Chu Y, Hailing Tu, editors. Proc Int Symp on Shape Memory materials (Beijing, 1994). Beijing: Int. Academic Pub; 1994
36. Pelton PR, Hodgson D, Duerig T, editors. Proc 1st Int Conf on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-94). Fremont, CA: NDC, Inc.; 1995
37. Pelton P, Hodgson D, Russel S, Duerig T, editors. Proc 2nd Int Conf on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-97). Fremont, CA: NDC, Inc.; 1997
38. Russel SM, Pelton AR, editors. Proc 3rd Int Conf on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-2000). Fremont, CA: NDC, Inc.; 2000
39. E. Hornbogen N. Jost The martensitic transformations in science and technology (ESOMAT-89) 1989 Informazionsgesellschaft Oberursel
40. Guenin G, editor. J Phys IV (ESOMAT-91) 1991;C4
41. Planes A, Ortin J, Manosa L, editors. J Phys IV (ESOMAT-94) 1994;C2
42. Beyer J, Boettger A, Mulder JH, editors. J Phys IV, C5 (ESOMAT-97), 1997
43. Airoldi G, Besseghini S, editors. J phys IV, vol. 11, Pr. (ESOMAT-2000), 2001
44. Friend C, editor. Mater Sci Eng, vol. 378A (ESOMAT-2003), 2004
45. M. Hansen Constitution of binary alloys 1958 McGraw-Hill Berlin 1050
46. F. Laves, and H.J. Wallbaum Naturwissenschaften 27 1939 674
47. P. Duwez, and J.L. Taylor Trans AIME 188 1950 1173
48. H. Margolin, E. Ence, and J.P. Nielsen J Metals (Trans AIME) February 1953 243
49. Poole DM, Hume-Rothery. J Inst Met 1954-55;83:473
50. G.R. Purdy, and J.G. Parr Trans AIME 221 1961 636
51. R.J. Wasilewski, S.R. Butler, J.E. Hanlon, and D. Worden Metall Trans 2 1971 229
52. G.F. Bastin, and G.D. Rieck Metall Trans 5 1974 1917
53. D. Koskimaki, M.J. Marcinkowski, and A.S. Sastri Trans AIME 245 1969 1883
54. M. Nishida, C.M. Wayman, and T. Honma Metall Trans 17A 1986 1505
55. R. Kainuma, M. Matsumoto, and T. Honma Bull Inst Mineral Dressing and Metall, Tohoku Univ (SENKEN IHO) 43 1987 149 [in Japanese]
56. Massalski TB, Okamoto H, Subramanian PR, Kacprzak L, editors. Binary alloy phase diagrams, 2nd edition, vol. 3. Materials Park, OH: ASM International; 1990. p. 2874
57. K. Otsuka, and T. Kakeshita MRS Bulletin 27 2002 91
58. T. Honma, M. Matsumoto, Y. Shugo, and M. Nishida Research Report of the Laboratory of Nuclear Science, Tohoku. Univ. 12 1979 183
59. T.V. Philip, and P.A. Beck Trans AIME 209 1957 1269
60. M.H. Mueller, and H.W. Knott Trans AIME 227 1963 674
61. A. Taylor, and R.W. Floyd Acta Crystall 3 1950 285
62. T. Hara, T. Ohba, K. Otsuka, and M. Nishida Mater Trans JIM 38 1997 277
63. T. Tadaki, Y. Nakata, K. Shimizu, and K. Otsuka Trans JIM 27 1986 731
64. M. Nishida, and T. Honma Scripta Metall 18 1984 1293
65. M. Nishida, C.M. Wayman, R. Kainuma, and T. Honma Scripta Metall 20 1986 899
66. T. Saburi, S. Nenno, and T. Fukuda J Less-Comm Metals 125 1986 157
67. S. Miyazaki, and K. Otsuka Metall Trans 17A 1986 53
68. S. Miyazaki, and K. Otsuka Philos Mag A 50 1984 393
69. T.H. Nam, T. Saburi, and K. Shimizu Trans JIM 31 1990 959
70. K. Otsuka, T. Sawamura, K. Shimizu, and C.M. Wayman Metall. Trans 2 1971 2583
71. G.D. Sandrock, and R.F. Hehemann Metallography 4 1971 451
72. T. Fukuda, T. Saburi, T. Chihara, and Y. Tsuzuki Mater Trans JIM 36 1995 1248
73. X. Ren, N. Miura, J. Zhang, K. Otsuka, K. Tanaka, and M. Koiwa Mater Sci Eng A 312 2001 196
74. D.P. Dautovich, and G.R. Purdy Can Metall Q 4 1965 129
75. F.E. Wang, W.J. Buehler, and S.J. Pickart J Appl Phys 36 1965 3232
76. M.J. Marcinkowski, A.S. Sastri, and D. Koskimaki Philos Mag 18 1968 945
77. A. Nagasawa, T. Maki, and J. Kakinoki J Phys Soc Jpn 26 1969 1560
78. K. Otsuka, T. Sawamura, and K. Shimizu Phys Status Solidi (a) 5 1971 457
79. R.F. Hehemann, and G.D. Sandrock Scripta Metall 5 1971 801
80. G.M. Michal, and R. Sinclair Acta Crystallogr B37 1981 1803
81. W. Bührer, R. Gotthardt, A. Kulik, O. Mercier, and F. Staub J Phys F 13 1983 L77
82. Y. Kudoh, M. Tokonami, S. Miyazaki, and K. Otsuka Acta Metall 33 1985 2049
83. W.C. Hamilton Acta Crystallogr 12 1959 609
84. Y.Y. Ye, C.T. Chan, and K.M. Ho Phys Rev B 56 1997 3678
