Second malignancies and Richter's syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Hematology

Volumn 9, Issue 5-6, 2004, Pages 387-400

  Robak, Tadeusz ^a  

^a MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

Author keywords

Acute leukemia; CLL; Hodgkin's disease; Lymphoma; Purine analogs; Richter's syndrome

Indexed keywords

ALKYLATING AGENT; ANTHRACYCLINE; BLEOMYCIN; BUSULFAN; CARMUSTINE; CHLORMETHINE; CISPLATIN; CLADRIBINE; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; CYTARABINE; DACARBAZINE; DAUNORUBICIN; DEXAMETHASONE; DOXORUBICIN; FLUDARABINE; FOLINIC ACID; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; IBRITUMOMAB TIUXETAN; MELPHALAN; METHOTREXATE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; PLATINUM; PREDNISONE; PROCARBAZINE; PURINE NUCLEOSIDE DERIVATIVE; RITUXIMAB; THALIDOMIDE; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER PATIENT; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CELL CLONE; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; DRUG MEGADOSE; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; LARGE CELL LYMPHOMA; LYMPH NODE; LYMPHOID CELL; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; MYELOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROLYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; REVIEW; SECOND CANCER; SOLID TUMOR; SURVIVAL TIME;

CELL LINEAGE; DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL; HUMANS; LEUKEMIA, LYMPHOCYTIC, CHRONIC; LYMPHOMA, LARGE-CELL; NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY;

EID: 12344338189     PISSN: 10245332     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10245330400018599     Document Type: Review

References (179)

1. Rozman, C. and Montserrat, E. (1995) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia treatment", New England Journal of Medicine 333, 1052-1057.
2. Kalil, N. and Cheson, B.D. (2000) "Management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", Drugs and Aging 16, 9-27.
3. Dighiero, D. and Binet, J.L. (2000) "When and how to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia", New England Journal of Medicine 343, 1799-1801.
4. Robak, T. and Kasznicki, M. (2002) "Alkylating agents and nucleoside analogues in the treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia 16, 1015-1027.
5. Manusow, D. and Weinerman, B.H. (1975) "Subsequent neoplasia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia", JAMA 232, 267-269.
6. Greene, M.H., Hoover, R.N. and Fraumeni, J.E., Jr. (1978) "Subsequent cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a possible immunologic mechanism", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 61, 337-340.
7. Dighiero, G., Maloum, K., Desablens, B., Cazin, B., Navarro, M., Leblay, R., Leporrier, M., Jaubert, J., Lepen, G., Dreyfus, B., Binet, J.L. and Travade, P. (1998) "Chlorambucil in indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia", New England Journal of Medicine 338, 1506-1514.
8. Morrison, V.A., Rai, K.R., Peterson, B.L., Kolitz, J.E., Elias, L., Appelbaum, F.R., Hines, J.D., Shepherd, L., Larson, R.A. and Schiffer, C.A. (2002) "Therapy related myleoid leukemias are observed in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after treatment with fludarabine and chlorambucil: results of an intergroup study, Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9011", Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, 3878-3884.
9. Robak, T., Błoński, J.Z., Komarnicki, M., Lewandowski, K., Hellmann, A., Lewandowski, K., Moskwa, A., Dmoszyńska, A., Sokołowska, B., Dwilewicz-Trojaczek, J., Tomaszewska, A., Sułek, K. and Całbecka, M. (2004) "Second malignancies and Richter's syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with cladribine", European Journal of Cancer 40, 383-389.
10. Seymour, J. and Campbell, J. (2002) In: Cheson, B.D., ed., Richter's Syndrome in: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Marcel Dekker, New York, Basel), pp 459-483.
11. Wiernik, P.H. (2004) "Second neoplasms in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Current Treatment Options in Oncology 5, 215-223.
12. Giles, F.J., O'Brien, S.M. and Keating, M.J. (1998) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia in (Richter's) tranformation", Seminars in Oncology 25, 117-125.
13. Travis, L.B., Curtis, R.E., Hankey, B.F. and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. (1992) "Second cancers in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 84, 1422-1427.
14. Mellemgaard, A., Geisler, C.H. and Storm, H.H. (1994) "Risk of kidney cancer and other second solid malignancies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", European Journal of Haematology 53, 218-222.
15. Cheson, B.D., Vena, D.A., Barrett, J. and Freidlin, B. (1999) "Second malignancies as a consequence of nucleoside analog therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemias", Journal of Clinical Oncology 17 2454-2460.
16. Richter, M.N. (1928) "Generalized reticular cell sarcoma of lymph nodes associated with lymphocytic leukemia", American Journal of Pathology 4, 285-292.
17. Lortholary, P., Boiron, M., Ripault, P., Levy, J.P., Manus, A. and Bernard, J. (1964) "Chronic lymphoid leukemia secondarily associated with a malignant reticulopathy: Richter's syndrome", Nouvelle Revue Francaise D Hematologie 78, 621-644.
18. Robak, T., Urbańska-Ryś, H., Strzelecka, B., Krykowski, E., Bartkowiak, J., Bloński, J.Z., Kordek, R. and Warzocha, K. (2001) "Plasmablastic lymphoma in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia heavily pretreated with cladribine (2-CdA): an unusual variant of Richter's Syndrome", European Journal of Haematology 67, 322-327.
19. Novogrudsky, A., Amorosi, E.L. and Gottesman, S.R. (2001) "High-grade T-cell lymphoma complicating B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: an unusual manifestation of 'Richter's syndrome"', American Journal of Hematology 66, 203-206.
