메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 5, Issue 3 SPEC.ISS., 2005, Pages 281-299

Evolutionary computing in manufacturing industry: An overview of recent applications

Author keywords

Evolutionary computing; Genetic algorithms; Manufacturing industry

Indexed keywords

GENETIC ALGORITHMS; INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS; KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION; LARGE SCALE SYSTEMS; OPTIMIZATION; PROBLEM SOLVING; REAL TIME SYSTEMS; STRATEGIC PLANNING;

EID: 13844311429     PISSN: 15684946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2004.08.003     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (129)

References (100)
  • 1
    • 0034140869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is Evolutionary computation?
    • D.B. Fogel What is Evolutionary computation? IEEE Spectrum 2000 26 32
    • (2000) IEEE Spectrum , pp. 26-32
    • Fogel, D.B.1
  • 3
    • 13844317614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Qualitative and quantitative knowledge in engineering system design
    • Cardiff University, UK
    • V. Oduguwa, R. Roy, Qualitative and quantitative knowledge in engineering system design, Presented at the 17th National Conference on Manufacturing Research, Cardiff University, UK, 2001, pp. 81-86.
    • (2001) 17th National Conference on Manufacturing Research , pp. 81-86
    • Oduguwa, V.1    Roy, R.2
  • 7
    • 84946640734 scopus 로고
    • Sequential application of simplex designs in optimization and evolutionary operation
    • W. Spendley, G.R. Hext, and F.R. Himsworth Sequential application of simplex designs in optimization and evolutionary operation Technometrics 4 1962 441
    • (1962) Technometrics , vol.4 , pp. 441
    • Spendley, W.1    Hext, G.R.2    Himsworth, F.R.3
  • 8
    • 84938447945 scopus 로고
    • Direct search solution of numerical and statistical problems
    • R. Hooke, and T.A. Jeeves Direct search solution of numerical and statistical problems J. ACM 8 1961 212 229
    • (1961) J. ACM , vol.8 , pp. 212-229
    • Hooke, R.1    Jeeves, T.A.2
  • 9
    • 0001008029 scopus 로고
    • An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives
    • M.J.D. Powell An efficient method for finding the minimum of a function of several variables without calculating derivatives Comput. J. 7 1964 303 307
    • (1964) Comput. J. , vol.7 , pp. 303-307
    • Powell, M.J.D.1
  • 10
    • 0000478038 scopus 로고
    • Methode generale pour la resolution des systemes d'equations simultanees
    • A.L. Cauchy Methode generale pour la resolution des systemes d'equations simultanees Comptes rendus de l'academie des sciences 25 1847 536 538
    • (1847) Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences , vol.25 , pp. 536-538
    • Cauchy, A.L.1
  • 11
    • 0000169232 scopus 로고
    • An algorithm for least squares estimation of non-linear parameters
    • D. Marquardt An algorithm for least squares estimation of non-linear parameters SIAM J. Appl. Math. 11 1963 431 441
    • (1963) SIAM J. Appl. Math. , vol.11 , pp. 431-441
    • Marquardt, D.1
  • 12
    • 0000615669 scopus 로고
    • Function minimization by conjugate gradients
    • R. Fletcher, and C.M. Reeves Function minimization by conjugate gradients Comput. J. 7 1964 149 154
    • (1964) Comput. J. , vol.7 , pp. 149-154
    • Fletcher, R.1    Reeves, C.M.2
  • 14
    • 0002525028 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary operation: A method of increasing industrial productivity
    • G.E.P. Box Evolutionary operation: a method of increasing industrial productivity Appl. Stat. 6 1957 81 101
    • (1957) Appl. Stat. , vol.6 , pp. 81-101
    • Box, G.E.P.1
  • 15
    • 0001044037 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of genetic systems by automatic digital computers. I. Introduction
    • A.S. Fraser Simulation of genetic systems by automatic digital computers. I. Introduction Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 10 1957 484 491
    • (1957) Aust. J. Biol. Sci. , vol.10 , pp. 484-491
    • Fraser, A.S.1
  • 16
    • 84945709501 scopus 로고
    • Outline of a logical theory of adaptive systems
    • J.H. Holland Outline of a logical theory of adaptive systems J. ACM 9 1962 297 314
    • (1962) J. ACM , vol.9 , pp. 297-314
    • Holland, J.H.1
  • 23
    • 11544300208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of genetic algorithm to process optimal design in non-isothermal metal forming
    • J.S. Chung, and S.M. Hwang Application of genetic algorithm to process optimal design in non-isothermal metal forming J. Mater. Process. Technol. 80-81 1998 136 143
    • (1998) J. Mater. Process. Technol. , vol.80-81 , pp. 136-143
    • Chung, J.S.1    Hwang, S.M.2
  • 30
    • 0002511908 scopus 로고
    • A survey of constraint handling techniques in evolutionary computation methods
    • Cambridge, MA
    • Z. Michalewicz, A survey of constraint handling techniques in evolutionary computation methods, Presented at the Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on EP, Cambridge, MA, 1995, pp. 135-155.
