Sterols of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae): Is there a lipid biomarker?

Journal of Phycology

Volumn 40, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 104-111

  Leblond, Jeffrey D ^a   Chapman, Peter J ^b  

^a MIDDLE TENNESSEE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b U S ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biomarker; Dinoflagellate; Dinophyceae; Lipid; Pfiesteria; Sterol

Indexed keywords

ALGAL BLOOM; BIOMARKER; DINOFLAGELLATE; LIPID; STEROL;

CHESAPEAKE BAY; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

ALGAE; DINOPHYCEAE; EUKARYOTA; PFIESTERIA; PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA;

EID: 1342269572     PISSN: 00223646     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.02166.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Anderson, D. M., Hoagland, P., Kaoru, Y. & White, A. A. 2000. Estimated annual economic impacts from harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute technical report, WHOI-2000-11.
2. Berry, J. P., Reece, K. S., Rein, K. S., Baden, D. G., Haas, L. W., Ribeiro, W. L., Shields, J. D., Snyder, R. V., Vogelbein, W. K. & Gawley, R. E. 2002. Are Pfiesteria species toxicogenic? Evidence against production of ichthyotoxins by Pfiesteria shumwayae. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99:10970-5.
3. Bjørnland,T. & Tangen, K. 1979. Pigmentation and morphology of a marine Gyrodinium (dinophyceae) with a major carotenoid different from peridinin and fucoxanthin. J. Phycol. 15:457-63.
4. Bjørnland, T. 1990. Carotenoid structures and lower plant phylogeny. In Krinsky, N.I., Matthews Ross, M.M. & Tayler, R. F. [Eds.] Carotenoids: Chemistry and Biology. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 21-36.
5. Boesch, D. F. 2000. Measuring the health of the Chesapeake Bay: toward integration and prediction. Environ. Res. 82A:134-42.
6. Boesch, D. F., Brinsfield, R. B. & Magnien, R. E. 2001. Chesapeake Bay eutrophication: scientific understanding, ecosystem restoration, and challenges for agriculture. J. Environ. Qual. 30:303-20.
7. Burkholder, J. M. & Glasgow, H. B., Jr. 1997. Pfiesteria piscicida and other Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates: behavior, impacts, and environmental controls. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42:1025-75.
8. Burkholder, J. M. & Glasgow, H. B. 2001. History of toxic Pfiesteria in North Carolina estuaries from 1991 to present. BioScience 51:827-41.
9. Burkholder, J. M. & Glasgow, H. B. 2003. The life cycle and toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida revisited. J. Phycol. 38:1261-7.
10. Cancellieri, P. J., Burkholder, J. M., Deamer-Melia, N. J. & Glasgow, H. B. 2001. Chemosensory attraction of zoospores of the estuarine dinoflagellates, Pfiesteria piscicida and P. shumwayae, to finfish mucus and excreta. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 264:29-45.
11. El-Nabawi, A., Quesenberry, M., Saito, K., Silbergeld, E., Vasta, G. & Eldefrawi, A. 2000. The N-methyl-D-aspartate neurotransmitter receptor is a mammalian brain target for the dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida toxin. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 169:84-93.
12. Fleming, L. E., Easom, J., Baden, D., Rowan, A. & Levin, B. 1999. Emerging harmful algal blooms and human health: Pfiesteria and related organisms. Toxicol. Pathol. 27:573-81.
13. Giner, J.-L., Wünsche, L., Andersen, R. A. & Djerassi, C. D. 1991. Dinoflagellates cyclize squalene oxide to lanosterol. Biochem. System. Ecol. 19:143-5.
14. Giner, J.-L., Faraldos, J. A. & Boyer, G. L. 2003. Novel sterols of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae): a defensive function for unusual marine sterols? J. Phycol. 39:315-9.
15. Glasgow, H. B., Jr., Burkhoder, J. M., Schmechel, D. E., Tester, P. A. & Rublee, P. A. 1995. Insidious effects of a toxic estuarine dinoflagellate on fish survival and human health. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 46:501-22.
16. Gordon, A. S., Dyer, B. J., Seaborn, D. & Marshall, H. G. 2002. Comparative toxicity of Pfiesteria spp., prolonging toxicity of P. piscicida in culture and evaluation of toxin(s) stability. Harmful Algae 1:85-94.
17. Grattan, L. M., Oldach, D. & Morris, J. G. 2001. Human health risks of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida. BioScience 51:853-7.
18. Guckert, J. B., Ringelberg, D. B., White, D. C., Hanson, R. S. & Bratina, B. J. 1991. Membrane fatty acids as phenotypic markers in the polyphasic taxonomy of methylotrophs within the Proteobacteria. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137:2631-41.