20. Robertson, L.E., Pugh, W., O'Brien, S., Kantarjian, H., Hirsch-Ginsberg, C., Cork, A., McLaughlin, P., Cabanillas, F. and Keating, M.J. (1993) "Richter's syndrome: a report on 39 patients", Journal of Clinical Oncology 11, 1985-1989.
21. Robak, T., Kasznicki, M., Bartkowiak, J., Kordek, R., Wawrzyniak, E. and Bloński, J.Z. (2001) "Richter's syndrome following cladribine therapy for pathologic fracture of the femur", Leukemia and Lymphoma 42, 789-796.
22. Beaudreuil, J., Lortholary, O., Martin, A., Feuillard, J., Guillevin, L., Lortholary, P., Raphael, M. and Casassus, P. (1997) "Hypercalcemia may indicate Richter's syndrome: report of four cases and review", Cancer 79, 1211-1215.
23. Robak, T., Góra-Tybor, J., Jamroziak, K., Robak, P., Kordek, R., Rieske, P., Majos, A. and Urbańska-Ryś, H. (2004) "Richter's syndrome in the brain first manifested as an ischaemic stroke", Leukemia and lymphoma 45, 1261-1267.
24. Milkowski, D.A., Worley, B.D. and Morris, M.J. (1999) "Richter's transformation presenting as an obstructing endobronchial lesion", Chest 116, 832-835.
25. Cherepakhin, V., Baird, S.M., Meisenholder, G.W. and Kipps, T.J. (1993) "Common clonal origin of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and high-grade lymphoma of Richter's syndrome", Blood 82, 3141-3147.
26. Matolcsy, A., Inghirami, G. and Knowles, D.M. (1994) "Molecular genetic demonstration of the diverse evolution of Richter's syndrome (chronic lymphocytic leukemia and subsequant large cell lymphoma)", Blood 83, 1363-1372.
27. Bessudo, A. and Kipps, T.J. (1995) "Origin of high-grade lymphomas in Richter syndrome", Leukemia and Lymphoma 18, 367-372.
28. Hamblin, T.J., Davis, Z., Gardiner, A., Oscier, D.G. and Stevenson, F.K. (1999) "Unmutated IgV(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Blood 94 1848-1854.
29. Nakamura, N., Kuze, T., Hashimoto, Y., Hoshi, S., Tominaga, K., Sasaki, Y., Shirakawa, A., Sato, M., Maeda, K. and Abe, M. (2000) "Analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene of secondary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that subsequently developed in four cases with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia or lymphoplasmocytoid lymphoma (Richter's syndrome)", Pathology International 50, 636-643.
30. H genes and pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Richter's syndrome", Leukemia 18, 326-330.
31. Schettino, E.W., Cerutti, A., Chiorazzi, N. and Casali, P. (1998) "Lack of intraclonal diversification in Ig heavy and light chain V region genes expressed by CD5+ IgM+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells: a multiple time point analysis", Journal of Immunology 160, 820-830.
32. Gurrieri, C., McGuire, P., Zan, H., Yan, X.J., Cerutti, A., Albesano, E., Allen, S.L., Vinciguerra, V., Rai, K.R., Ferrarini, M., Casali, E. and Chniorazzi, N. (2002) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells can undergo somatic hipermutation and intraclonal immunoglobulin V(H)D(H) gene diversification", Journal of Experimental Medicine 196, 629-639.
33. Katzenberger, T., Lohr, A., Schwarz, S., Dreyling, M., Schoof, J., Nickenig, C., Stilgenbauer, S., Kalla, J., Ott, M.M., Muller-Hermelink, H.K. and Ott, G. (2003) "Genetic analysis of de novo CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphomas suggests an origin from a somatically mutated CD5+ progenitor B cell", Blood 101, 699-702.
34. Ansell, S.M., Li, C.Y., Lloyd, R.V. and Phyliky, R.L. (1999) "Epstein-Barr virus infection in Richter's transformation", American Journal of Hematology 60, 99-104.
35. Khan, G., Norton, A.J. and Slavin, G. (1993) "Epstein-Barr virus in Reed-Sternberg like cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas", Journal of Pathology 169, 9-14.
36. Lazarino, M., Orlandi, E., Baldanti, F., Furione, M., Pagnucco, G., Astori, C., Arcaini, L., Viglio, A., Paulli, M., Gerna, G. and Bernasconi, C. (1999) "The immunosuppression and potential for EBV reactivation of fludarabine combined with cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders", British Journal of Haematology 107, 877-882.
37. Cohen, Y., Da'as, N., Libster, D., Amir, G., Berrebi, A. and Polliack, A. (2002) "Large-cell transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and follicular lymphoma during or soon after treatment with fludarabine-rituximab containing regimens: matural history or therapy-related complication", European Journal of Haematology 68, 80-83.
38. Rubin, D., Hudnall, S.D., Aisenberg, A., Jacobson, J.O. and Harris, N.L. (1994) "Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with Hodgkin's like cells is associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection", Modern Pathology 7, 91-98.
39. Cuneo, A., de Angeli, C., Roberti, M.G., Piva, N., Bigoni, R., Gandini, D., Rigolin, G.M., Moretti, S., Cavazzini, P., del Senno, L. and Castoldi, G. (1996) "Richter's syndrome in a case of typical chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with the q(11,14) (q13; q32): role for a p 53 exon 7 gene mutation", British Journal of Haematology 92, 375-381.
40. Matolcsy, A., Casali, P. and Knowles, D.M. (1995) "Different clonal origin of B-cell populations of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and large-cell lymphoma in Richter's syndrome", Annales of New York Academy of Sciences 764, 496-503.
41. Matolcsy, A. (1999) "High grade transformation of low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphomas: mechanism of tumor progression", Leukemia amd Lymphoma 34, 251-259.
