Working hours of the world unite? New international evidence of worktime, 1870-1913

Journal of Economic History

Volumn 64, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 964-1001

  Huberman, Michael ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DE MONTRÉAL   (Canada)

^b CIRANO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON; LABOR MARKET; NINETEENTH CENTURY; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TWENTIETH CENTURY; WORKING CONDITIONS;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 12944265296     PISSN: 00220507     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0022050704043050     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Altman, Morris. "New Estimates of Hours of Work and Real Income in Canada from the 1880s to 1930: Long-Run Trends and Workers' Preferences." Review of Income and Wealth 45, no. 3 (1999): 353-72.
2. Amsden, Jon. Collective Bargaining and Class Conflict in Spain. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972.
3. Atack, Jeremy, and Fred Bateman. "How Long Was the Workday in 1880?" This Journal 52, no. 1 (1992): 129-60.
4. Atack, Jeremy, Fred Bateman, and Robert A. Margo. "Part-Year Operation in Nineteenth-Century American Manufacturing: Evidence from the 1870 and 1880 Censuses." This Journal 62, no. 3 (2002): 792-809.
5. Atack, Jeremy, Fred Bateman, and Robert A. Margo. "Productivity in Manufacturing and the Length of the Working Day: Evidence from the 1880 Census of Manufactures." Explorations in Economic History 40, no. 2 (2003): 170-94.
6. Barmby, Tim A., Marco G. Erolani, and John G. Treble. "Sickness Absence: An International Comparison." Economic Journal 112, no. 2 (2002): F315-31.
7. Barro, Robert J., and Xavier Sala-I-Martin. Economic Growth. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
8. Beck, Robert. "'C'est dimanche qu'il nous faut' les mouvements sociaux en faveur du repos dominical et hebdomadaire en France avant 1906." Le mouvement social 8, July-September (1998): 23-51.
9. Beckerman, Wilfred. "Comparative Growth Rates of 'Measurable Economic Welfare': Some Experimental Calculations." In Economic Growth and Resources, Vol. 2, edited by R. C. O. Matthews, 36-59. London: Macmillan, 1980.
10. Bell, Linda, and Richard B. Freeman. "Why Do Americans and Germans Work Different Hours?" National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper, no. 4808, 1995.
11. Bienefeld, Manfred A. Working Hours in British Industry. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972.
12. Bompard, J. P., Thierry Magnac, and Gilles Postel-Vinay. "Emploi, mobilité et chômage en France au XIXe siècle: migrations saisonnières entre industrie et agriculture." Annales ESC 45, no. 1 (1990): 55-76.
13. Broadberry, Stephen N. The Productivity Race: British Manufacturing in International Perspective, 1850-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
14. Butlin, Noel. Investment in Australian Economic Development, 1861-1900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1964.
15. Casella, Alessandra. "Free Trade and Evolving Standards." In Harmonization and Fair Trade, edited by Jagdish Bhagwati and Robert Hudec, 119-56. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996.
16. Christensen, J. P. Lønudviklingen inden for dansk håndvœrk og industri, 1870-1914. Copenhagen: Akademisk Förlag, 1975.
17. Clegg, H. A., Alan Fox, and A. F. Thompson. A History of British Trade Unions since 1889. Vol. 1, 1889-1910. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
18. Coghlan, Timothy A. Labour and Industry in Australia, Part IV. London: Oxford University Press, 1918.
19. Cohen, Jon, and Giovanni Federico. The Growth of the Italian Economy, 1820-1960. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
20. Costa, Dora L. "The Wage and the Length of the Workday: From the 1890s to 1991." Journal of Labor Economics 18, no. 1 (2000): 156-91.
21. Crafts, N. F. R. "The Human Development Index and Changes in Standards of Living: Some Historical Comparisons." European Review of Economic History 1, no. 2 (1997): 299-322.
22. Cross, Gary. A Quest for Time: The Reduction of Work in Britain and France, 1840-1940. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
23. Decouflé, A.-C., and N. Svendsen. "Contribution à une histoire des durées du travail dans l'industrie française du milieu du XIXe siècle à la seconde guerre mondiale." Travail et emploi 20 (1984): 57-71.