85. M. Santi, R.C. Albers, and F. Pinski Phys Rev B 58 1998 13590
86. Ohba T. Unpublished work, 2004
87. A.H. Cottrell Theoretical structural metallurgy 1962 Edwards Arnold Publishers London p. 130
88. A.A. Golestaneh, and J.M. Carpenter Acta Metall Mater 38 1990 1291
89. Shugo Y, Hasegawa F, Honma T. Bull Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University 1981;37:79 [in Japanese]
90. T. Tadaki, and C.M. Wayman Metallogrphy 15 1982 247
91. T. Saburi, Y. Watanabe, and S. Nenno ISIJ Internat 29 1989 405
92. T.Y. Nam, T. Saburi, Y. Nakata, and K. Shimizu Mater Trans JIM 31 1990 1050
93. P.L. Potapov, A.V. Shelyakov, and D. Schryvers Scripta Mater 44 2001 1
94. T. Ohba, Y. Emura, S. Miyazaki, and K. Otsuka Mater Trans JIM 31 1990 12
95. Hara T. PhD thesis, University of Tsukuba, 1997. p. 31
96. F.E. Wang, W.J. Buehler, and S.J. Pickart J Appl Phys 36 1965 3232
97. K. Chandra, and G.R. Purdy J Appl Phys 39 1968 2176
98. G.D. Sandrock, A.J. Perkins, and R.F. Hehemann Metall Trans 2 1971 2769
99. C.M. Hwang, M. Meichle, M.B. Salamon, and C.M. Wayman Philos Mag A 47 1983 31
100. Khachin VN, Gjyunter VE, Sivokha VP, Savvinov AS. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformation (ICOMAT-79), Cambridge, MA, 1979. p. 474
101. V.N. Khachin, Y.I. Paskal, V.E. Gunter, A.A. Monasevich, and V.P. Sivokha Phys Met Metallogr 46 1978 49
102. H.C. Ling, and R. Kaplov Metall Trans A 11 1980 77
103. H.C. Ling, and R. Kaplov Metall Trans A 12 1981 2101
104. Matsumoto M, Honma T. Proc 1st JIM Int Symp on New Aspects of Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-76). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1976. p. 199
105. M.B. Salamon, M.E. Meichle, and C.M. Wayman Phys Rev B 31 1985 7306
106. S. Miyazaki, S. Kimura, and K. Otsuka Philos Mag A 57 1988 467
107. T. Ohba, K. Sato, J. Ye, and K. Otsuka Scripta Mater 49 2003 291
108. S. Vatanayon, and R.F. Hehemann J. Perkins Shape memory effects in alloys 1975 Plenum Press New York 115
109. E. Goo, and R. Sinclair Acta Metall 33 1985 1717
110. T. Ohba, Y. Emura, and K. Otsuka Mater Trans JIM 33 1992 29
111. T. Hara, T. Ohba, E. Okunishi, and K. Otsuka Mater Trans JIM 38 1997 11
112. D. Schryvers, and P.L. Potapov Mater Trans 43 2002 774
113. J. Jansen, D. Tang, H.W. Zandbergen, and H. Schenk Acta Crystallogr A 54 1998 91
114. H. Sitepu Textures Microstruct 35 2003 185
115. M.S. Wechsler, D.S. Lieberman, and T.A. Read Trans AIME 197 1953 1503
116. D.S. Lieberman, M.S. Wechsler, and T.A. Read J Appl Phys 26 1955 473
117. J.S. Bowles, and J.K. Mackenzie Acta Metall 2 1954 129
118. J.K. Mackenzie, and J.S. Bowles Acta Metall 2 1954 138
119. J.S. Bowles, and J.K. Mackenzie Acta Metall 2 1954 224
120. J.K. Mackenzie, and J.S. Bowles Acta Metall 5 1957 137
121. Christian JW. J Inst Metals 1955-56;84:386
122. B.A. Bilby, and A.G. Crocker Proc R Soc 288A 1965 240
123. R.W. Cahn Acta Metall 1 1953 49
124. J.W. Christian, and S. Mahajan Prog Mater Sci 39 1995 1
125. N.D.H. Ross, and A.G. Crocker Scripta Metall 3 1969 37
126. S.P. Gupta, and A.A. Johnson Trans JIM 14 1973 292
127. K.M. Knowles, and D.A. Smith Acta Metall 29 1981 101
128. T. Onda, Y. Bando, T. Ohba, and K. Otsuka Mater Trans JIM 33 1992 354
129. M. Nishida, S. Ii, K. Kitamura, T. Furukawa, A. Chiba, T. Hara, and K. Hiraga Scripta Mater 39 1998 1749
130. K. Madangopal, and R. Banerjee Scripta Metall Mater 27 1992 1627
131. K. Otsuka Mater Sci Forum (Proc ICOMAT-89) 56-58 1990 393
132. O. Matsumoto, S. Miyazaki, K. Otsuka, and H. Tamura Acta Metall 35 1987 2137
133. M. Nishida, K. Yamauchi, I. Itai, H. Ohgi, and A. Chiba Acta Mater 43 1995 1229
134. K.M. Knowles Philos Mag A 45 1982 357
135. Y. Liu, and Z.L. Xie Acta Mater 51 2003 5529
136. Nishida M, Ohgi H, Itai I, Chiba A, Yamauchi K. In: Otsuka K, Fukai Y, editors. Advanced materials '93, V/B: Shape memory materials and hydrides. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993. p. 1073