42. INK4a gene inactivation by deletions, mutations and hypermethylation is associated with transformed and aggressive variants of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas", Blood 91, 2977-2984.
43. Gaidano, G., Ballerini, P., Gong, J.Z., Inghirami, G., Neri, A., Newcomb, E.W., Magrath, I.T., Knowles, M. and Dalla-Favera, R. (1991) "p53 mutations in human lymphoid malignancies: association with Burkitt lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Proclinings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 88, 5413-5417.
44. Ichikawa, A., Hotta, T., Takagi, N., Tsushita, K., Kinoshita, T., Nagai, H., Murakami, Y., Hayashi, K. and Saito, H. (1992) " Mutation of p53 gene and their relation to disease progression in B-cell lymphoma", Blood 79, 2701-2707.
45. Arranz, E., Martinez, B., Richart, A., Echezarreta, G., Roman, A., Rivas, C. and Benitez, J. (1998) "Increased C-MYC oncogene copy number detected with combined modified comparative genomic hybridization and FISH analysis in a Richter syndrome case with complex karyotype", Cancer Genet Cytogenet 106, 80-83.
46. Golay, J., Luppi, M., Songia, S., Palvarini, C., Lombardi, L., Aiello, A., Delia, D., Lam, K., Crawford, D.H., Biondi, A., Barbui, T., Rambaldi, A. and Introna, M. (1996) "Expression of A-my, but not c-myb and B-myb, is restricted to Burkitt's lymphoma, sIg+ B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemias", Blood 87, 1900-1911.
47. Fulop, Z., Csenuis, B., Timar, B., Szepesi, A. and Matolcsy, A. (2003) "Microsattellite instability and hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation in Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia 17, 411-415.
48. Catovsky, D. and Foa, R. (1990) B-cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in: The Lymphoid Leukemias (Batterworths, London), pp. 73-112.
49. Pocock, C., Matutes, E., Wotherspoon, A., Cunningham, D. and Catovsky, D. (1998) "Fludarabine therapy may precipitate large cell transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia but not in follicular lymphoma", Blood 92(Suppl. 1), 429a, (abstract 1774).
50. Tabateau, S., Garidi, R., Fernandes, J., Vaida, I., Capiod, J.C., Legrand, S. and Desablens, B. (2000) "Fludarabine (FAMP) and risk of occurence of Richter's syndrome among B-CLL", Blood 96 Suppl. 1), 295b (abstract 5019).
51. Keating, M.J., O'Brien, S., Kantarjian, H., Plunkett, W., Estey, E., Koller, C., Beran, M. and Freireich, E.J. (1993) "Long term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine as a single agent", Blood 81, 2878-2884.
52. Jelic, C., Jovanovic, V., Milanovic, N., Marinkovic, M., Kovcin, V., Milosevic, D. and Vhajic, M. (1997) "Richter syndrome with emphasis on large-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in previously unrecognized subclinical chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Neoplasma 44, 63-68.
53. Giles, F.J., O'Brien, S., Kantarjian, H.M., Estey, E., Koller, C., Plunkett, W., Yang, L.Y., Seymour, J., Robertson, L.E., Lerner, S. and Keating, M.J. (1996) "Sequential cis-platinum, fludarabine and arabinosil cytosine (CFA) in patients with Richter's syndrome", Blood 88(Suppl. 1), 93a (abstract 360).
54. Tsimberidou, A.M., Kantarjian, H.M., Cortes, J., Thomas, D.A., Faderl, S., Garcia-Manero, G., Verstovsek, S., Ferrajoli, A., Wierda, W., Alvarado, Y., O'Brien, S.M., Albitar, M., Keating, M.J. and Giles, F.J. (2003) "Fractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, liposomal daunorubicin and dexamethasone plus rituximab and granulocyte-macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) alternating with methothrexate and cytarabine plus rituximab and GM-CSF in patients with Richter syndrome or fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Cancer 97, 1711-1720.
55. Tsimberidou, A.M., Murray, J.L., O'Brien, S., Wierda, W.G. and Keating, M.J. (2004) "Yttrium-90 ibritumomab tiuxetan radioimmunotherapy in Richter syndrome", Cancer 100, 2195-2200.
56. Rodriguez, J., Keating, M.J., O'Brien, S., Champlin, R.E. and Khouri, I.F. (2000) "Allogenic haematopoietic transplantation for Richter's syndrome", British Journal of Haematology 110, 897-899.
57. Morrison, V.A., Rai, K.R., Peterson, B.L., Kolitz, J.E., Elias, L., Hines, J.D., Shepherd, R.A., Larson, R.A. and Schiffer, C.A. (1999) "Transformation to Richter's syndrome or prolymphocytic leukemia (PLL) and other second hematologic malignancies in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): an Intergroup Study (CALGB 9011 (abstr)", Blood 94(Suppl. 1), 539a.
58. Foucar, K. (1995) In: Foucar, K., ed., Chronic lymphoproliferated Disorders in: Bone Marrow Pathology (III ASCP Press, Chicago), pp 275-314.
59. Lerner, D., Esteves, C. and de Oliveira, M.S. (1994) "B-CLL in PLL transformation associated with hypercalcemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma 12, 321-325.
60. Robak, T. (2004) "Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of chronic lymphoid leukemias", Leukemia and Lymphom 45, 205-219.
61. Brown, S.A., Philips, J., Ahsan, G. and Slater, N.G. (1998) "Coexistent hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma 30, 203-209.
62. Gine, E., Bosch, F., Villamor, N., Rozman, M., Colomer, D., Lopez-Guillermo, A., Campo, E. and Montserrat, E. (2002) " Simultaneous diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic: a frequent association", Leukemia 16, 1454-1459.