    • (1995) Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on EP , pp. 135-155
    • Michalewicz, Z.1
  • 37
    • 4344704296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An interdisciplinary approach towards optimal continuous casting of steel
    • Presented at Materials Processing in the Computer Age III Nashville, Tennessee, TMS, Warrendale, PA
    • B. Sarler, B. Filipic, M. Raudensky, J. Horsky, An interdisciplinary approach towards optimal continuous casting of steel, Presented at Materials Processing in the Computer Age III, Proceedings of TMS, Nashville, Tennessee, TMS, Warrendale, PA, 2000, pp. 27-36.
    • (2000) Proceedings of TMS , pp. 27-36
    • Sarler, B.1    Filipic, B.2    Raudensky, M.3    Horsky, J.4
  • 39
    • 0034290065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic algorithm based heat transfer analysis of a bloom re-heating furnace
    • N. Chakraborti, K. Deb, and A. Jha A genetic algorithm based heat transfer analysis of a bloom re-heating furnace Steel Res. 71 2000 396 420
    • (2000) Steel Res. , vol.71 , pp. 396-420
    • Chakraborti, N.1    Deb, K.2    Jha, A.3
  • 40
    • 0035071298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of the continuous casting mold using a pareto-converging genetic algorithm
    • N. Chakraborti, R. Kumar, and D. Jain A study of the continuous casting mold using a pareto-converging genetic algorithm Appl. Math. Model. 25 2001 287 297
    • (2001) Appl. Math. Model. , vol.25 , pp. 287-297
    • Chakraborti, N.1    Kumar, R.2    Jain, D.3
  • 41
    • 1842533922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of artificial intelligence technique for the optimisation of process parameters used in the continuous casting of steel
    • C.A. Santos, J.A. Spim Jr., M.C.F. Ierardi, and A. Garcia The use of artificial intelligence technique for the optimisation of process parameters used in the continuous casting of steel Appl. Math. Model. 26 2002 1077 1092
    • (2002) Appl. Math. Model. , vol.26 , pp. 1077-1092
    • Santos, C.A.1    Spim Jr., J.A.2    Ierardi, M.C.F.3    Garcia, A.4
  • 43
    • 0030143390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal design of process variables in multi-pass wire drawing by genetic algorithms
    • S. Roy, S. Ghosh, and R. Shivpuri Optimal design of process variables in multi-pass wire drawing by genetic algorithms J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. 118 1996
    • (1996) J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. , vol.118
    • Roy, S.1    Ghosh, S.2    Shivpuri, R.3
  • 45
    • 0033706812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards a heuristic optimum design of rolling schedules for tandem cold rolling mills
    • D.D. Wang, A.K. Tieu, F.G. de Boer, B. Ma, and W.Y.D. Yuen Towards a heuristic optimum design of rolling schedules for tandem cold rolling mills Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 13 2000 397 406
    • (2000) Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. , vol.13 , pp. 397-406
    • Wang, D.D.1    Tieu, A.K.2    De Boer, F.G.3    Ma, B.4    Yuen, W.Y.D.5
  • 50
    • 1842761863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuzzy multi-objective optimisation approach for rod shape design in long product rolling
    • Istanbul, Turkey
    • V. Oduguwa, R. Roy, D. Farrugia, Fuzzy multi-objective optimisation approach for rod shape design in long product rolling, Presented at IFSA'03, Istanbul, Turkey, 2003.
    • (2003) IFSA'03
    • Oduguwa, V.1    Roy, R.2    Farrugia, D.3
  • 51
    • 1842812210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of low-cost response surface models for rod rolling design problems
    • Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
    • V. Oduguwa, R. Roy, G. Watts, J. Wadsworth, D. Farrugia, Comparison of low-cost response surface models for rod rolling design problems, Presented at the 18th National Conference on Manufacturing Research, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK, 2002, pp. 209-213.