137. Hara T, Ohba T, Otsuka K, Bando Y, Nenno S. In: Wayman CM, Perkins J, editors. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations. Carmel, CA: Monterey Institute of Advanced Study; 1993. p. 257
138. Hara T, Ohba T, Otsuka K. In: Imam MA, DeNale R, Hanada S, Zhong Z, Lee ND, editors. Proc 3rd Pacific Rim Int Conf on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM-3). TMS; 1998. p. 1199
139. T. Saburi, M. Yoshida, and S. Nenno Scripta Metall 18 1984 363
140. S. Miyazaki, S. Kimura, K. Otsuka, and Y. Suzuki Scripta Metall 18 1984 883
141. Matsumoto O. M.S. thesis, University of Tsukuba, 1986
142. Saburi T, Nenno S. In: Aaronson HI, Laughlin DE, Sekerka RE, Wayman CM, editors. Proc Int Conf Solid-Solid Phase Transformations. Warrendale, PA: AIME, 1981. p. 1455
143. Mohamed HA. PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 1976
144. K. Okamoto, S. Ichinose, K. Morii, K. Otsuka, and K. Shimizu Acta Metall 34 1986 2065
145. K. Morii, T. Ohba, K. Otsuka, H. Sakamoto, and K. Shimizu Acta Metall 39 1991 2719
146. F. Takei, T. Miura, S. Miyazaki, S. Kimura, K. Otsuka, and Y. Suzuki Scripta Metall 17 1983 987
147. T. Saburi, and C.M. Wayman Acta Metall 27 1979 979
148. Y. Murakami, K. Otsuka, S. Hanada, and S. Watanabe Mater Sci Eng A 189 1994 191
149. K. Madangopal Acta Mater 45 1997 5347
150. S. Miyazaki, K. Otsuka, and C.M. Wayman Acta Metall 37 1989 1873 1885
151. K. Madangopal, J. Singh, and S. Banerjee Scripta Metall Mater 25 1991 2153
152. K. Madangopal, S. Banerjee, and S. Lele Acta Metall Mater 42 1994 1875
153. J.D. Eshelby Proc R Soc London A 241 1957 367
154. Y. Watanabe, T. Saburi, Y. Nakagawa, and S. Nenno J Jpn Inst Met 54 1990 861 [in Japanese]
155. T. Fukuda, T. Saburi, K. Doi, and S. Nenno Mater Trans JIM 33 1992 271
156. S. Miyazaki, and C.M. Wayman Acta Metall 36 1988 181
157. K. Otsuka, T. Ohba, and Y. Murakami K. Inoue K. Mukherjee K. Otsuka H. Chen Displacive phase transformations and their applications in materials engineering 1998 TMS Warrendale, PA 225
158. C.M. Hwang, M.B. Salamon, and C.M. Wayman Philos Mag A 47 1983 177
159. M. Nishida, C.M. Wayman, and A. Chiba Metallography 21 1988 275
160. Nishida M, Itai I, Kitamura K, Chiba A, Yamauchi K. J Phys IV (ICOMAT-95) 1995: Suppl Phys III, vol. 5: C8-635
161. Nishida M, Itai I, Kitamura K, Chiba A, Yamauchi K. J Phys IV (ICOMAT-95) 1995: Suppl Phys III, vol. 5: C8-635
162. K. Madangopal, and J.B. Singh Acta Mater 48 2000 1325
163. C.M. Wayman, I. Cornelis, and K. Shimizu Scripta Metall 6 1972 115
164. E.K.H. Salje Phase transformations in ferroelastic and co-elastic crystals 1993 Cambridge University Press
165. P.A. Lindgård, and O.G. Mouritsen Phys Rev Lett 57 1986 2458
166. W. Cao, J.A. Krumhansl, and R.J. Gooding Phys Rev B 41 1990 11319
167. S. Kartha, J.A. Krumhansl, J.P. Sethna, and L.K. Wickham Phys Rev B 52 1995 803
168. O. Mercier, K.N. Melton, G. Gremaud, and J. Hagi J Appl Phys 51 1980 1833
169. V.N. Khachin, S.A. Muslov, V.G. Pushin, and Y.I. Chumlyakov Sov Phys Dokl 32 1987 606
170. T.M. Brill, S. Mittelbach, W. Assmus, M. Müllner, and B. Lüthi J Phys: Condens Matter 3 1991 9621
171. X. Ren, and K. Otsuka Scripta Mater 38 1998 1669
172. X. Ren, K. Taniwaki, K. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, K. Tanaki, Y.I. Chumlyakov, and T. Ueiki Philos Mag A 75 1999 31
173. X. Ren, N. Miura, K. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, K. Tanaki, and Y.I. Chumlyakov Mater Sci Eng A 273-275 1999 190
174. J. Zhang, X. Ren, K. Otsuka, K. Tanaki, Y.I. Chumlyakov, and M. Asai Mater Trans JIM 40 1999 385
175. S.K. Satiji, S.M. Shapiro, M.B. Salamon, and C.M. Wayman Phys Rev B 29 1984 6031
176. P. Moine, J. Allain, and B. Renker J Phys F: Met Phys 14 1984 2517
177. H. Tietze, M. Müllner, and B. Renker J Phys C: Solid State Phys 17 1984 L529
178. M. Müllner, G. Herget, M. Keil, G. Eckold, J.B. Suck, W. Weber, and H. Jex E. Hornbogen N. Jost The martensitic transformation in science and technology 1989 DGM Informationsegesellschaft Oberursel 115