63. Sokol, L. and Agosti, S.J. (2004) "Simultaneous manifestation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and hairy cell leukemia (HCL)", American Journal of Hematology 75, 107-109.
64. Duchayne, E., Delsol, G., Kuhlein, E., Klein, B., Zhang, X.G., Attal, M., Cassard, G. and Laurent, G. (1991) "Hairy cell transformation of a B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a morphological, cytochemical, phenotypic and molecular study", Leukemia 5, 150-155.
65. Zielger-Heitbrock, H.W., Munker, R., Dorken, B., Gaedicke, G. and Thiel, E. (1986) "Induction of feactures characteristic of hairy cell leukemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and prolymphocytic leukemia cells", Cancer Research 46, 2172-2178.
66. Wormsley, S.B., Baird, S.M., Gadol, N., Rai, K.R. and Sobol, R.E. (1990) "Characteristic of CD11c+ CD5+ chronic B-cell leukemias and the identification of novel peripheral blood B-cell subsets with chronic lymphoid leukemia immunophenotypes", Blood 76, 123-130.
67. Heimann, P.S., Vardiman, J.W., Stock, W., Platanias, L.C. and Golomb, H.M. (1990) "CD5+, CD11c+, CD20+ hairy cell leukemia", Blood 76, 1617-1618.
68. Fayad, L., Robertson, L.E., O'Brien, S., Manning, J.T., Wright, S., Hagemeister, F., Cabanillas, F. and Keating, M. (1996) "Hodgkin's disease variant of Richter's syndrome: experience at a single institution", Leukemia and Lymphoma 23, 333-337.
69. Van der Berg, A., Maggio, E., Rust, R., Kooistra, K., Diepstra, A. and Poppena, S. (2002) "Clonal relation in a case of CLL, ALCL and Hodgkin composite lymphoma", Blood 100, 1425-1429.
70. Brecher, M. and Banks, P.M. (1990) "Hodgkin's disease variant of Richter's syndrome. report of eight cases", American Journal of Clinical Pathology 93, 333-339.
71. Butts, C., Drouin, J., Taylor, R. and McLeish, W. (1995) "Hodgkin's disease in CLL", American Journal of Hematology 48 134-135.
72. Weisenberg, E., Anastasi, J., Adeyanju, M., Variakojis, D. and Vardiman, J.W. (1995) "Hodgkin's disease associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Eight additional cases, including two of the nodular lymphocyte predominant type", American Journal of Clinical Pathology 103, 479-484.
73. Cha, I., Herndier, B.G., Glassberg, A.B. and Hamill, T.R. (1996) "A case of composite Hodgkin's disease and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in bone marrow. Lack of Epstein-Barr virus", Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 120, 386-389.
74. Ohno, T., Smir, B.N., Weisenburger, D.D., Gascoyne, R.D., Hinrichs, S.D. and Chan, W.C. (1998) "Origin of the Hodgkin/Reed Sternberg cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with 'Hodgkin's transformation'" Blood 91, 1757-1761.
75. Pescarmona, E., Pignoloni, P., Mauro, F.R., Cerretti, R., Anselmo, A.P., Mandelli, F. and Baroni, C.D. (2002) "Hodgkin/Reed-Sternberg cells and Hodgkin's disease in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: an immunohistological, molecular and clinical study of four cases suggesting a heterogenous pathogenetic background", Virchows Archive 437, 129-132.
76. Juneja, S., Carney, D., Ellis, D., Januszewicz, E.H., Wolf, M. and Prince, H.M. (1999) "Hodgkin's disease type Richter's syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia 13, 826-827.
77. Petrella, T., Yaziji, N., Collin, F., Rifle, G., Morlevat, F., Arnould, L., Fargeot, P. and Depret, O. (1997) "Implication of the Epstein-Barr virus in the progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma to Hodgkin-like lymphomas", Anticancer Research 17, 3907-3913.
78. O'Sulivan, M.J., Kaleem, Z., Bolger, M.J., Swanson, P.E. and Zutter, M.M. (2000) "Composite prolymphocytoid and Hodgkin transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 124, 907-909.
79. Zinzani, P., Tani, M., Stefoni, V., Piccaluga, P.P., Baccarani, M., Pileri, S. and Ascani, S. (2002) "From chronic lymphocytic leukemia to Hodgkin's disease: a case of prognostically favorable transformation", Leukemia Research 26, 775-776.
80. Nemets, A., Ben Dor, D., Barry, T., Ducach, A., Blumental, R., Ben Alon, D. and Lugassy, G. (2003) "Variant Richter's syndrome: a rare case of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma developing in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine" , Leukemia and Lymphoma 44, 2151-2154.
81. Robak, T., Szmigielska-KapŁon, A., Smolewski, P., Wawrzyniak, E., Korycka, A., Bartkowiak, J. and Kordek, R. (2003) "Hodgkin's type of Richter's syndrome in familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with cladribine and cyclophosphamide", Leukemia and Lymphoma 44, 859-866.
82. Hoffman, K.D. and Rudders, R.A. (1977) "Multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a single individual", Archives of Internal Medicine 137, 232-235.
83. Brouet, J.C., Fermand, J.P., Laurent, G., Grange, M.J., Chevalier, A., Jacguillat, C. and Seligmann, M. (1985) "The association of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma: a study of eleven patients", British Journal of Haematology 59, 55-66.
84. Jeha, M.T., Hamblin, T.J. and Smith, J.L. (1981) "Coincident chronic lymphocytic leukemia and osteosclerotic multiple myeloma", Blood 57, 617-619.