    • (2002) 18th National Conference on Manufacturing Research , pp. 209-213
    • Oduguwa, V.1    Roy, R.2    Watts, G.3    Wadsworth, J.4    Farrugia, D.5
  • 53
    • 0032883023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global optimization of energy and production in process industries: A genetic algorithm application
    • A. Santos, and A. Dourado Global optimization of energy and production in process industries: a genetic algorithm application Contr. Eng. Pract. 7 1999 549 554
    • (1999) Contr. Eng. Pract. , vol.7 , pp. 549-554
    • Santos, A.1    Dourado, A.2
  • 54
    • 0031994158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic modelling of a paper making process based on bilinear system modelling and genetic neural networks
    • M. Borairi, H. Wang, J.C. Roberts, Dynamic modelling of a paper making process based on bilinear system modelling and genetic neural networks, Presented at UKACC International Conference on Control, 1998, pp. 1277-1282.
    • (1998) UKACC International Conference on Control , pp. 1277-1282
    • Borairi, M.1    Wang, H.2    Roberts, J.C.3
  • 56
    • 0037063279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining optimum genetic algorithm parameters for scheduling the manufacturing and assembly of complex products
    • P. Pongcharoen, C. Hicks, P.M. Braiden, and D.J. Stewardson Determining optimum genetic algorithm parameters for scheduling the manufacturing and assembly of complex products Int. J. Prod. Econ. 78 2002 311 322
    • (2002) Int. J. Prod. Econ. , vol.78 , pp. 311-322
    • Pongcharoen, P.1    Hicks, C.2    Braiden, P.M.3    Stewardson, D.J.4
  • 57
    • 0342757703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genetic algorithm for online-scheduling of a multiproduct polymer batch plant
    • K. Wang, T. Lohi, M. Stobbe, and S. Engell A genetic algorithm for online-scheduling of a multiproduct polymer batch plant Comput. Chem. Eng. 24 2000 393 400
    • (2000) Comput. Chem. Eng. , vol.24 , pp. 393-400
    • Wang, K.1    Lohi, T.2    Stobbe, M.3    Engell, S.4
  • 58
    • 15844375543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assembly sequence planning and optimisation using genetic algorithm
    • R.M. Marian, L.H.S. Luong, K. Abhary, Assembly sequence planning and optimisation using genetic algorithm, Applied Soft Computing 2/3F, 2003, pp. 223-253.
    • (2003) Applied Soft Computing , vol.2 , Issue.3 F , pp. 223-253
    • Marian, R.M.1    Luong, L.H.S.2    Abhary, K.3
  • 59
    • 13844319277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operation planning of district heating and cooling plants using genetic algorithms for mixed integer programming
    • M. Sakawa, K. Kato, S. Ushiro, and M. Inaoka Operation planning of district heating and cooling plants using genetic algorithms for mixed integer programming Appl. Soft Comput. (ASC) J. 1 2001 139 150
    • (2001) Appl. Soft Comput. (ASC) J. , vol.1 , pp. 139-150
    • Sakawa, M.1    Kato, K.2    Ushiro, S.3    Inaoka, M.4
  • 60
    • 0041810537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of the stochastic dynamic production cycling problem by a genetic algorithm
    • M. Yokoyama, and H.W. Lewis III Optimization of the stochastic dynamic production cycling problem by a genetic algorithm Comput. Oper. Res. 30 2003 1831 1849
    • (2003) Comput. Oper. Res. , vol.30 , pp. 1831-1849
    • Yokoyama, M.1    Iii, W.L.H.2
  • 61
    • 0035451950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Network design techniques using genetic algorithms
    • M. Gen, R. Cheng, and S.S. Oren Network design techniques using genetic algorithms Adv. Eng. Software 32 2001 731 744
    • (2001) Adv. Eng. Software , vol.32 , pp. 731-744
    • Gen, M.1    Cheng, R.2    Oren, S.S.3
  • 64
    • 0000629871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved genetic algorithms for job shop scheduling problems
    • Y. Tsujimura, M. Cheng, and M. Gen Improved genetic algorithms for job shop scheduling problems Eng. Des. Autom. 3 1997 133 144
    • (1997) Eng. Des. Autom. , vol.3 , pp. 133-144
    • Tsujimura, Y.1    Cheng, M.2    Gen, M.3
  • 65
    • 13844313648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • H.D. Young, University Physics, Reading, MA, 1992
    • H.D. Young, University Physics, Reading, MA, 1992.