179. G. Herget, M. Müllner, J.B. Suck, R. Schmidt, and H. Wipf Europhys Lett 10 1989 49
180. Ren X, Taniwaki K, Otsuka K, Morii Y. Unpublished work
181. S.M. Shapiro, Y. Noda, Y. Fujii, and Y. Yamada Phys Rev B 30 1984 4314
182. C.M. Hwang, M. Meichle, M.B. Salamon, and C.M. Wayman Philos Mag A 47 1983 9
183. T. Tamiya, D. Shindo, Y. Murakami, Y. Bando, and K. Otsuka Mater Trans JIM 39 1998 714
184. W. Cai, Y. Murakami, and K. Otsuka Mater Sci Eng A 273-275 1999 186
185. Y. Murakami, and D. Shindo Philos Mag Lett 81 2001 631
186. Murakami Y, Shindo D. Abstract Book of JIM Spring Meeting, Narashino, 2001. p. 350
187. Y. Murakami, H. Shibuya, and D. Shindo J Microscopy 203 2001 22
188. D. Schryvers, and L.E. Tanner Ultramicroscopy 32 1990 241
189. S.M. Shapiro, B.X. Yang, Y. Noda, L.E. Tanner, and D. Schryers Phys Rev B 44 1991 9301
190. X. Ren, X.L. Liang, K. Otsuka, T. Suzuki, H.M. Shen, and Y.N. Wang J Phys IV 11 2001 8
191. X.L. Liang, X. Ren, H.M. Shen, Y.N. Wang, K. Otsuka, and T. Suzuki Scripta Mater 45 2001 591
192. X. Ren, K. Otsuka, and T. Suzuki J Alloys Compounds 355 2003 196
193. N. Nakanishi Prog Mater Sci 24 1980 143
194. Krumhansl JA, Barsch GR. In: Wayman CM, Perkins J, editors. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations '92. Monterey Institute of Advanced Studies; 1993. p. 25
195. A. Nagasawa, and Y. Morii Mater Trans JIM 34 1993 855
196. A. Planes, and Ll. Mañosa Solid State Phys 55 2001 159
197. K. Otsuka, and X. Ren Intermetallics 7 1999 511
198. K. Otsuka, and X. Ren Mater Sci Eng A 273-275 1999 89
199. S.A. Shabovskaya Phys Status Solidi (b) 132 1985 327
200. Otsuka K, Ren X. In: Turchi EA, Gonis A, editors. Phase transformations and evolutions in material, 2002. p. 273
201. G.R. Barsch Mater Sci Forum 327-328 1999 367
202. C. Zener Phys Rev 71 1947 846
203. S.M. Shapiro, B.X. Yang, G. Shirane, Y. Noda, and L.E. Tanner Phys Rev Lett 62 1989 1298
204. T. Ohba, S.M. Shapiro, S. Aoki, and K. Otsuka Jpn J Appl Phys 33 1994 L1631
205. G.L. Zhao, and B.N. Harmon Phys Rev B 48 1993 2031
206. M. Suezawa, and K. Sumino Scripta Metall 10 1976 789
207. A. Prasetyo, F. Reynaud, and H. Warlimont Acta Metall 24 1976 1009
208. G. Guenin, M. Morin, P.F. Gobin, W. Dijonghe, and L. Delaey Scripta Metall 11 1977 1071
209. N. Nakanishi, Y. Murakami, and S. Kachi Scripta Metall 5 1971 433
210. S. Zirinsky Acta Metall 4 1956 164
211. K. Enami, J. Hasunuma, A. Nagasawa, and S. Nenno Scripta Metall 10 1976 879
212. G. Bihlmayer, R. Eibler, and A. Neckel Phys Rev B 50 1994 13113
213. X. Ren, K. Taniwaki, K. Otsuka, and Moiil J Phys Soc Jpn 70 Suppl A 2001 280
214. G. Guenin, S. Hautecler, R. Pynn, P.F. Gobin, and L. Deleay Scripta Metall 13 1979 429
215. Y. Morii, and M. Iizumi J Phys Soc Jpn 54 1985 2948
216. M. Mori, Y. Yamada, and G. Shirane Solid State Commun 17 1975 127
217. X. Ren, and K. Otsuka Philos Mag A 80 2000 467
218. X. Ren, K. Otsuka, and M. Kogachi Scripta Mater 41 1999 907
219. K. Otsuka, H. Sakamoto, and K. Shimizu Acta Metall 27 1979 585
220. S.E. Kulkova, and D.V. Valujsky J Phys IV 11 2001 Pr8
221. B. Coluzzi, A. Biscarini, R. Capanella, L. Trotta, G. Mazzolai, and F.M. Tsuissi Acta Metal 47 1999 1965
222. T. Fukuda, T. Kakeshita, H. Houjoh, S. Shiraishi, and T. Saburi Mater Sci Eng A 273-275 1999 166
223. X. Ren, and K. Otsuka Mater Sci Forum 327-328 2000 429
224. J.A. Krumhansl, and R.J. Gooding Phys Rev B 39 1989 3047
225. J.A. Krumhansl Solid State Commun 84 1992 251
226. A. Saxena, and G.R. Barsch Phase Trans 46 1994 89
227. A. Planes, Ll. Mañosa, and E. Vives Phys Rev B 53 1996 3039
228. S.C. Moss Mater Sci Eng A 127 1990 187
229. T. Kakeshita, T. Fukuda, H. Tetsukawa, T. Saburi, K. Kindo, and T. Takeuchi Jpn J Appl Phys 37 5A 1998 2535
230. S. Miyazaki, K. Otsuka, and Y. Suzuki Scripta Metall 15 1981 287
231. K. Otsuka, and K. Shimizu Int Metals Rev 31 1986 93
232. J.R. Patel, and M. Cohen Acta Metall 1 1953 531
