Solar-radiation-maintained glacier recession on Kilimanjaro drawn from combined ice-radiation geometry modeling

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 23, 2003, Pages

  Mölg, Thomas ^a   Hardy, Douglas R ^b   Kaser, Georg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF INNSBRUCK   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate change; Glacier retreat; Kilimanjaro; Solar radiation modeling; Tropical glaciers

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; GEOMETRY; GLACIER DYNAMICS; MODELING; SOLAR RADIATION;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; KILIMANJARO [KILIMANJARO (RGN)]; KILIMANJARO [TANZANIA]; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA;

EID: 1342269740     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003546     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Alverson, K., R. Bradley, K. Briffa, J. Cole, M. Hughes, I. Larocque, T. Pedersen, L. G. Thompson, and S. Tudhope, A global paleoclimate observing system, Science, 293, 47-49, 2001.
2. Basalirwa, C. P. K., J. O. Odiyo, R. J. Mingodo, and E. J. Mpeta, The climatological regions of Tanzania based on the rainfall characteristics, Int. J. Climatol., 19, 69-80, 1999.
3. Becker, S., Calculation of direct solar and diffuse radiation in Israel, Int. J. Climatol., 21, 1561-1576, 2001.
4. Bernhardt, F., and H. Philipps, Die Räumliche und Zeitliche Verteilung der Einstrahlung, der Ausstrahlung und der Strahlungsbilanz im Meeresniveau, teil 1, Die Einstrahlung, Meteorol.und Hydrol. Dienst der DDR, Berlin, 1958.
5. Budyko, M. I., Climate and Life, Academic, New York. London, 1974.
6. Chinn, T. J. H., Accelerated ablation at a glacier ice-cliff margin, dry valleys, Antarctica, Arct. Alp. Res., 19, 71-80, 1987.
7. Coutts, H. H., Rainfall of the Kilimanjaro area, Weather, 24, 66-69, 1969.
8. Downie, C., and P. Wilkinson, The Geology of Kilimanjaro, Dept. of Geology, Sheffield Univ., Sheffield, UK, 1972.
9. Francou, B., M. Vuille, P. Wagnon, J. Mendoza, and J. E. Sicart, Tropical climate change recorded by a glacier in the central Andes during the last decades of the 20th century: Chacaltaya, Bolivia, 16°S, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 4059. doi:10.1029/2002JD002473, 2003.
10. Geilinger, W., The retreat of the Kilimajaro glaciers, Tanganyka Notes Rec., 2, 7-20, 1936.
11. Georges, C., and G. Kaser, Ventilated and unventilated air temperature measurements for glacier-climate studies on a tropical high mountain site, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4775, doi:10.1029/2002JD002503, 2002.
12. Griffiths, J. F., Climates of Africa, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1972.
13. Hardy, D. R., M. Vuille, C. Braun, F. Keimig, and R. S. Bradley, Annual and daily meteorological cycles at high altitude on a tropical mountain, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 1899-1913, 1998.
14. Hastenrath, S., The Glaciers at Equatorial East Africa, D. Reidel, Norwell, Mass., 1984.
15. Hastenrath, S., Climate Dynamics of the Tropics, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1991.
16. Hastenrath, S., Glacier recession on Mount Kenya in the context of the global tropics, Bull. Inst. Fr. éEtudes Andines, 24, 633-638, 1995.
17. Hastenrath, S., Variations of East African climate during the past two centuries, Clim. Change, 50, 209-217, 2001.
18. Hastenrath, S., and L. Greischar, Glacier recession on Kilimanjaro, East Africa, 1912-89, J. Glaciol., 43, 455-459, 1997.
19. Hastentrath, S., and P. D. Kruss, The dramatic retreat of Mount Kenya's glaciers between 1963 and 1987: Greenhouse forcing, Ann. Glaciol., 16, 127-133, 1992.
20. Hastenrath, S., R. Rostom, and R. A. Caukwell, Variations of Mount Kenya's glaciers 1963-87, Erdkunde, 43, 202-210, 1989.
21. Hay, S. I., J. Cox, D. J. Rogers, S. E. Randolph, D. I. Stern, G. D. Shanks, M. F. Myers, and R. W. Snow, Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands, Nature, 415, 905-909, 2002.
22. Hooke, R. L., Morphology of the ice-sheet margin near Thule, Greenland, J. Glaciol., 9, 303-324, 1970.
23. Humphries, D. W., Preliminary notes on the glaciology of Kilimanjaro, J. Glaciol., 3, 475-478, 1959.
24. Hunt, T. L., Weather conditions on Kilimanjaro, Weather, 2, 338-344, 1947.
25. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2001.
26. Iqbal, M., An Introduction to Solar Radiation, Academic, Toronto, New York, London, 1983.
27. Irion, R., The melting snows of Kilimanjaro, Science, 291, 1690-1691, 2001.
28. Jäger, F., Veränderungen der Kilimanjaro-Gletscher, Z. Gletscherk., 19, 285-299, 1931.
29. Kaser, G., A review of the modern fluctuations of tropical glaciers, Global Planet. Change, 22, 93-103, 1999.