  • 67
    • 0034315542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The optimisation of reaction rate parameters for chemical kinetic modelling of combustion using genetic algorithms
    • S.D. Harris, L. Elliot, D.B. Ingham, M. Pourkashanian, and C.W. Wilson The optimisation of reaction rate parameters for chemical kinetic modelling of combustion using genetic algorithms Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. 190 2000 1065 1090
    • (2000) Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng. , vol.190 , pp. 1065-1090
    • Harris, S.D.1    Elliot, L.2    Ingham, D.B.3    Pourkashanian, M.4    Wilson, C.W.5
  • 68
    • 0035247860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-objective optimization of industrial hydrogen plants
    • J.K. Rajesh, S.K. Gupta, G.P. Rangaiah, and A.K. Ray Multi-objective optimization of industrial hydrogen plants Chem. Eng. Sci. 56 2001 999 1010
    • (2001) Chem. Eng. Sci. , vol.56 , pp. 999-1010
    • Rajesh, J.K.1    Gupta, S.K.2    Rangaiah, G.P.3    Ray, A.K.4
  • 69
    • 0037202073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of the chemical vapor deposition process for carbon nanotubes fabrication
    • M. Grujicic, G. Cao, and B. Gersten Optimization of the chemical vapor deposition process for carbon nanotubes fabrication Appl. Surf. Sci. 199 2002 90 106
    • (2002) Appl. Surf. Sci. , vol.199 , pp. 90-106
    • Grujicic, M.1    Cao, G.2    Gersten, B.3
  • 70
    • 0036008391 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetic parameter estimation of solvent-free reactions: Application to esterification of acetic anhydride by methanol
    • L. Balland, N. Mouhab, J.M. Cosmao, and L. Estel Kinetic parameter estimation of solvent-free reactions: application to esterification of acetic anhydride by methanol Chem. Eng. Process. 41 2002 395 402
    • (2002) Chem. Eng. Process. , vol.41 , pp. 395-402
    • Balland, L.1    Mouhab, N.2    Cosmao, J.M.3    Estel, L.4
  • 72
    • 0035461349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of graph-based evolutionary algorithms: A case study for chemical process networks
    • M. Emmerich, M. Grötzner, and M. Schütz Design of graph-based evolutionary algorithms: a case study for chemical process networks Evol. Comput. 9 2001 329 354
    • (2001) Evol. Comput. , vol.9 , pp. 329-354
    • Emmerich, M.1    Grötzner, M.2    Schütz, M.3
  • 73
    • 0002296262 scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous optimization and solution methods for batch reactor control profiles
    • J.E. Cuthrell, and L.T. Biegler Simultaneous optimization and solution methods for batch reactor control profiles Comput. Chem. Eng. 13 1989 49 56
    • (1989) Comput. Chem. Eng. , vol.13 , pp. 49-56
    • Cuthrell, J.E.1    Biegler, L.T.2
  • 74
    • 0027579831 scopus 로고
    • Application of dynamic programming to differential-algebraic process systems
    • R. Luus Application of dynamic programming to differential-algebraic process systems Comput. Chem. Eng. 17 1993 373 377
    • (1993) Comput. Chem. Eng. , vol.17 , pp. 373-377
    • Luus, R.1
  • 76
    • 0009656931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Heuristic numeric process synthesis with PROSYN
    • G. Schernbecker, and K.H. Simmrock Heuristic numeric process synthesis with PROSYN AIChE Symp. Ser. 92 1996 275 278
    • (1996) AIChE Symp. Ser. , vol.92 , pp. 275-278
    • Schernbecker, G.1    Simmrock, K.H.2
  • 77
    • 0029489294 scopus 로고
    • Synthesis of separation system flowsheets
    • J.M. Douglas Synthesis of separation system flowsheets AIChE J. 41 1995 2522 2536
    • (1995) AIChE J. , vol.41 , pp. 2522-2536
    • Douglas, J.M.1
  • 78
    • 13844312179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary approaches to solve three challenging engineering tasks
    • vol. Special issue on Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms in Computational Mechanics and Engineering
    • M. Schutz, H.-P. Schwefel, Evolutionary approaches to solve three challenging engineering tasks, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence, vol. Special issue on Evolutionary and Genetic Algorithms in Computational Mechanics and Engineering, 1999.
    • (1999) Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Application of Artificial Intelligence
    • Schutz, M.1    Schwefel, H.-P.2
  • 81
    • 0010942266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimal surface reconstruction from digitized point data using CI methods
    • University of Dortmund, Germany
    • K. Weinert, J. Mehnen, Prestifilippo, Optimal surface reconstruction from digitized point data using CI methods, University of Dortmund, Germany, Technical Report CI-5/97, 1997.
    • (1997) Technical Report , vol.CI-5-97
    • Weinert, K.1    Mehnen, J.2    Prestifilippo3
  • 82
    • 0039926686 scopus 로고
    • Generation of high-quality curve and surface with smoothly varying curvature
    • M. Higashi, K. Kohji, M. Hosaka, Generation of high-quality curve and surface with smoothly varying curvature, Presented at the Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS'88 Conference, 1988, pp. 79-92.