85. Saltman, D.L., Ross, J.A., Banks, R.E., Ross, F.M., Ford, A.M. and Mackie, M.J. (1989) "Molecular evidence for a single clonal origin in biphenotypic concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma", Blood 74, 2062-2065.
86. Novak, P.M., Mattson, J.C., Crisan, D., Chen, J., Poulik, M.D. and Decker, D. (1995) "Separate clones in concomitant multiple myeloma and a second B-cell neoplasm demonstrated by molecular and immunophenotypic analysis", European Journal of Haematology 54 254-261.
87. Zalcberg, J.R., Cornell, F.N., Ireton, H.J., McGrath, K.M., McLachlan, R., Woodruff, R.K. and Wiley, J.S. (1982) "Chronic lymphatic leukemia developing in a patient with multiple myeloma: immunologic demonstration of a clonally distinct second malignancy" , Cancer 50, 594-597.
88. Pines, A., Ben-Bassat, I., Selzer, G. and Ramot, B. (1984) "Tranformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to plasmacytoma" , Cancer 54, 1904-1907.
89. Shpilberg, O., Mark, Z., Biniaminov, M., Rosner, E., Rosenthal, E., Gipsh, N., Rubanov, V., Rachmilewitz, E., Brok-Simoni, F., Rechavi, G., et al. (1995) "Transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to multiple myeloma: clonal evolution of second malignancy", Leukemia 11, 1974-1978.
90. Makower, D., Venkatraj, U., Dutcher, J.P. and Wiernik, P.H. (1996) "Occurrence of myeloma in a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients after response to differentiation therapy with interleukin-4", Leukemia and Lymphoma 23, 617-619.
91. Patriarca, F., Gaidano, G., Capello, D., Zaja, F., Fanin, R. and Baccarani, M. (2000) "Occurrence of multiple myeloma after fludarabine treatment of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence of a biclonal derivation and clinical response to autologous stem cell transplantation", Haematologica 85, 982-985.
92. Aktan, M., Akkaya, A., Dogan, O. and Dincol, G. (2003) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma in the same patient: case report", Leukemia and Lymphoma 44, 1421-1424.
93. Kough, R.M. and Makary, A.Z. (1978) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) terminating in multiple myeloma", Blood 52, 532.
94. Chang, H., Wechalekar, A., Li, L. and Reece, D. (2004) "Molecular cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with concurrent chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma shown by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization, evidence of distinct clonal origin", Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 148, 44-48.
95. Browett, P.J., Leber, B.F., Coustan-Smith, E. and Norton, J.D. (1988) "Independent clonal origin of coexisting chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma", British Journal of Haematology 70, 126-127.
96. Fermand, J.P., James, J.M., Herait, P. and Brouet, J.C. (1985) "Associated chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma: origin from a single clone", Blood 66, 291-293.
97. Kaufmann, H., Ackerman, J., Nosslinger, T., Kromer, E., Zojer, N., Schreiber, S., Urbauer, E., Hainz, R., Ludwig, H. and Drach, J. (2001) "Absence of clonal chromosomal relationship between concomitant B-CLL and multiple myeloma: a report on two cases", Annals of Hematology 80, 474-478.
98. Barton, J.C. (2003) "Thalidomide and dexamethasone therapy of myeloma in a patient with previously untreated B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia", American Journal of Hematology 74, 205-207.
99. Brouet, J.C., Preud'homme, J.L., Seligmann, M. and Bernard, J. (1973) "Blast cells with monoclonal surface immunoglobulin in two cases of acute blast crisis supervening on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", British Medical Journal 4, 23-24.
100. Frenkel, E.P., Ligler, F.S., Graham, M.S., Hernandez, J.A., Kettman, J.R. and Smith, R.G. (1981) "Acute lymphocytic leukemic transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: substantiation by flow cytometry", American Journal of Hematology 10, 391-398.
101. Laurent, G., Gourdin, M.F., Flandrin, G., Kuhlein, E., Pris, J. and Reyes, F. (1981) "Acute blast crisis in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Immunoperoxidase study", Acta Haematologica 65, 60-66.
102. Miller, A.L.C., Habershaw, J.A., Dhaliwhal, H.S. and Lister, T.A. (1984) "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia presenting as a blast cell crisis", Leukemia Research 8, 905-912.
103. Ifrah, N., Renier, G., Saint Andre, J.P., Gardais, J., Hurez, D. and Boasson, M. (1987) "Blast crisis supervening on chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", European Journal of Haematology 39, 376-382.
104. Torelli, U.L., Torelli, G.M., Emilia, G., Selleri, L., Venturelli, D., Artusi, T., Donelli, A., Colo, A. and Fornieri, C. (1987) "Simultaneously increased expression of the c-myc and chain genes in the acute blastic transformation of a chronic lymphocytic leukaemia", British Journal of Haematology 65, 165-170.
105. Gutteridge, C.N. and Newland, A.C. (1986) "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia complicating null cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia", Clinical Laboratory and Hematology 8, 77-79.
106. Preud'homme, C., Lepelley, P., Lovi, V., Zandecki, M., Lovi, V., Zandecki, M., Cosson, A. and Fenaux, P. (1993) "T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurring in the course of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. A case report", Leukemia and Lymphoma 18 361-364.
107. Mohaned, A.N., Compean, R., Dane, M.E., Smith, M.R. and Al-Katib, A. (1996) "Clonal evolution of chronic lymphocytic leukemia to acute lymphoblastic leukemia", Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 86, 143-146.
108. Bueno, J., Irrignible, M.D. and Palacio, C. (2002) "Simultaneous occurrence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and lymphoblastic leukemia", Haematologica 87, 11.