233. P. Wollants, M. De Bonte, and J.R. Roos Z Metallkd 70 1979 113
234. K. Otsuka, C.M. Wayman, K. Nakai, H. Sakamoto, and K. Shimizu Acta Metall 1976 207
235. E. Schmid, and W. Boas Plasticity of crystals Hughes 1950
236. A.G. Rozner, and R.J. Wasilewski J Inst Met 94 1966 169
237. Cross WB, Kariotis AH, Stimler FJ. NASA CR-1433, September, 1969
238. R.J. Wasilewski Scripta Metall 5 1971 127
239. Honma T, Bull Res Inst Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University 1971;27:245 [in Japanese]
240. J. Zhang, Y. Xu, K. Otsuka, X. Ren, Y. Chumlyakov, and M. Asai J Phys IV (ICOMAT-02) 112 2003 669
241. S. Miyazaki, S. Kimura, F. Takei, T. Miura, K. Otsuka, and Y. Suzuki Scripta Metall 17 1983 1057
242. S. Miyazaki, T. Imai, K. Otsuka, and Y. Suzuki Scripta Metall 15 1981 853
243. K. Otsuka Jpn J Appl Phys 10 1971 571
244. K. Otsuka, and K. Shimizu Scripta Metall 4 1970 469
245. C.M. Wayman, and K. Shimizu Metal Sci J 6 1972 175
246. L. Delaey, R.V. Krishnan, H. Tas, and H. Warlimont J Mater Sci 9 1974 1521
247. J.W. Christian Metall Trans 13A 1982 509
248. T. Maki K. Otsuka C.M. Wayman Shape memory materials 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 117
249. K. Otsuka, and C.M. Wayman K. Otsuka C.M. Wayman Shape memory materials 1998 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 27
250. A. Sato, E. Chishima, K. Soma, and T. Mori Acta Metall 30 1982 1177
251. K. Otsuka, and Shimizu Scripta Metall 11 1977 757
252. G.V. Kurdjumov, and L.G. Khandros Dokl Nauk SSSR 66 1949 211
253. J.W. Christian The theory of transformations in metals and alloys 1965 Pergamon Press Oxford p. 815
254. K. Bhattacharya, S. Conti, G. Zanzotto, and J. Zimmer Nature 428 2004 55
255. T. Honma H. Funakubo Shape memory alloy 1987 Gordon and Breach Science Publishers New York 80
256. Yui. Chumlyakov, I.V. Kireeva, Yui. Zuev, and A.G. Lyisyuk MRS Symp Proc 459 1997 401
257. Saburi T, Takagaki T, Nenno S, Koshino K. MRS Int Mtg on Adv Mater, vol. 9. Pittsburgh: MRS; 1989. p. 147
258. Hashinaga T, Miyazaki S, Ueki T, Horikawa H. J Phys IV (ICOMAT-95) 1995;5: C8-689
259. Miyazaki S, Shiota I, Otsuka K, Tamura H. MRS Int Mtg on Adv Mater, vol. 9. Pittsburgh: MRS; 1989. p. 153
260. A. Nagasawa, K. Enami, Y. Ishino, Y. Abe, and S. Nenno Scripta Metall 8 1974 1055
261. T. Saburi, and S. Nenno Scripta Metall 8 1974 1363
262. F.E. Wang, and W.J. Buehler Appl Phys Lett 21 1972 105
263. H. Tas, L. Delaey, and A. Deruyttere J Less-Comm Metals 28 1972 141
264. Takezawa T, Sato S. Proc 1st JIM Int Symp on New Aspects of Martensitic Transformations, Suppl. Trans JIM 1976;17:233
265. T.A. Schroeder, and C.M. Wayman Scripta Metall 11 1977 225
266. R. Oshima, and E. Naya J Jpn Inst Met 39 1975 175 [in Japanase]
267. Nishida M, Honma T. Bull Res Inst Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy, Tohoku University 1981;37:79 [in Japanese]
268. X. Ren, and K. Otsuka Phys Rev Lett 85 2000 1016
269. Otsuka K, Wayman CM. In: Feltham P, editor. Deformation behavior of materials, vol. II. Israel: Freund Publishing House; 1977. p. 122
270. T. Fukuda, A. Deguchi, T. Kakeshita, and T. Saburi Mater Trans JIM 38 1997 514
271. Kainuma R, Matsumoto M, Honma T. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-86). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1987. p. 717
272. Todoroki T, Tamura H, Suzuki Y. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-86). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1987. p. 748
273. Liu Y, McCormic PG. Acta Metall 1990;38:1321
274. S. Miyazaki, M. Kimura, and H. Horikawa K. Otsuka Y. Fukai Advance materials '93, V/B: Shape memory materials hydrides 1994 Elsevier Amsterdam 1097
275. S. Miyazaki, and M. Kimura K. Otsuka Y. Fukai Advance materials '93, V/B: Shape memory materials hydrides 1994 Elsevier Amsterdam 1101
276. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, and J. Van Humbeeck Acta Metall 47 1999 199
277. J. Perkins, and R.O. Sponholz Metall Trans 15A 1984 313