    • (1988) Proceedings of EUROGRAPHICS'88 Conference , pp. 79-92
    • Higashi, M.1    Kohji, K.2    Hosaka, M.3
  • 86
    • 0027622216 scopus 로고
    • Fairing of surfaces with optimization techniques using FANGA curves as quality criterion
    • G. Liden, and S.K.E. Westberg Fairing of surfaces with optimization techniques using FANGA curves as quality criterion Comput. Aided Des. 25 1993 411 420
    • (1993) Comput. Aided Des. , vol.25 , pp. 411-420
    • Liden, G.1    Westberg, S.K.E.2
  • 87
    • 0015614322 scopus 로고
    • FORMELA: A general design and production data system for sculptured products
    • H. Einar, and E. Skappel FORMELA: a general design and production data system for sculptured products Computer Aided Des. 5 1973 68 76
    • (1973) Computer Aided Des. , vol.5 , pp. 68-76
    • Einar, H.1    Skappel, E.2
  • 88
    • 0024052714 scopus 로고
    • Smoothing surfaces using reflection lines for families of splines
    • E. Kauffman, and R. Klass Smoothing surfaces using reflection lines for families of splines Comput. Aided Des. 20 1988 73 78
    • (1988) Comput. Aided Des. , vol.20 , pp. 73-78
    • Kauffman, E.1    Klass, R.2
  • 89
    • 0010815996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive design decision support within CAD environment
    • R. Roy, G. Jared, J. Grau, T. Buchannan, Adaptive design decision support within CAD environment, Presented at Design Reuse, 1998, pp. 255-262.
    • (1998) Design Reuse , pp. 255-262
    • Roy, R.1    Jared, G.2    Grau, J.3    Buchannan, T.4
  • 90
    • 0031122888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary computation: Comments on the history and current state
    • T. Back, U. Hammel, and H.P. Schwefel Evolutionary computation: comments on the history and current state IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 1 1997 3 17
    • (1997) IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. , vol.1 , pp. 3-17
    • Back, T.1    Hammel, U.2    Schwefel, H.P.3
  • 91
    • 0031250438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting regions with undesirable curvature
    • M. Szilvasi-Nagy Detecting regions with undesirable curvature Comput. Aided Geom. Des. 14 1997 699 706
    • (1997) Comput. Aided Geom. Des. , vol.14 , pp. 699-706
    • Szilvasi-Nagy, M.1
  • 94
    • 0039438254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determining optimal parameters for stereolithography processes via genetic algorithm
    • H.S. Cho, W.S. Park, B.W. Choi, and M.C. Leu Determining optimal parameters for stereolithography processes via genetic algorithm J. Manuf. Syst. 19 2000 18 27
    • (2000) J. Manuf. Syst. , vol.19 , pp. 18-27
    • Cho, H.S.1    Park, W.S.2    Choi, B.W.3    Leu, M.C.4
  • 95
    • 0033097148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An optimization approach to practical problems in plasticating single screw extrusion
    • J.A. Covas, A.G. Cunha, and P. Oliveira An optimization approach to practical problems in plasticating single screw extrusion Polym. Eng. Sci. 39 1999 443 456
    • (1999) Polym. Eng. Sci. , vol.39 , pp. 443-456
    • Covas, J.A.1    Cunha, A.G.2    Oliveira, P.3
  • 96
    • 0032093677 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optimization of finite element bidimensional models: An approach based on genetic algorithms
    • M. Cerrolaza, and W. Annicchiarico Optimization of finite element bidimensional models: an approach based on genetic algorithms Finite Element Anal. Des. 29 1998 231 257
    • (1998) Finite Element Anal. Des. , vol.29 , pp. 231-257
    • Cerrolaza, M.1    Annicchiarico, W.2
  • 97
    • 0035341432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of truss-structures for minimum weight using genetic algorithms
    • K. Deb, and S. Gulati Design of truss-structures for minimum weight using genetic algorithms Finite Elements Anal. Des. 37 2001 447 465
    • (2001) Finite Elements Anal. Des. , vol.37 , pp. 447-465
    • Deb, K.1    Gulati, S.2
  • 98
    • 0033705874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of optimum design spaces for topology optimization
    • T. Chen, and C. Lin Determination of optimum design spaces for topology optimization Finite Elements Anal. Des. 36 2000 1 16
    • (2000) Finite Elements Anal. Des. , vol.36 , pp. 1-16
    • Chen, T.1    Lin, C.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.