The Kain - Fritsch convective parameterization: An update

Journal of Applied Meteorology

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 170-181

  Kain, John S ^a   Kain, Jack ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA   (United States)

^b NATIONAL SEVERE STORMS LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLOUDS; FEEDBACK; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; WEATHER FORECASTING;

NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTIONS; PARAMETRIZATION;

METEOROLOGY;

CONVECTIVE SYSTEM; MODELING; PARAMETERIZATION; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 1342310488     PISSN: 08948763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0450(2004)043<0170:TKCPAU>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Anthes, R. A., 1977: A cumulus parameterization scheme utilizing a one-dimensional cloud model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 270-286.
2. Arakawa, A., and W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674-701.
3. Baldwin, M. E., J. S. Kain, and M. P. Kay, 2002: Properties of the convection scheme in NCEP's Eta Model that affect forecast sounding interpretation. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 1063-1079.
4. Bechtold, P., E. Bazile, F. Guichard, P. Mascart, and E. Richard, 2001: A mass-flux convection scheme for regional and global models. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 869-886.
5. Betts, A. K., 1976: The thermodynamic transformation of the tropical subcloud layer by precipitation and downdrafts. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1008-1020.
6. Betts, A. K., 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 677-692.
7. Black, T. L., 1994: The new NMC Mesoscale Eta Model: Description and forecast examples. Wea. Forecasting, 9, 265-278.
8. Bougeault, P., 1985: A simple parameterization of the large-scale effects of cumulus convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 113, 2108-2121.
9. Browning, K. A., and Coauthors, 1993: The GEWEX Cloud System Study (GCSS). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 74, 387-399.
10. Cheng, M.-D., 1989: Effects of downdrafts and mesoscale convective organization on the heat and moisture budgets of tropical cloud clusters. Part II: Effects of convective-scale downdrafts. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 1540-1564.
11. Cheng, M.-D., and A. Arakawa, 1997: Inclusion of rainwater budget and convective downdrafts in the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 1359-1378.
12. Cohen, C., 2002: A comparison of cumulus parameterizations in idealized sea-breeze simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2554-2571.
13. Colle, B. A., J. B. Olson, and J. S. Tongue, 2003: Multiseason verification of the MM5. Part II: Evaluation of high-resolution precipitation forecasts over the northeastern United States. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 458-480.
14. Deng, A., N. L. Seaman, and J. S. Kain, 2003: A shallow-convection parameterization for mesoscale models. Part I: Submodel description and preliminary applications. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 34-56.
15. Donner, L. J., 1993: A cumulus parameterization including mass fluxes, vertical momentum dynamics, and mesoscale effects. J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 889-906.
16. Emanuel, K. A., 1991: A scheme for representing cumulus convection in large-scale models. J. Atmos. Sci., 48, 2313-2329.
17. Emanuel, K. A., 1994: Atmospheric Convection. Oxford University Press, 580 pp.
18. Emanuel, K. A., and M. Zivkovic-Rothman, 1999: Development and evaluation of a convective scheme for use in climate models. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 1766-1782.
19. Fankhauser, J. C., 1988: Estimates of thunderstorm precipitation efficiency from field measurements in CCOPE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 663-684.
20. Ferrier, B. S., J. Simpson, and W.-K. Tao, 1996: Factors responsible for precipitation efficiencies in midlatitude and tropical squall simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2100-2125.
21. Frank, W. M., and C. Cohen, 1987: Simulation of tropical convective systems. Part I: A cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 3787-3799.
22. Fritsch, J. M., and C. F. Chappell, 1980: Numerical prediction of convectively driven mesoscale pressure systems. Part I: Convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 1722-1733.
23. Gochis, D. J., W. J. Shuttleworth, and Z.-L. Yang, 2002: Sensitivity of the modeled North American monsoon regional climate to convective parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1282-1298.
24. Grant, A. L. M., 2001: Cloud-base fluxes in the cumulus-capped boundary layer. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 127, 407-421.
25. Gregory, D., and P. R. Rowntree, 1990: A mass flux convection scheme with representation of cloud ensemble characteristics and stability-dependent closure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1483-1506.
26. Gregory, D., J.-J. Morcrette, C. Jakob, A. C. M. Beljaars, and T. Stockdale, 2000: Revision of convection, radiation, and cloud schemes in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126, 1685-1710.
27. Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764-787.
28. Grell, G. A., and D. Devenyi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 38:1-38:4.
29. Janjić, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927-945.
30. Johnson, R. H., 1976: The role of convective-scale precipitation downdrafts in cumulus and synoptic-scale interactions. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 1890-1910.
31. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/ detraining plume model and its application in convective parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784-2802.
32. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1993: Convective parameterization for mesoscale models: The Kain-Fritsch scheme. The Representation of Cumulus Convection in Numerical Models, Meteor. Monogr., No. 24, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 165-170.
33. Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1998: Multiscale convective overturning in mesoscale convective systems: Reconciling observations, simulations, and theory. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2254-2273.
34. Kain, J. S., M. E. Baldwin, P. R. Janish, and S. J. Weiss, 2001: Utilizing the Eta Model with two different convective parameterizations to predict convective initiation and evolution at the SPC. Preprints, 9th Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91-95.
35. Kain, J. S., M. E. Baldwin, S. J. Weiss, P. R. Janish, M. P. Kay, and G. Carbin, 2003a: Subjective verification of numerical models as a component of a broader interaction between research and operations. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 847-860.
36. Kain, J. S., M. E. Baldwin, and S. J. Weiss, 2003b: Parameterized updraft mass flux as a predictor of convective intensity. Wea. Forecasting. 18, 106-116.
37. Knupp, K. R., 1987: Downdrafts within High Plains cumulonimbi. Part I: General kinematic structure. J. Atmos. Sci., 44, 987-1008.
38. Knupp, K. R., and W. R. Cotton, 1985: Convective cloud downdraft structure: An interpretive survey. Rev. Geophys., 23, 183-215.
39. Kreitzberg, C. W., and D. J. Perkey, 1976: Release of potential instability: Part I. A sequential plume model within a hydrostatic primitive equation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 33, 456-475.
40. Kuo, H.-L., 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on the large scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232-1240.
41. Kuo, H.-L., R. J. Reed, and Y. Liu, 1996: The ERICA IOP5 storm: Mesoscale cyclogenesis and precipitation parameterization. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 1409-1434.
42. Kuo, H.-L., J. F. Bresch, M.-D. Cheng, J. Kain, D. B. Parsons, W.-K. Tao, and D.-L. Zhang, 1997: Summary of a mini workshop on cumulus parameterization for mesoscale models. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 475-491.
43. Liu, C., M. W. Moncrieff, and W. W. Grabowski, 2001: Explicit and parameterized realizations of convective cloud systems in TOGA COARE. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1689-1703.
44. Lord, S. J., 1982: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment. Part III: Semi-prognostic test of the Arakawa-Schubert cumulus parameterization. J. Atmos. Sci., 39, 88-103.
45. Manabe, S., J. Smagorinsky, and R. F. Strickler, 1965: Simulated climatology of a general circulation model with a hydrological cycle. Mon. Wea. Rev., 93, 769-798.
46. Nagarajan, B., M. K. Yau, and D.-L. Zhang, 2001: A numerical study of a mesoscale convective system during TOGA COARE. Part I: Model description and verification. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2501-2520.
47. Niziol, T. A., W. R. Snyder, and J. S. Waldstreicher, 1995: Winter weather forecasting throughout the eastern United States. Part IV: Lake effect snow. Wea. Forecasting. 10, 61-77.
48. Ooyama, K. V., 1971: A theory on parameterization of cumulus convection. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 49, 744-756.
49. Rochette, S. M., and J. T. Moore, 1996: Initiation of an elevated mesoscale convective system associated with heavy rainfall. Wea. Forecasting, 11, 443-457.
50. Shepherd, J. M., B. S. Ferrier, and P. S. Ray, 2001: Rainfall morphology in Florida convergence zones. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 177-197.
51. Siebesma, A. P. and J. W. M. Cuijpers, 1995: Evaluation of parametric assumptions for shallow convection. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 650-656.
52. Simpson, J., 1983: Cumulus clouds: Interactions between laboratory experiments and observations as foundations for models. Mesoscale Meteorology, D. K. Lilly and T. Gal-Chen, Eds., Reidel, 399-412.
53. Simpson, J., and V. Wiggert, 1969: Models of precipitating cumulus towers. Mon. Wea. Rev., 97, 471-489.
54. Skamarock, W. C., J. B. Klemp, and J. Dudhia, 2001: Prototypes for the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model. Preprints, Ninth Conf. on Mesoscale Processes, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, Amer. Meteor. Soc., J11-J15.
55. Srivastava, R. C., 1985: A simple model of evaporatively driven downdraft: Application to microburst downdraft. J. Atmos. Sci., 42, 1004-1023.
56. Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779-1800.
57. Tompkins, A. M., 2001: Organization of tropical convection in low vertical wind shears: The role of water vapor. J. Atmos. Sci., 58, 529-545.
58. Wang, W., and N. L. Seaman, 1997: A comparison of convective parameterization schemes in a mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 252-278.
59. Warner, T. T., and H.-M. Hsu, 2000: Nested-model simulation of moist convection: The impact of coarse-grid parameterized convection on fine-grid resolved convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2211-2231.
60. Weisman, M. L., and J. B. Klemp, 1982: The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 504-520.
61. Weisman, M. L., W. C. Skamarock, and J. B. Klemp, 1997: The resolution dependence of explicitly modeled convective systems. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 527-548.
62. Zhang, D.-L., and J. M. Fritsch, 1986: Numerical simulation of the meso-β scale structure and evolution of the 1977 Johnstown flood. Part I: Model description and verification. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 1913-1943.
63. Zipser, E. J., 1977: Mesoscale and convective-scale downdrafts as distinct components of squall-line circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 105, 1568-1589.