278. Reyhani MM, McCormic PG. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-86). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1987. p. 896
279. L. Contrado, and G. Guenin Acta Metall 38 1990 1267
280. Y. Liu, and P.G. McCormic Acta Metall Mater 38 1990 1321
281. J.A. Shaw, and S. Kyriakides Acta Mater 45 1997 683
282. W.J. Moberly, J.L. Proft, T.W. Duerig, and R. Sinclair Acta Metall Mater 38 1990 2601
283. Miyazaki S, Matsumoto O, Otsuka K. Proc Int Symp on Intermetallic Compounds. Sendai: JIM; 1991. p. 269
284. E. Goo, T. Duerig, K. Melton, and R. Sinclair Acta Metal 33 1985 1725
285. S. Ii, K. Yamauchi, Y. Maruhashi, and M. Nishida Scripta Mater 49 2003 723
286. Y. Liu, Y. Liu, and J. Van Humbeeck Scripta Mater 39 1998 1047
287. Melton KN, Simpson J, Duerig TW. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations (ICOMAT-86). Sendai: Japan Institute of Metals; 1987. p. 1053
288. Melton KN, Proft JP, Duerig TW. Proc. MRS Int Meeting on Adv Mater (Tokyo, 1988). Pittsburgh: MRS; 1989. p. 165
289. H.C. Lin, S.K. Wu, T.S. Chou, and H.P. Kao Acta Metall Mater 39 1991 2069
290. M. Piao, K. Otsuka, S. Miyazaki, and H. Horikawa Mater Trans JIM 34 1993 919
291. G.B. Olson, and M. Cohen Scripta Metall 9 1975 1247
292. Y. Liu, and G.S. Tan Intermetallics 8 2000 67
293. Y. Liu, and D. Favier Acta Mater 48 2000 3489
294. Y. Xu, K. Otsuka, N. Toyama, H. Yoshida, H. Nagai, and T. Kishi Scripta Mater 48 2003 803
295. J. Koike, D.M. Parkin, and M. Nastasi J. Mater Res 5 1990 1414
296. J. Koike, D.M. Parkin, and M. Nastasi Philos Mag Lett 62 1990 257
297. J.C. Ewert, I. Boehm, R. Peter, and F. Haider Acta Mater 45 1997 2197
298. H. Nakayama, K. Tsuchiya, and M. Umemoto Scripta Mater 2001 1781
299. H. Suzuki Introduction to dislocation theory 1967 Agne Tokyo p. 13 [in Japanese]
300. J. Weertman, and J. Weertman Elementary dislocation theory 1964 Macmillan New York p. 147
301. S. Miyazaki, T. Kawai, and K. Otsuka Scripta Metall 16 1982 431
302. Miyazaki S, Kohiyama Y, Otsuka K, Duerig TW. Mater Sci Forum (ICOMAT-89) 1990;56-58:765
303. Miyazaki S, Kohiyama Y, Otsuka K. Proc Int Symp on Intermetallic Compounds. Sendai: JIM; 1991. p. 691
304. K. Otsuka, and X. Ren Mater Sci Forum 394-395 2002 117
305. Y. Nakata, T. Tadaki, and K. Shimizu Mater Trans JIM 32 1991 580
306. Y. Nakata, T. Tadaki, and K. Shimizu Mater Trans JIM 32 1991 1120
307. Y. Nakata, T. Tadaki, and K. Shimizu K. Inoue K. Mukherjee K. Otsuka H. Chen Displacive phase transformations and their applications in materials engineering 1998 TMS 187
308. W. Tang Metall Trans 28A 1997 537
309. A. Planes, Ll. Manosa, D. Rioa-Jara, and J. Ortin Phys Rev B 45 1992 7633
310. Ll. Manosa, J. Zarestky, T. Lograsso, D.W. Dalaney, and C. Stassis Phys Rev B 48 1993 15708
311. L. Manosa, M. Jurado, A. Planes, J. Zarestky, T. Lograsso, and C. Stassis Phys Rev B 48 1994 9969
312. T. Homa H. Funakubo Shape memory materials 1987 Gordon and Breach Scientific Publishers New York 83
313. K.H. Eckelmeyer Scripta Metall 10 1976 667
314. H.C. Donkersloot, and J.H.N. Van Vucht J Less-Comm Met 20 1970 83
315. D.R. Angst, P.E. Thoma, and M.Y. Kao J Phys IV (ICOMAT-95) C8 1995 747
316. P.G. Lindquist, and C.M. Wayman Proc MRS Int Mtg Adv Mater 9 1989 123
317. Otsuka K, Golberg D. In: Vincenzini, editor. Intelligent mater and systems. Techna Srl. 1995. p. 55
318. Honma T, Matsumoto M, Shugo Y, Nishida M, Yamazaki I. In: Kimura H, Izumi O, editors. Proc 4th Int Conf on Titanium, Kyoto. AIME; 1980. p. 1455
319. N.M. Matveeva, V.N. Khachin, and V.P. Shivokha M.E. Drits Stable and metastable phase equilibrium in metallic systems 1985 Nauka Moscow 25 [in Russian]
320. J. Zhang, W. Cai, X. Ren, K. Otsuka, and M. Asai Mater Trans JIM 40 1999 1367
321. Zhang J. PhD thesis, University of Tsukuba, 2000
322. Ren X et al. Unpublished work
323. Zhou YM. BS thesis, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2004
