Cultural governance and pictorial resistance: Reflections on the imaging of war

Review of International Studies

Volumn 29, Issue SPEC. ISS., 2003, Pages 57-73

  Campbell, David ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 12144289316     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210503005977     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Michael J. Shapiro, Methods and Nations: Cultural Governance and the Indigenous Subject (New York: Routledge, 2004), especially chs. 4-6.
2. For an argument about the theoretical interdependence of governance (power) and resistance, see David Campbell, 'Why Fight: Humanitarianism, Principles and Poststructuralism', Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 27:3 (1998), pp. 497-521.
3. See John J. Fialka, Hotel Warriors: Covering the Gulf War (Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center, 1992).
4. 'In the War on Terrorism, a Battle to Shape Public Opinion', New York Times, 11 November 2001, 〈http://nytimes.com/2001/11/11/politics/11PROP. html〉
5. Maureen Dowd, 'Coyote Rummy', New York Times, 24 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/24/opinion/24DOWD.html〉. See examples of this given in Frank Rich, 'Freedom from the Press', New York Times, 2 March 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/02/opinion/02RICH.html〉
6. Maureen Dowd, 'Coyote Rummy', New York Times, 24 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/24/opinion/24DOWD.html〉. See examples of this given in Frank Rich, 'Freedom from the Press', New York Times, 2 March 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/02/opinion/02RICH.html〉
7. 'A Public Flooded with Images from Friend and Foe Alike', New York Times, 10 October 2001, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/10/arts/television/ 10NOTE.html〉
8. For the images, see 'Revealed: How Bungled US Raid Came Close to Disaster', The Guardian, 6 November 2001, p. 1. For the background account of the raid and its filming, see Seymour M. Hersh, 'Escape and Evasion', The New Yorker, 12 November 2001, 〈http://www.newyorker.com/PRINTABLE/?FACT/ 011112fa_FACT〉
9. For the images, see 'Revealed: How Bungled US Raid Came Close to Disaster', The Guardian, 6 November 2001, p. 1. For the background account of the raid and its filming, see Seymour M. Hersh, 'Escape and Evasion', The New Yorker, 12 November 2001, 〈http://www.newyorker.com/PRINTABLE/?FACT/ 011112fa_FACT〉
10. 'Bush Will Keep Wartime Office Promoting America', New York Times, 20 February 2002, 7lang;http://nytimes.com/2002/02/20/international/20INFO. html〉
11. 'Pentagon Readies Efforts to Sway Sentiment Abroad', New York Times, 19 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/19/international/19PENT. html〉
12. 'New Agency Will Not Lie, Top Pentagon Officials Say', New York Times, 21 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/21/international/21 INFO.html〉
13. 'Pentagon May Eliminate New Office of Influence', The New York Times, 25 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/politics/25CND-MILI. html〉 'Rumsfeld Formally Disbands Office of Strategic Influence,' New York Times, 26 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/26/national/26CND- PENTAG.html〉
14. 'Pentagon May Eliminate New Office of Influence', The New York Times, 25 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/25/politics/25CND-MILI. html〉 'Rumsfeld Formally Disbands Office of Strategic Influence,' New York Times, 26 February 2002, 〈http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/26/national/26CND- PENTAG.html〉
15. 'American Life Turns Into Bad Jerry Bruckheimer Movie', The Onion, 26 September 2001, 〈http://www.theonion.com/onion3734/ american _life_turns_into.html〉
16. '"Reality TV" About GIs on War Duty', New York Times, 21 February 2002, available from the New York Times on-line archive.