30. Kaser, G., Glacier-climate interaction at low latitudes, J. Glaciol., 47, 195-204, 2000.
31. Kaser, G., and C. Georges, Changes in the equilibrium line altitude in the tropical Cordillera Blanca (Perú) between 1930 and 1950 and their spatial variations, Ann. Glaciol., 24, 344-349, 1997.
32. Kaser, G., and B. Noggler, Glacier fluctuations in the Rwenzori Range (East Africa) during the 20th century: A preliminary report, Z. Gletscherk. Glazialgeol., 32, 109-117, 1996.
33. Kaser, G., and H. Osmaston, Tropical Glaciers, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 2002.
34. Kaser, G., S. Hastenrath, and A. Ames, Mass balance profiles on tropical glaciers, Z. Gletscherk. Glazialgeol., 32, 75-81, 1996.
35. Kaser, G., D. R. Hardy, T. Mölg, and R. S. Bradley, Modern glacier retreat on Kilimanjaro as evidence of climate change: Observations and facts, Int. J. Climatol., in press, 2003.
36. King'uyu, S. M., L. A. Ogallo, and E. K. Anyamba, Recent trends of minimum and maximum surface temperatures over Eastern Africa, J. Clim., 13, 2876-2886, 2000.
37. Klute, F., Ergebnisse der Forschungen am Kilimandscharo 1912, Reimer-Vohsen, Berlin, 1920.
38. Kraus, H., Energy exchange at air-ice interface, IAHS Publ., 107, 128-164, 1972.
39. Kruss, R. D., Climate Change in East Africa: A numerical simulation from the 100 years of terminus record at Lewis Glacier, Mount Kenya, Z. Gletscherk. Glazialgeol., 19, 43-60, 1983.
40. Kruss, P. D., and S. Hastenrath, The role of radiation geometry in the climate response of Mount Kenya's glaciers, part 1: Horizontal reference surfaces; Int. J. Climatol., 7, 493-505, 1987.
41. Kuhn, M., Micro-meteorological conditions for snow melt, J. Glaciol., 33, 24-26, 1987.
42. Kuhn, M., Energieaustausch Atmosphäre-Schnee und Eis, in Schnee, Eis und Wasser der Alpen in einer wärmeren Atmosphäre, edited by D. Vischer, pp. 21-32, Versuchsanst. für Wasserb., Hydrol. und Glaziol., Zürich, Switzerland, 1990.
43. Lewis, K. J., A. G. Fountain, and G. L. Dana, How important is cliff melt?: A study of the Canada Glacier terminus, Taylor- Valley, Antarctica, Global Planet. Change, 22, 105-115, 1999.
44. Liljequist, G. H., and K. Cehak, Allgemeine Meteorologie, 3rd ed., Viehweg, Braunschweig, Germany, 1994.
45. Meyer, H., Der Kilimandscharo, Reimer-Vohsen, Berlin, 1900.
46. Mölg, T., Modellierung der kurzwelligen Einstrahlung mit GIS am Beispiel eines tropischen Hochgebirges, in Beiträge zum AGIT-Symposium Salzburg 2002, edited by J. Strobl, T. Blaschke, and G. Griesebner, pp. 347-356. Wichmann-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany, 2002.
47. Mölg, T., C. Georges, and G. Kaser, The contribution of increased incoming shortwave radiation to the retreat of the Rwenzori Glaciers, East Africa, during the 20th century, Int. J. Climatol., 23, 291-303, 2003.
48. Nicholson, S. E., and X. Yin, Rainfall conditions in Equatorial East Africa during the nineteenth century as inferred from the record of Lake Victoria, Clim. Change, 48, 387-398, 2001.
49. Oerlemans, J., Glaciers and Climate Change, Balkema, Lisse, 2001.
50. Osmaston, H., Glaciers, glaciations and equilibrium line altitudes on Kilimanjaro, in Quartenary and environmental Research on East African Mountains, edited by W. C. Mahaney, pp. 7-30, A. A. Balkema, Brookfield, Vt., 1989.
51. Paterson, W. S. B., The Physics of Glaciers, 3rd ed., Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1994.
52. Robinson, N., Solar Radiation, Elsevier Sci., New York, 1966.
53. Rodhe, H., and H. Virji, Trends and periodicities in East African rainfall, Mon. Weather Rev., 104, 307-315, 1976.
54. Spink, P. C., Weather and volcanic activity on Kilimanjaro, Geogr. J., 103, 224-229, 1944.
55. Spink, P. C., Further notes on the Kibo inner enter and glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, Geogr. J., 106, 210-216, 1945.
56. Thompson, L. G., et al., Kilimanjaro ice core records: Evidence of holocene climate change in tropical Africa, Science, 298, 589-593, 2002.
57. Tilman, H. W., Snow on the Equator, G. Bell and Sons, London, 1937.
58. Troll, C., and K. Wien, Der Lewis Gletscher am Mount Kenia, Geogr. Ann., 31, 257-274, 1949.
59. Verschuren, D., K. R. Laird, and B. F. Cumming, Rainfall and drought in equatorial east Africa during the past 1,100 years, Nature, 403, 410-414, 2000.
60. Wagnon, P., P. Ribstein, B. Francou, and J. E. Sicart, Anomalous heat and mass budget of Glaciar Zongo, Bolivia, during the 1997/98 El Niño year, J. Glaciol., 47, 21-28, 2001.
61. Waple, A. M., et al., Climate Assessment for 2001, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, 83, S1-S62, 2002.
62. Whiteman, C. D., Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 2000.