324. H. Horikawa, H. Tamura, Y. Okamoto, H. Hamanaka, and T. Miura MRS Int Mtg Adv Mater 9 1989 195
325. T. Fukuda, M. Kitayama, T. Kakeshita, and T. Suburi Mater Trans JIM 37 1996 1540
326. T. Fukuda, T. Saburi, T. Kakeshita, and M. Kitayama Mater Trans JIM 38 1997 107
327. A. Planes, E. Obrado, A. Gonzalaz-Comas, and L. Mañosa Phys Rev Lett 79 1997 3926
328. Ll. Mañosa, D. Rios-Jara, J. Ortin, A. Planes, and X. Bohigas J Phys: Condens Matter 4 1992 7059
329. Airoldi G, Rivolta B, Turco C. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations. The Japan Institute of Metals; 1986. p. 691
330. Cooper JE, Bowker DE, Cross WB, Proc 15th National SAMPE Symp Los Angeles, CA, 1969
331. Honma T, Proc Joint US/Japan Seminar on Mechanical Behavior of Metals and Alloys, Troy, USA, 1979. p. 72
332. R.J. Wasilewski Met Trans 2 1971 2973
333. Khachin VN, Gjunter VE, Sivokha VP, Savvinov AS, Proc ICOMAT-79 at Boston, 1979. p. 474
334. S. Miyazaki, Y. Ohmi, K. Otsuka, and Y. Suzuki J Phys 43 Suppl 12 1982 C4-255
335. Otsuka K, Shimizu K, Miyazaki S, Sakamoto K. Research Projects in Review (Nissan Science Foundation) 1985; 291 [in Japanese]
336. T. Saburi, T. Tatsumi, and S. Nennno J Phys 43 Suppl 12 1982 C4-261
337. Asai M. Graduation Thesis, University of Tsukuba, 1982
338. S. Miyazaki, and K. Otsuka M. Doyama M. Yabe Data handbook of intermetallics 1989 Science Forum Tokyo 293 294 [in Japanese]
339. S. Miyazaki, T. Imai, Y. Igo, and K. Otsuka Metall Trans 17A 1986 115
340. D. Favier, Y. Liu, and P.G. McCormick Scripta Metall Mater 28 1992 669 672
341. L. Bataillard, and R. Gotthardt J Phys IV 1995 C8 647
342. H. Morawiec, D. Stroz, T. Goryczka, and D. Chrobak Scripta Mater 35 1996 485
343. H. Morawiec, J. Ilczuk, D. Stroz, T. Goryczka, and D. Chrobak J Phys IV 1997 C5 155
344. L. Bataillard, J.-.E. Bidaux, and R. Gotthardt Philos Mag 78 1998 327
345. J. Khalil-Allafi, X. Ren, and G. Eggeler Acta Mater 50 2002 793
346. J. Khalil-Allafi, A. Dlouhy, and G. Eggeler Acta Mater 50 2002 4225
347. A. Dlouhy, J. Khalil-Allafi, and G. Eggeler Philos Mag 83 2003 339
348. M. Nishida, T. Hara, T. Ohba, K. Yamaguchi, K. Tanaka, and K. Yamauchi Mater Trans 44 2003 2631
349. G. Fan, W. Chen, S. Yang, J. Zhu, X. Ren, and K. Otsuka Acta Mater 52 2004 4351
350. J.W. Christian The theory of transformations in metals and alloys Part I 2002 Pergamon Oxford p. 422
351. K.C. Russell Phase transformations 1969 ASM Ohio p. 219
352. Proc IEEE Int Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS90), Napa Valley, 1990. IEEE Catalog No. 90CH2832-4
353. Sekiguchi Y, Funami K, Funakubo T. Proc 32nd Materials Society Annual Conf, 1983. p. 65 [in Japanase]
354. G. Thomas, H. Mori, H. Fujita, and R. Sinclair Scripta Metall 16 1982 589
355. J.J. Kim, P. Moine, and D.A. Stevenson Scripta Metall 20 1986 243
356. J.A. Walker, K.J. Gabriel, and M. Mehregany Sensors and Actuators A 21-23 1990 243
357. J.D. Busch, A.D. Johnson, C.H. Lee, and D.A. Stevenson J Appl Phys 68 1990 6224
358. Busch JD, Johnson AD, Proc IEEE Int Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS90), Napa Valley, 1990. IEEE Catalog No. 90CH2832-4, p. 40
359. J. Chang, C.H. Simpson, D.S. Grummon, W. Pratt, and R. Loloee Proc MRS Symp 187 1990 137
360. Ikuta K, Fujita H, Ikeda M, Yamashita S. Proc IEEE Int Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS90), Napa Valley, 1990. IEEE Catalog No. 90CH2832-4, p. 38
361. Kuribayashi M, Yoshitake M, Ogawa S. Proc IEEE Int Workshop on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS90), Napa Valley, 1990. IEEE Catalog No. 90CH2832-4, p. 217
362. A.P. Jardine, H. Zhang, and L.D. Wasielesky Proc MRS Symp 187 1990 181
363. Miyazaki S, Ishida A, Takei A. Proc Int Conf on Martensitic Transformations-92. California: Monterey Institute for Advanced Studies; 1993. p. 893
364. L. Chang, and D.S. Grummon Proc MRS Symp 246 1992 141
365. Q. Su, S.Z. Hua, and M. Wuttig K. OtSuka Advanced materials '93, V/B: Shape memory materials and hydrides 1994 Elsevier 1057