17. For details of the show, see its official web site at 〈http://abc.go.com/primetime/profiles〉
18. 'Hollywood Signs on to Assist War Effort', Los Angeles Times, 12 November 2001, 〈http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-111201holly.story〉
19. 'Hollywood Helps CIA Come in From the Cold", The Guardian, 6 September 2001, 〈http://www. guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4251281, 00.html〉, 'The Caring, Sharing CIA', The Guardian, 5 October 2001, 〈http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4270257,00.html〉
20. 'Hollywood Helps CIA Come in From the Cold", The Guardian, 6 September 2001, 〈http://www. guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4251281, 00.html〉, 'The Caring, Sharing CIA', The Guardian, 5 October 2001, 〈http://www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4270257,00.html〉
21. For details, see the on-line resource The RMA Debate at 〈http://www.comw.org/rma/index.html〉
22. James Der Derian, Virtuous War: Mapping the Military-Industrial-Media- Entertainment Network (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2001).
23. Ibid, xx.
24. Ibid, xviii.
25. John Kampfner, 'War Spin', Correspondent, BBC2, 18 May 2003. For critical accounts of the CMC operation, see Michael Wolff, 'You know less than when you arrived', The Guardian (Media supplement), 31 March 2003, 〈http://media. guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,925900,00.html〉; Wolff, 'I was only asking', The Guardian (Media supplement), 14 April 2003, 〈http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,936087,00. html〉
26. John Kampfner, 'War Spin', Correspondent, BBC2, 18 May 2003. For critical accounts of the CMC operation, see Michael Wolff, 'You know less than when you arrived', The Guardian (Media supplement), 31 March 2003, 〈http://media. guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,925900,00.html〉; Wolff, 'I was only asking', The Guardian (Media supplement), 14 April 2003, 〈http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,936087,00. html〉
27. John Kampfner, 'War Spin', Correspondent, BBC2, 18 May 2003. For critical accounts of the CMC operation, see Michael Wolff, 'You know less than when you arrived', The Guardian (Media supplement), 31 March 2003, 〈http://media. guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,925900,00.html〉; Wolff, 'I was only asking', The Guardian (Media supplement), 14 April 2003, 〈http://media.guardian.co.uk/mediaguardian/story/0,7558,936087,00. html〉
28. 'Reporting Private Lynch', Washington Post, 20 April 2003, B6.
29. 'In Hoopla Over a POW, A Mirror of US Society', New York Times, 18 April 2003; and To Interview Former POW, CBS Offers Stardom', New York Times 16 June 2003, available from the New York Times on-line archive.
30. 'In Hoopla Over a POW, A Mirror of US Society', New York Times, 18 April 2003; and To Interview Former POW, CBS Offers Stardom', New York Times 16 June 2003, available from the New York Times on-line archive.
31. Kampfner, 'War Spin', Correspondent, BBC2, 18 May 2003; Kampfner, 'The Truth about Jessica', The Guardian (G2 supplement), 15 May 2003, pp. 2-3. Many of these features were confirmed by the Washington Post's re-examination of the story two months after its initial account (which is no longer available in its online archives). See 'A Broken Body, a Broken Story', Washington Post, 17 June 2003, A1.
32. Kampfner, 'War Spin', Correspondent, BBC2, 18 May 2003; Kampfner, 'The Truth about Jessica', The Guardian (G2 supplement), 15 May 2003, pp. 2-3. Many of these features were confirmed by the Washington Post's re-examination of the story two months after its initial account (which is no longer available in its online archives). See 'A Broken Body, a Broken Story', Washington Post, 17 June 2003, A1.
33. Kampfner, 'War Spin', Correspondent, BBC2, 18 May 2003; Kampfner, 'The Truth about Jessica', The Guardian (G2 supplement), 15 May 2003, pp. 2-3. Many of these features were confirmed by the Washington Post's re-examination of the story two months after its initial account (which is no longer available in its online archives). See 'A Broken Body, a Broken Story', Washington Post, 17 June 2003, A1.
34. Jonathan Benthall, Disasters, Relief and the Media (London: I.E. Tauris, 1993), p. 102.
35. Susan Sontag, On Photography (New York: Anchor Books, 1990), pp. 17-18.
36. Fred Ritchin, 'Photojournalism in the Age of Computers', in The Critical Image: Essays on Contemporary Photography, ed. Carol Squiers (Seattle, WA: Bay Press, 1990), pp. 35, 36.