24. Denis, Hector. Les projets de limitation de la durée du travail des adultes en Belgique. Liège: Bénard, 1908.
25. Ehrenberg, Ronald G. Labor Markets and Integrating National Economies Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1994.
26. Ekirch, A. Roger. "Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-Industrial Slumber in the British Isles." American Historical Review 106, no. 2 (2001): 343-85.
27. Fogel, Robert W. The Fourth Great Awakening and the Future of Egalitarianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.
28. Follows, John W. Antecedents of the International Labour Organization Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1951.
29. Fowler, Alan. Lancashire Cotton Operatives and Work, 1900-1950. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 2003.
30. Fraser, W. Hamish. A History of British Trade Unionism, 1700-1998. New York: St Martin's Press, 1999.
31. Gårdlund, Torsten. Industrialismens Sämhalle. Stockholm: Tidens Förlag, 1955.
32. Green, Alan G., Mary MacKinnon, and Chris Minns. "Dominion or Republic? Migrants to North America from the United Kingdom, 1870-1910." Economic History Review 55, no. 4 (2002): 666-96.
33. Guedj, Francois, and Gérard Vindt. Le temps de travail: une histoire conflictuelle. Paris: Syros, 1997.
34. Gutman, Herbert G. "Work, Culture, and Society in Industrializing America, 1815-1919." American Historical Review 78, no. 2 (1973): 531-88.
35. Hamermash, Daniel S. Workdays, Workhours and Work Schedules: Evidence for the United States and Germany. Kalamazoo, MI: Upjohn, 1996.
36. Harmsen, Ger, and Luchien Karsten. "Le premier mai: jour de manifestation dans le mouvement ouvrier néerlandais." In Internationalism in the Labour Movement, 1830-1940, edited by Frits van Holthoon and Marcel van der Linden, 195-216. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1988.
37. Hatton, Timothy J., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. The Age of Mass Migration: Causes and Economic Impact. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
38. Heikkinen, Sakari. Labour and the Market: Workers, Wages and Living Standards in Finland, 1850-1913. Helsinki: Commentationes Scientiarum Socialium, 1997.
39. Hoffmann, Walter. Das Wachstum der deutschen Wirtschaft seit der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1965.
40. Huberman. Michael. "Workdays, Workweeks, and Annual Hours: New International Estimates, 1870-2000." Unpublished mimeograph, Université de Montréal, 2004.
41. Huberman, Michael, and Wayne Lewchuk. "European Economic Integration and the Labour Compact, 1850-1913." European Review of Economic History 7, no. 1 (2003): 3-43.
42. Hunt, E. H. British Labour History, 1815-1914. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.
43. International Labour Organization. "Labour and Industrial Conditions in Australia in 1921." International Labour Review 6 (December 1922): 1019-27.
44. International Labour Organization. "Legislation on Annual Holidays for Workers." International Labour Review 11 (July 1925): 1019-27.
45. Jay, Raoul. La limitation légale de la journée de travail en Suisse. Paris: Larose, 1891.
46. Jay, Raoul. La limitation légale de la journée de travail en France. Rapport présenté è l'Association internationale pour la protection légale des travailleurs. Paris: Félix Alcan, 1906.
47. Jay, Raoul. La semaine anglaise: le repos le samedi après-midi. Paris, Félix Alcan, 1915.
48. Kaplow, Jeffrey. "La fin de la Saint-Lundi: étude sur le Paris ouvrier au XIXe sièle." Temps Libre 2, no. 1 (1981): 22-38.
49. Kesser-Harris, Alice. A Woman's Wage: Historical Meanings and Social Consequences. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1990.
50. Kindleberger, Charles, P. "Group Behavior and International Trade." Journal of Political Economy 59, no. 1 (1951): 30-46.
51. Kossmann, Ernst H. The Low Countries, 1780-1940. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978.
52. Lewis, Robert. Manufacturing Montreal: The Making of an Industrial Landscape, 1850-1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2000.
53. Liepmann, Kate K. The Journey to Work: Its Significance for Industrial and Community Life. London: Kegan, Paul, 1944.