366. T. Saburi K. otsuka Advanced materials, '93, V/B: Shape memory materials and hydrides 1994 Elsevier 997
367. A. Inoue Acta Mater 48 2000 279
368. R.D. Shannon, and C.T. Prewitt Acta Cryst B25 1969 925
369. R.D. Shannon, and C.T. Prewitt Acta Cryst B26 1970 1046
370. Q. Guo, and O.J. Kleppa J Alloys Comp 269 1998 181
371. A. Ishida, and V. Martynov MRS Bull 27 2002 111
372. S. Miyazaki, and A. Ishida Mater Sci Eng A 273-275 1999 106
373. A. Ishida, A. Takei, M. Sato, and S. Miyazaki MRS Symp 360 1995 381
374. A. Gyobu, Y. Kawamura, H. Horikawa, and T. Saburi Mater Sci Eng A 273-275 1999 749
375. Y. Kawamura, A. Gyobu, H. Horikawa, and T. Saburi J Phys IV C8 1995 683
376. A. Ishida, M. Sato, A. Takei, K. Nomura, and S. Miyazaki Metall Mater Trans 1996 3753
377. Miyazaki S, Nomura K, Zhirong H. Proc Int Conf on Shape Memory and Superelastic Technologies (SMST-94), Pacific Grove, CA, 1994. p. 19
378. L. Hou, and D.S. Grummon Scripta Metall 33 1995 989
379. M. Sato, A. Ishida, and S. Miyazaki Thin Solid Films 315 1998 305
380. A. Ishida, and S. Miyazaki Trans ASME 121 1999 2
381. Y. Nakata, T. Tadaki, H. Sakamoto, A. Tanaka, and K. Shimizu J Phys IV C8 1995 671
382. S. Kajiwara, T. Kikuchi, K. Ogawa, T. Matsunaga, and S. Miyazaki Philos Mag Lett 74 1996 137
383. S. Kajiwara, K. Ogawa, T. Kikuchi, T. Matsunaga, and S. Miyazaki Philos Mag Lett 74 1996 395
384. Nakata Y, Tadaki T, Sakamoto H, Tanaka A, Shimizu K. Proc Third Pacific Rim Int Conf on Advanced Materials and Processing (PRICM-3). TMS; 1998. p. 2739
385. Nakata Y, Tadaki T, Hirotsu Y, Sakamoto H, Tanaka A, Shimizu K. Proc Int Conf on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations '99 (JIMIC-3). Japan Institute of Metals; 1999. p. 1088
386. A. Ishida, M. Sato, A. Takei, and S. Miyazaki Mater Trans JIM 36 1995 1349
387. A. Ishida, K. Ogawa, M. Sato, and S. Miyazaki Metall Mater Trans 28A 1997 1985
388. Y. Kawamura, A. Gyobu, T. Saburi, and M. Asai Mater Sci Forum 327-328 2000 303
389. A. Ishida, A. Takei, M. Sato, and S. Miyazaki Thin Solid Films 281-282 1996 337
390. A. Gyobu, Y. Kawamura, T. Saburi, and M. Asai J Jpn Inst Met 63 2000 438 [in Japanese]
391. A. Gyobu, Y. Kawamura, H. Horikawa, and T. Saburi Mater Trans JIM 37 1996 697
392. S. Miyazaki, T. Hashinaga, K. Yumikura, H. Horikawa, T. Ueki, and A. Ishida SPIE Proc 2441 1995 149
393. S. Miyazaki, T. Hashinaga, and A. Ishida Thin Solid films 281-282 1996 149
394. L. Chang, and D.S. Grummon Philos Mag A 76 1997 163
395. T. Hashinaga, S. Miyazaki, T. Ueki, and H. Horikawa J Phys IV C8 1995 689
396. E. Quandt, C. Halene, H. Holleck, K. Feit, M. Kohl, and P. Schlossmacher Sensors and Actuators A 53 1996 434
397. A.D. Johnson, V.V. Martynov, and R.S. Minners J Phys IV C8 1995 783
398. S. Miyazaki, K. Nomura, A. Ishida, and S. Kajiwara J Phys IV C5 1997 275
399. Y. Furuya, M. Matsumoto, H. Kimura, K. Aoki, and M. Masumoto Mater Trans JIM 31 1990 504
400. Y. Furuya, M. Matsumoto, H.S. Kimura, and T. Masumoto Mater Sci Eng A 147 1991 L7
401. V. Saravanan, A. Khantachawana, and S. Miyazaki Mater Trans 45 2004 208
402. Z.L. Xie, J. Van Humbeeck, Y. Liu, and L. Delaey Scripta Mater 37 1997 363
403. H. Rösner, P. Schloßmacher, A.V. Shelyakov, and A.M. Glezer Scripta Mater 43 2000 871
404. H. Rösner, P. Schloßmacher, A.V. Shelyakov, and A.M. Glezer Acta mater 49 2001 1541
405. H. Rösner, P. Schloßmacher, A.V. Shelyakov, and A.M. Glezer J Phys IV France 11 2001 Pr8-333
406. T. Goryczka, M. Karolus, P. Ochin, and H. Morawiec J Phys IV France 11 2001 Pr8-345
407. R. Santamarta, J. Pons, and E. Cesari J Phys IV France 11 2001 Pr8-351
408. L. Litynska, Ph. Vermaut, J. Morgiel, J. Dutkiewiecz, P. Ochin, and R. Portier J Phys IV France 11 2001 Pr8-357
409. D. Schryvers, P.L. Potapov, A. Ledda, and A.V. Shelyakov J Phys IV France 11 2001 Pr8-363
410. R. Santamarta, and D. Schryvers Mater Trans 44 2003 1760
411. Y. Liu Mater Sci Eng A 354 2003 286
412. R. Santamarta, and D. Schryvers Scripta Mater 50