19. Hallegraff, G. M. 1993. A review of harmful algal blooms and their apparent global increase. Phycologia 32:79-99.
20. Hallegraeff, G. M., Nichols, P. D., Volkman, J. K., Blackburn, S. I. & Everitt, D. A. 1991. Pigments, fatty acids, and sterols of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum. J. Phycol. 27: 591-9.
21. Harvey, H. R., Bradshaw, S. A., O'Hara, S. C. M., Eglinton, G. & Corner, E. D. S. 1988. Lipid composition of the marine dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea. Phytochemistry 27:1723-9.
22. Haselow, D. T., Brown, E., Tracy, J. K., Magnien, R., Grattan, L. M., Morris, J. G. Jr. & Oldach, D. W. 2001. Gastrointestinal and respiratory tract symptoms following brief environmental exposure to aerosols during a Pfiesteria-related fish kill. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 63A:553-64.
23. Hua, Y., Lu, W., Henry, M. S., Pierce, R. H. & Cole, R. B. 1995. Online high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for the determination of brevetoxins in "red tide" algae. Anal. Chem. 67:1815-23.
24. Hua, Y., Lu, W., Henry, M. S., Pierce, R. H. & Cole, R. B. 1996. Online liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for determination of the brevetoxin profile in natural "red tide" algae blooms. J. Chromtogr. A 750:115-25.
25. Jeffrey, S. W., Sielicki, M. & Haxo, F. T. 1975. Chloroplast pigment patterns in dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 11:374-84.
26. Johansen, J. E., Svec, W. A. & Liaaen-Jensens, S. 1974. Carotenoids of the Dinophyceae. Phytochemistry 13:2261-71.
27. Johnsen, G. & Sakshaug, E. 1993. Bio-optical characteristics and photoadaptive responses in the toxic and bloom-forming dinoflagellates Gyrodinium aureolum, Gymnodinium galatheanum, and two strains of Prorocentrum minimum. J. Phycol. 29:627-42.
28. Jones, G. J., Nichols, P. D. & Johns, R. B. 1983. The lipid composition of Thoracosphaera heimii: evidence of inclusion in the dinophyceae. J. Phycol. 19:416-20.
29. Jones, G. J., Nichols, P. D. & Shaw, P. M. 1994. Analysis of microbial sterols and hopanoids. In Goodfellow, M. & O'Donnel, A. G. [Eds.] Chemical Methods in Prokaryotic Systematics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 163-95.
30. Kokke, W. C. M. C., Fenical, W. & Djerassi, C. 1981. Sterols with unusual nuclear unsaturation from three cultured marine dinoflagellates. Phytochemistry 20:127-34.
31. Kokke, W. C. M. C., Fenical, W. & Djerassi, C. 1982. Sterols of the cultured marine dinoflagellate Pyrocystis lunula. Steroids 40:307-18.
32. Leblond, J. D. & Chapman, P. J. 2000. Lipid class distribution of highly unsaturated long-chain fatty acids in marine dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 36:1103-8.
33. Leblond, J. D. & Chapman, P. J. 2002. A survey of the sterol composition of the marine dinoflagellates Karenia brevis, Karenia mikimotoi, and Karlodinium micrum: distribution of sterols within other members of the class Dinophyceae. J. Phycol. 38:670-82.
34. Leblond, J. D., Evens, T. J. & Chapman, P. J. 2003. The biochemistry of dinoflagellate lipids, with particular reference to the fatty acid and sterol composition of a Karenia brevis bloom. Phycologia 42:324-31.
35. Levin, E. D., Schmechel, D. E., Burkholder, J. M., Glasgow, H. B., Deamer-Melia, N. J., Moser, V. C. & Harry, G. J. 1997. Persistent learning deficits in rats after exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida. Environ. Health Perspect. 105:1320-5.
36. Litaker, R. W., Tester, P. A., Colorni, A., Levy, M. G. & Noga, E. J. 1999. The phylogenetic relationship of Pfiesleria piscicida, cryptoperidiniopsoid sp., Amyloodinoum ocellatum and a Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate to other dinoflagellates and apicomplexans. J. Phycol. 35(suppl):1379-89.
37. Litaker, R. W., Vandersea, M. W., Kibler, S. R., Madden, V. J., Noga, E. J. & Tester, P. A. 2002. Life cycle of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 38:442-63.
38. Litaker, R. W., Vandersea, M. W., Kilber, S. R., Noga, E. J. & Tester, P. A. 2003. Reply to comment on the life cycle and toxicity of Pfiesteria piscicida revisited. J. Phycol. 38:1268-72.
39. Magnien, R. E. 2001. The dynamics of science, perception, and policy during the outbreak of Pfiesteria in the Chesapeake Bay. BioScience 51:843-52.
40. Mansour, M. P., Volkman, J. K., Jackson, A. E. & Blackburn, S. I. 1999. The fatty acid and sterol composition of five marine dinoflagellates. J. Phycol. 35:710-20.