54. Maddison, Angus. Economic Growth in the West. New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1964.
55. Maddison, Angus. Phases of Capitalist Development. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
56. Maddison, Angus. "Growth and Slowdown in Advanced Capitalist Economies." Journal of Economic Literature 25, no. 3 (1987): 649-98.
57. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1995.
58. Maddison, Angus. The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001.
59. Marchand, Olivier, and Claude Thélot. Deux sièles de travail en France. Paris: INSEE, 1991.
60. Marr, William L., and Donald G. Paterson. Canada: An Economic History Toronto: Macmillan, 1980.
61. Matthews, R. C. O., C. H. Feinstein, and J. C. Odling-Smee. British Economic Growth, 1856-1973. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982.
62. Milhaud, Maurice. "The 'Unbroken' Working Day." International Labour Review 26, no. 4 (1932): 797-812.
63. Mitchell, Brian R. European Historical Statistics, 1750-1975. Second edition. New York: Facts on File, 1980.
64. Mokyr, Joel. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
65. N. W. Posthumus Institute. "Dutch National Accounts." Available at: www.http://nationalaccounts.niwi.knaw.nl.
66. Neuville, Jean. L'évolution des relations industrielles, Tome 2: la lutte ouvrière pour la maîtrise du temps. Brussels: Vie Ouvrière, 1981.
67. Ó Gráda, Cormac. Ireland: A New Economic History, 1780-1939. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994.
68. O'Rourke, Kevin H., and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Globalization and History: The Evolution of a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999.
69. Panaccione, Andrea, Ed. The Memory of May Day. Rome: Marsilio Editori, 1989.
70. Pencavel, John. Labor Markets Under Trade Unionism: Employment, Wages, and Hours. Oxford: Blackwell, 1991.
71. Phelps Brown, E. H., and M. H. Browne. "Hours of Work." In The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 8, 487-90. New York: Colliers, 1972.
72. Polasky, Janet. "Transplanting and Rooting Workers in London and Brussels: A Comparative History." Journal of Modern History 73, no. 3 (2001): 528-60.
73. Pollard, Sidney. "Labour in Great Britain." In The Cambridge Economic History of Europe, vol. 2, part 2, edited by Peter Mathias and M. M. Postan, 97-179. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
74. Puissant, Jean. "1886. La Contre-réforme sociale?" In Cent ans de droit social en Belgique, edited by Pierre Van Der Host, 66-100. Brussels: Bruylant, 1986.
75. Rees, Albert. The Economics of Work and Pay. New York: Harper & Row, 1973.
76. Rist, Charles. La réglementation légale de la journée de travail de l'ouvrier adulte. Paris: Larose, 1898.
77. Rodgers, Daniel T. The Work Ethic in Industrial America, 1850-1920 Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
78. Rosenband, Leonard N. Papermaking in Eighteenth-Century France: Management, Labor, and Revolution at the Montgolfier Mill, 1761-1805. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins, 2000.
79. Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "One Market or Many? Labor Market Integration in the Late Nineteenth Century United States." This Journal 50, no. 1 (1990): 85-109.
80. Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Male Labor Supply in the Late Nineteenth Century." Research in Economic History 14 (1993): 241-68.
81. Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Was There a National Labor Market at the End of the Nineteenth Century? New Evidence on Earnings in Manufacturing." This Journal 56, no. 3 (1996): 626-56.
82. Rosenbloom, Joshua L. Looking for Work, Searching for Workers: American Labor Markets during Industrialization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002.
83. Rowntree, B. Seebohm. Comment diminuer la misère: études sur la Belgique. Paris: V. Giard 1913.
84. Rouillard, Jacques. Les travailleurs du coton au Québec 1900-1915 Montréal: Les Presses de l'Université du Québec, 1974.
85. Schloss, David F. Methods of Industrial Remuneration. Oxford: Williams, 1898.
86. Scholliers, Peter. Wages, Manufacturers and Workers in the Nineteenth Century Factory: The Voortman Cotton Mill in Ghent. Oxford: Berg, 1996.
87. "Select Comparative Statistics 1900-1940: Australia and Britain, Canada, Japan, New Zealand and U.S.A." Source Papers in Economic History no. 4, Australian National University, 1984.
88. Sheills, Martha E. "Collective Choice of Working Conditions: Hours in Britain and U.S. Steel, 1890-1923." This Journal 55, no. 2 (1990 : 379-92.