109. Zarabi, M.H., Grunwald, H.W. and Rossner, F. (1997) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia terminating in acute leukemia", Archives of Internal Medicine 137, 1059-1064.
110. Stern, N., Shemesh, J. and Ramot, B. (1981) "Chronic lymphatic leukemia terminating in acute myeloid leukemia. Review of the literature", Cancer 47, 1849-1851.
111. Caballero, M.D., Gonzalez, M., Canizo, M.C., Orfao, A., Nieto, M.J. and San-Miguel, J.F. (1992) "Concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute myeloid leukemia. Complete remission of CLL achieved with high-dose cytosine arabinoside", Leukemia 6, 856-858.
112. Conlan, M.G. and Mosher, D.F. (1989) "Concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, and thrombosis with protein C deficiency. Case report and review of the literature", Cancer 63, 1398-1401.
113. Lima, M., Porto, B., Rodrigues, M., Teixaira, M.A., Coutinho, J., Ribeiro, A.C., Malheiro, M.I. and Justica, B. (1996) " Cytogenetic findings in a patient presenting simultaneously with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia", Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 87, 38-40.
114. Mateu, R., Bellido, M., Sureda, A., Gonzalez, Y., Rubiol, E., Aventin, A. and Nomdedeu, J. (1997) "Concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia with an uncommon immunophenotype", American Journal of Hematology 56, 281-287.
115. Tamul, K.R., Meyers, D.C., Bentley, S.A. and Folds, J.D. (1994) "Two collor flow cytometric analysis of concomitant acute myeloid leukemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Cytometry 18, 30-34.
116. Gomez-Arbones, J., Gallart, M.A., Mellado, A., Marco, V., Panades, M.J. and Macia, J.M. (1997) "Concomitant diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Importance of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of CLL without lymphocytisis accompanying AML", European Journal of Haematology 59, 335-337.
117. Yenerel, M.N., Hatemi, I. and Keskin, H. (1999) "Concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia diagnosed by two color flow cytometric analysis", Haematologica 84, 766-767.
118. Wallis, J.P. and Joyner, M.V. (1986) "Acute myeloid leukemia developing in a patient with longstanding untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Acta Haematologica 75, 229-231.
119. Bracey, A.W., Maddox, A.M., Immken, L., Hsu, S.M. and Marks, M.E. (1989) "Coexistence of myelodysplastic syndrome and untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia with development of acute myeloid leukemia immediately after treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia", American Journal of Hematology 30, 174-180.
120. Manoharan, A., Catovsky, D., Clein, P., Traub, D.E., Costello, C., O'Brien, M., Boralessa, H. and Galton, D.A. (1981) "Simultaneous or spontaneous occurrence of lympho - and myeloproliferative disorders: a report of four cases", British Journal of Haematology 48, 111-116.
121. Bracey, A.W., Maddox, A.M., Imken, L., Hsu, S.M. and Marks, M.E. (1989) "Co-existence of myelodysplastic syndrome and untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia with development of acute myeloid leukemia immediately after treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia", American Journal of Hematology 30, 174-180.
122. Bastion, Y., Thomas, X., Felman, P., Campos, L., Charrin, C. and Coiffier, B. (1991) "High risk myelodysplastic syndrome coexistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia for more than 9 years: inhibition of the myeloid clone by the lymphoid clone", Leukemia 5, 1006-1009.
123. Ferrara, F., Del Vecchio, L., Antonolfi, I., Mele, G., Rametta, V. and Cimino, R. (1992) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia coexisting with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia", Haematologica 77, 171-173.
124. Tambone-Reyes, M., Di Marco, P., Tinnirello, D., Grisanti, S. and Citarrella, P. (1992) "Successful treatment of two cases of myelodysplastic syndrome coexistent with chronic lymphocytic leukemia with lymphoblastoid interferon", Leukemia Research 16, 1055-1066.
125. Rupniewska, Z.M., Roliński, J., Siedlecki, J.A., Kulik, J., Bieganowski, P., Pienkowska, B., Rygier, J., Rozynkowa, D. and Wach, M. (1993) "Myelodysplastic syndrome associated with clonal proliferation of B lymphocytes", Acta Haematologica Polonica 24, 57-64.
126. Robertson, L.E., Estey, E., Kantarjian, H., Koller, C., O'Brien, S., Brown, B. and Keating, M.J. (1994) "Therapy related leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia 82, 2047-2051.
127. Sylvester, L.S., Nowell, P.C., Bonner, H., Moreau, L. and Moore, J.S. (1997) "Concurrent diagnosic of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome", Leukemia Research 21, 619-621.
128. Robak, T., Urbańska-Ryś, H., Smolewski, P., Wawrzyniak, E., Korycka, A., Kordek, R. and Bartkowiak, J. (2003) "Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia coexisting with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma 44, 2001-2008.
129. Lai, R., Arber, D.A., Brynes, R.K., Chan, O. and Chang, K.L. (1999) "Untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia concurrent with or followed by acute myleogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome", American Journal of Clinical Pathology 111, 373-378.
130. Lima, M., Porto, D., Rodrigues, M., Teixeira, M.A., Coutinho, J., Ribeiro, A.C., Malheiro, M.I. and Justica, B. (1996) " Cytogenetic findings in a patient presenting simultaneously with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukemia", Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 87, 38-40.
131. Ornellas de Souza, M.H., de Souza Fernandez, T., Diamond, H.R., Maioli, M.C., Pitanga Bacha, P.C. and de Lucena, S.B. (2001) "Cytogenetic and immunophenotypic evidence of independent clonal origins of concomitant chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute myeloid leukaemia", European Journal of Haematology 66, 281-283.