41. Millie, D. F., Kirkpatrick, G. J. & Vinyard, B. T. 1995. Relating photosynthetic pigments and in vivo optical density spectra to irradiance for the Florida red-tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 120:65-75.
42. Millie, D. F., Schofield, O. M., Kirkpatrick, G. J., Johnsen, G., Tester, P. A. & Vinyard, B. T. 1997. Detection of harmful algal blooms using photopigments and absorption signatures: a case study of the Florida red tide dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve. Limnol. Oceanogr. 42:1240-51.
43. Nichols, P. D., Jones, G. J., de Leeuw, J. W. & Johns, R. B. 1984. The fatty acid and sterol composition of two marine dinoflagellates. Pytochemistry 23:1043-7.
44. Noga, E. J. 2000. Skin ulcers in fish: Pfiesteria and other etiologies. Toxicol. Pathol. 28:807-23.
45. Oldach, D. W., Delwiche, C. F., Jakobsen, K. S., Tengs, T., Brown, E. G., Kempton, J. W., Schaefer, E. F., Bowers, H. A., Glasgow, H. B., Jr., Burkholder, J. M., Steidinger, K. A. & Rublee, P. A. 2000. Heteroduplex mobility assay-guided sequence discovery: elucidation of the small subunit (18S) rDNA sequences of Pfiesteria piscicida and related dinoflagellates from complex algal culture and environmental sample DNA pools. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4303-8.
46. Parrow, M., Burkholder, J. M., Deamer, N. J. & Zhang, C. 2002. Vegetative and sexual reproduction in Pfiesteria spp. (Dinophyceae) cultured with algal prey, and inferences for their classification. Harmful Algae 1:5-33.
47. Pierce, R. H. & Kirkpatrick, G. J. 2001. Innovative techniques for harmful algal toxin analysis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20:107-14.
48. Riley, C. M., Holt, S. A., Holt, G. J., Buskey, E. J. & Arnold, C. R. 1989. Mortality of larval red drum (Scianenops ocellatus) associated with a Ptychodiscus brevis red tide. Contrib. Marine Sci. 31:137-46.
49. Robinson, N., Cranwell, P. A., Eglinton, G. & Jaworski, G. H. M. 1987. Lipids of four species of freshwater dinoflagellates. Phytochemistry 26:411-21.
50. Saldarriaga J. F., Taylor, F. J. R., Keeling, P. J. & Cavalier-Smith, T. 2001. Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. J. Mol. Evol. 53: 204-13.
51. Shumway, S. E., Barter, J. & Sherman-Caswell, S. 1990. Auditing the impact of toxic algal blooms on oysters. Environ. Audit. 2:41-56.
52. Silbergeld, E. K., Grattan, L., Oldach, D. & Morris, J. G. 2000. Pfiesteria: harmful algal blooms as indicators of human:ecosystem interactions. Environ. Res. 82A:97-105.
53. Swinker, M., Tester, P., Attix, D. K. & Schmechel, D. 2002. Human health effects of exposure to Pfiesteria piscicida: a review. Microb. Infect. 4:751-62.
54. Tester, P. A. & Fowler, P. K. 1990. Brevetoxin contamination of Mercenaria mercenaria and Crassostrea virginica: a management issue. In Granéli, E., Sundström, B., Edler, L. & Anderson, D. M. [Eds.] Toxic Marine Phytoplankton: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference. Elsevier Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 499-503.
55. Vogelbein, W. K., Lovko, V. J., Shields, J. D., Reece, K. S., Mason, P. L., Haas, L. W. & Walker, C. C. 2002. Pfiesteria shumwayae kills fish by micropredation not exotoxin secretion. Nature 418:967-9.
56. Volkman, J. K., Barrett, S. M., Blackburn, S. I., Mansour, M. P., Sikes, E. I. & Gelin, F. 1998. Microalgal biomarkers: a review of recent research developments. Org. Geochem. 29:1163-79.
57. Volkman, J. K., Rijpstra, W. I. C., de Leeuw, J. W., Mansour, M. P., Jackson, A. E. & Blackburn, S. I. 1999. Sterols of four dinoflagellates from the genus Prorocentrum. Phytochemistry 52:659-68.
58. Wilde, J. 1999. Steroids. In Michal, G. [Ed.] Biochemical Pathways: An Atlas of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 85-8.
59. Withers, N. 1983. Dinoflagellate sterols. In Shever, P. J. [Ed.] Marine Natural Products. Vol. 5. Academic Press, New York, pp. 88-127.
60. Withers, N. 1987. Dinoflagellate sterols. In Taylor, F. J. R. [Ed.] The Biology of Dinoflagellates. Vol. 21. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, pp. 316-59.
61. Withers, N. W., Tuttle, R. C., Holz, G. G., Beach, D. H., Goad, L. J. & Goodwin, T. W. 1978. Dehydrodinosterol, dinosterone and related sterols of a non-photosynthetic dinoflagellate, Crypthecodinium colinii. Phytochemistry 17:1987-9.
62. Withers, N. W., Tuttle, R. C., Goad, L. J. & Goodwin, T. W. 1979. Dinosterol side chain biosynthesis in a marine dinoflagellate, Crypthecodinium colinii. Phytochemistry 18:71-3.