89. Simpson, James. "Economic Development in Spain, 1850-1936." Economic History Review 50, no. 2 (1997): 348-59.
90. Strikwerda, Carl. A House Divided: Catholics, Socialists and Flemish Nationalists in Nineteenth-Century Belgium. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997.
91. Strikwerda, Carl. "France and Belgian Immigration of the Nineteenth Century." In The Politics of Immigrant Workers: Labor Activism and Migration in the World Economy since 1830, edited by Camille Guerin-Gonzales and Carl Strikwerda, 111-44. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1998.
92. Tegle, Stig. "Den Ordinarie Veckoarsbetstiden i Sverige, 1860-1980: En översikt." Unpublished manuscript, University of Lund, 1982.
93. Trempé, Rolande. Les mineurs de carmaux, 1848-1914. Tome II. Paris: Éditions Ouvrières, 1971.
94. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). Reports from Her Majesty's Diplomatic and Consular Agents, vol. 66. 1870.
95. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. Reports from Her Majesty's Diplomatic and Consular Agents, vol. 68. 1871.
96. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. Reports from Her Majesty's Diplomatic and Consular Agents, vol. 62. 1872.
97. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. Commission on Labour, Foreign Reports, vol. 39. 1893-94.
98. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. First Annual Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics, vol. 92. 1899.
99. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. Second Annual Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics, vol. 73. 1901.
100. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. International Conference on Labour, vol. 73. 1905.
101. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. Third Annual Abstract of Foreign Labour Statistics, vol. 113. 1906.
102. United Kingdom. Parliamentary Papers (PP). PP. Reports of Earnings and Hours, vol. 80. 1909.
103. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1870. New York: Kraus Publications, 1989.
104. U.S. Department of Labor. Fifteenth Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor: Wages in Commercial Countries. 2 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1900.
105. U.S. Department of Labor. 24th Annual Report of the Commissioner of Labor for 1909: Workmen's Insurance and Compensation Systems in Europe 2 vols. Washington, DC: GPO, 1911.
106. U.S. Department of Labor. Workmen's Compensation Laws of the United States and Foreign Countries. Bulletin of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, Department of Labor, no. 126. Washington, DC: GPO, 1914.
107. University of Groningen and the Conference Board GGDC Total Economy Database, 2003. Available at: www.eco.rug.nl/ggdc.
108. Vandermotten, Christian. "Tendences longues de l'évolution de la production, de l'emploi et de la productivité industriels en Belgique: 1840-1978." Cahiers éonomiques de Bruxelles 86, no. 2 (1980): 261-301.
109. Vandervelde, Émile. L'assurance ouvrière en Belgique. Brussels: Veuve Monnom, 1889.
110. Vandervelde, Émile. "Inspection du travail en Belgique." Revue socialiste 23 (March 1896): 318-25.
111. Vandervelde, Émile. "Les lois sociales en Belgique." Le Peuple 12 March 1897.
112. Vandervelde, Émile. La Belgique ouvrièe. Paris: Edouard Cornely, 1906.
113. Vandervelde, Émile. "La journée de neuf heures dans les mines." Revue d'économie politique, March-April (1911): 318-25.
114. Van Houtte, François-Xavier. L'évolution de l'industrie textile en Belgique et dans le monde de 1800 à 1939. Louvain: E. Nauwelaerts, 1949.
115. Varlez, M. L. "L'Assurance intégrale." Rapport du Congrès International d'Anvers sur la législation douanièe et la règlementation du travail. Brussels, 1894.
116. Voth, Hans-Joachim. "Time and Work in Eighteenth Century London." This Journal 58, no. 1 (1998): 29-58.
117. Voth, Hans-Joachim. Time and Work in England, 1750-1830. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000.
118. Williamson, Jeffrey G. "The Evolution of Global Labor Markets since 1830: Background Evidence and Hypotheses." Explorations in Economic History 32, no. 1 (1995): 141-96.
119. Wintle, Michael. An Economic and Social History of the Netherlands 1800-1920: Demographic, Economic and Social Transition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
120. Zamagni, Vera. The Economic History of Italy. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993.