132. Waldman, T.A., Strober, W. and Blaese, R.M. (1972) "Immunodeficiency and malignancy: various immunologic deficiencies of man and the role of immune processes in the control of malignant disease", Annales of Internal Medicine 77, 605-628.
133. Barresi, G.M., Albitar, M. and O'Brien, S. (2000) "Acute myeloid leukemia, inversion 16, occuring in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma 38, 621-625.
134. Robertson, L.E., Estey, E., Kantarjian, H.M., Koller, C., O'Brian, S., Brown, B. and Keating, J. (1997) "Therapy related leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia 8, 2047-2051.
135. Morrison, V.A., Rai, K.R., Peterson, B.L., Kolitz, J.E., Elias, L., Appelbaum, F.R., Hines, J.D., Shepherd, L., Larson, R.A. and Schiffer, C.A. (2002) "Therapy-related myeloid leukemias are observed in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after treatment with fludarabine and chlorambucil: results of an Intergroup Study. Cancer and Leukemia Group B9011", Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, 3878-3884.
136. Visani, G., Pegano, L., Pulsoni, A., Tosi, P., Piccaluga, P.P., Pastano, R., Grafone, T., Malagola, M., Isidori, A. and Tura, S. (2000) "Chemotherapy of secondary leukemias", Leukemia and Lymphoma 37, 543-549.
137. Molero, T., Lames, A., de la Iglesia, S., Gomez Casares, M.T., del Mar Perera, M. and Jimenez, S. (2001) "Acute promyelocytic leukemia developing after radiotherapy for prostate cancer in a patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics 131, 141-143.
138. Ellis, J.T., Peterson, P., Geller, S.A. and Rappaport, H. (1986) "Studies of the bone marrow in polycythemia vera and the evolution of myelofibrosis and second hematologic malignancies", Seminars in Hematology 23, 144-155.
139. Taberner, D.A., Chang, J. and Otridge, B.W. (1977) "Co-existent chronic lymphocytic leukemia with polycythemia vera", Postgraduate Medicine Journal 53, 222-223.
140. Papayannis, A.G., Nikiforakis, E. and Aanagnostou-Keramida, D. (1982) "Development of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in a patient with polycythemia vera", Scandinavian Journal of Hematology 29, 65-69.
141. Kimura, A., Hyodo, H., Nakata, Y. and Kuramoto, A. (1993) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with bone marrow fibrosis possible role of interleukin 1-alpha in the pathogenesis", American Journal of Hematology 43, 47-50.
142. Lennard, A.L. and Proctor, S.J. (1984) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia terminating in acute myelofibrosis", Journal of Clinical Pathology 37, 564-567.
143. Benvenisti, D.S. and DeBellis, R.H. (1969) "Carcinoma of the breast, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, macroglobulinemia, eosinophilic chloroma and myelosclerosis a unique association", Cancer 23 1204-1209.
144. Louwagie, A.C., Desmet, V.J. and Van den Berghe, H. (1973) "Coexistence of a myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorder", Scandiavian Journal of Haematology 11, 350-355.
145. Kaufman, S., Iuclea, S. and Reif, R. (1987) "Idiopathic myelofibrosis complicated by chronic lymphatic leukaemia", Clinical Laboratory and Haematology 9, 81-84.
146. Zylberait, D., Audebert, A.A., Grolleau, Y., Krulik, M., Hervouet, D. and Debray, J. (1981) "Two cases of agnogenic myeloid metaplasia associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Nouvelle Revue Francaise d'Hematologie 23, 111-115.
147. Nieto, L.H., Raya-Sanchez, J.M., Arguelles, H.A., Brito Barroso, M.L. and Gonzalez, B.G. (2000) "A case of chronic lymphocytic leukemia overwhelmed by rapidly progressive idiopathic myelofibrosis", Haematologica 85, 973-977.
148. Wang, G., Ahn, Y.S., Whitcomb, C.C. and Harrington, W.J. (1984) "Development of polycythemia vera and chronic lymphocytic leukemia during the course of refractory idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura", Cancer 53, 1770-1776.
149. Polkowska-Kulesza, E., Matusewicz, W., Gołȩbiowska, A., Najder, M., Urbańska-Ryś, H. and Jodłowska, E. (1988) "The coexistence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and polycythaemia vera terminating in acute myeloid leukemia", Folia Haematologica (Leipzig) 115, 647-652.
150. Mossafa, H., Fourcade, C., Pulic, M., Jary, L., Cheze, S., Szpiro-Tapia, S. and Troussard, X. (2001) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia associated with myelodysplastic syndrome and/or chronic myeloid leukemia: evidence for independent clonal chromosomal evolution", Leukemia and Lymphoma 41, 337-341.
151. Crescenzi, B., Sacchi, S., Marasca, R., Temperani, P., LaStarza, R., Matteucci, C., Bonacorsi, G., Romoli, S., Martelli, M.F., Mecucci, C. and Emilia, G. (2002) "Distinct genomic events in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages in simultaneous presentation of chronic myeloid leukemia and B-chronic lymphoocytic leukemia", Leukemia 16, 955-956.
152. Gabrail, N.Y. and Martin, T.W. (1991) "Coexistence of essential thrombocythemia and chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Acta Haematologica 85, 31-33.
153. Marcos Sanchez, F., Juarez-Ucelay, F., Lobato de Blas, C., Llanos del Ama, M.L. and Duran-Perez-Navarro, A. (1995) " Simultaneous presentation of chronic lymphocytic leukosis and essential thrombocythemia", Anales de Medicina Interna 12, 566.
154. Bizzaro, N. (1998) "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia in a patient with essential thrombocythemia", Clinical and Laboratory Haematology 20, 377-379.
155. Robak, T., Urbańska-Ryś, H., Góra-Tybor, J., Wawrzyniak, E., Korycka, A., Bartkowiak, J., Kordek, R. and Polliack, A. (2003) "Coexistence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and essential thrombocythemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma 44, 1425-1431.
156. Salim, R., Wang, L., Lin, K. and Clark, R.E. (2002) "Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia developing in the course of chronic myeloid leukaemia", Leukemia and Lymphoma 43, 2225-2227.
157. Nanjangud, G.J., Saikia, T.K., Chopra, H., Kadam, P.R. and Advani, S.H. (1996) "Development of Ph positive chronic myeloid leukemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with total body irradiation: a rare association", Leukemia and Lymphoma 22, 355-359.
158. Mansat-de-Mas, V., Rigal-Hugued, F., Cassar, G., Kuhlein, E., Laurent, G. and Dastugue, N. (2003) "Chronic myeloid leukemia associated with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: evidence of two separate clones as show by combined cell-sorting and fluoroscence in situ hybrydisation", Leukemia and Lymphoma 44, 867-869.
159. Crescenzi, B., Sacchi, S., Marasca, R., Temperani, P., LaStarza, R., Matteucci, C., Bonacorsi, G., Romoli, S., Martelli, M.F., Mecucci, C. and Emilia, G. (2002) "Distinct genomic events in the myeloid and lymphoid lineages in simultaneous presentation of chronic myeloid leukemia and B - chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia 16, 955-956.
160. Leoni, F., Ferrini, P.R., Castoldi, G.L., Pata, M., del Prete, G.F. and Tomasi, P. (1987) "Simultaneous occurence of chronic granulocytic leukemia and chronic lymphoid leukemia", Haematologica 72, 253-256.
161. Narni, F., Colo, A., Venturelli, D., Selleri, L., Tabilio, A., Artusi, T., DiPrisco, U., Torelli, G. and Torelli, U. (1987) "Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor beta chain gene rearrangement as lineage markers in human leukemias: a study of 78 cases", Hematologica 72, 391-397.
162. Esteve, J., Cervantes, F., Rives, S., Rozman, M., Zarco, M.A. and Montserrat, E. (1997) "Simultaneous occurrence of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia with further evolution to lymphoid blast crisis", Haematologia 82, 596-599.
163. McCarthy, D.M. (1985) "Annotation. Fibrosis of the bone marrow: content and causes", British Journal of Haematology 59 1-7.
164. Hisada, M., Biggar, R.J., Greene, M.H., Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. and Travis, L.B. (2001) "Solid tumors after chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Blood 98, 1979-1981.
165. Parekh, K., Rusch, V. and Kris, M. (1999) "The clinical course of lung carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Cancer 86, 1720-1723.
166. McKenna, D.B., Stockton, D., Brewster, D.H. and Doherty, V.R. (2003) "Evidence for an association between cutaneous malignant melanoma and lymphoid malignancy: a population - based retrospective cohorty study in Scotland", British Journal of Science 88, 74-78.
167. Manusow, D. and Weinerman, B.H. (1975) "Subsequent neoplasia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Journal of the American Medical Association 223, 267-269.
168. Stavraky, K.M., Watson, T.A., White, D.F. and Miles, E.M. (1970) "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia and subsequent cancer in the same patient", Cancer 26, 410-414.
169. Kyasa, M.J., Hazlett, L., Parrish, R.S., Schichman, S.A. and Zent, C.S. (2004) "Veterans with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) have a markedly increased rate of second malignancy, which is the most common cause of death", Leukemia and Lymphoma 45, 507-513.
170. Caigaris-Cappio, F. (2002) "What are we learning from familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia", Leukemia Research 26 779-780.
171. Brownson, R.C. (1989) "Cigarette smoking and risk of leukemia", Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 42, 1025-1026.
172. Brown, L.M., Gibson, R., Blair, A., Burmeister, L.F., Schuman, L.M., Cantor, K.P. and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. (1992) "Smoking and risk of leukemia", American Journal of Epidemiology 35, 763-768.
173. Greene, M.H., Hoover, R.N. and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. (1978) " Subsequent cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia - a possible immunologic mechanism", Journal of the National Cancer Institute 61, 337-340.
174. Bertoldero, G., Scribano, G., Podda, L., Berti, R. and Anadori, G. (1994) "Occurance of second neoplasms in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Experience at Padua Hospital between 1979 and 1991", Annals of Hematology 69, 195-198.
175. Mauro, F.R., Foa, R., Gannarelli, D., Cordone, I., Crescenzi, S., Pescarmona, E., Sala, R., Cerretti, R. and Mandeli, F. (1999) "Clinical characteristics and outcome of young chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: a single institution study of 204 cases", Blood 94, 448-454.
176. Travis, L.B., Curtis, R.E., Boice, J.D., Jr., Hankey, B.F. and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. (1991) "Second cancer following non-Hodgin's lymphoma", Cancer 67, 2002-2009.
177. Seymour, J.F., Kurzrock, R., Freireich, E.J. and Estey, E.H. (1994) "2-Chlorodeoxyadenosine induces durable remissions and prolonged suppression of CD4+ lymphocyte counts in patients with hairy cell leukemia", Blood 83, 2906-2911.
178. Cheson, B.D. (1995) "Infectious and immunosuppresssive complications of purine analog therapy", Journal of Clinical Oncology 13, 2431-2448.
179. Brown, L.M., Gibson, R., Blair, A., Burmeister, L.F., Schuman, L.M., Cantor, K.P. and Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. (1992) "Smoking and risk of leukemia", American Journal of Epidemiology 135, 763-768.