37. William J. Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye: Visual Truth in the Post-Photographic Era (Cambridge MA: MIT Press 1992), p. 225.
38. John Roberts, The Art of Interruption: Realism, Photography and the Everyday (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 221.
39. Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, pp. 44-5; John Taylor, Body Horror Photojournalism, Catastrophe and War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 64.
40. Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, pp. 44-5; John Taylor, Body Horror Photojournalism, Catastrophe and War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), p. 64.
41. Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, pp. 40-2; Taylor, Body Horror, pp. 58-9.
42. Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, pp. 40-2; Taylor, Body Horror, pp. 58-9.
43. Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, p. 43.
44. David D. Perlmutter, Photojournalism and Foreign Policy: Icons of Outrage in International Crises (Wesport, CT: Praeger, 1998), p. 23; Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, p. 43.
45. David D. Perlmutter, Photojournalism and Foreign Policy: Icons of Outrage in International Crises (Wesport, CT: Praeger, 1998), p. 23; Mitchell, The Reconfigured Eye, p. 43.
46. For a full analysis of this controversy, see David Campbell, 'Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia - The Case of ITN versus Living Marxism, Part I', Journal of Human Rights, 1:1 (2002), pp. 1-33; and 'Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia - The Case of ITN versus Living Marxism, Part II', Journal of Human Rights 1:2 (2002), pp. 143-72. Both articles, and the relevant images and video, are available at 〈www.virtualsecurity-net〉
47. For a full analysis of this controversy, see David Campbell, 'Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia - The Case of ITN versus Living Marxism, Part I', Journal of Human Rights, 1:1 (2002), pp. 1-33; and 'Atrocity, Memory, Photography: Imaging the Concentration Camps of Bosnia - The Case of ITN versus Living Marxism, Part II', Journal of Human Rights 1:2 (2002), pp. 143-72. Both articles, and the relevant images and video, are available at 〈www.virtualsecurity-net〉
48. Martha Rosier, 'In, Around, and Afterthoughts (On Documentary Photography)', in The Contest of Meaning: Critical Histories of Photography, ed. by Richard Bolton (Cambridge MA: MIT Press, 1992), p. 337n.
49. William Stott, Documentary Expression and Thirties America (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 61.
50. Ibid, p. 269.
51. Allen Feldman, 'On Cultural Anaesthesia: From Desert Storm to Rodney King', American Ethnologist, 21:2 (May 1994), p. 407; and Liisa Malkki, 'Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization", Cultural Anthropology, 11:3 (1996), p. 386.
52. Allen Feldman, 'On Cultural Anaesthesia: From Desert Storm to Rodney King', American Ethnologist, 21:2 (May 1994), p. 407; and Liisa Malkki, 'Speechless Emissaries: Refugees, Humanitarianism, and Dehistoricization", Cultural Anthropology, 11:3 (1996), p. 386.
53. Cited in Andrea Liss, Trespassing Through the Shadows: Memory, Photography and the Holocaust (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1998, p. xiv.
54. John Tagg, The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographies and Histories (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1993), p. 11.
55. Don McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour: An Autobiography (London, Vintage, 1992), p. 165.
56. Quoted in Pam Roberts, 'War and Peace', in Don McCullin: A Retrospective (London: British Council, 1993), p. 7.
57. Mark Haworth-Booth, 'Introduction', in Don McCullin, Sleeping with Ghosts (London: Jonathan Cape, 1994), p. 11.
58. Mark Holborn, 'Don McCullin', at 〈http://www.hamiltonsgallery.com/ 〉, 20 August 2003.
59. Haworth-Booth, 'Introduction', p. 9. McCullin notes he has always tried to be an 'independent witness - though not an unemotional one'. McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour, p. 101.
60. Haworth-Booth, 'Introduction', p. 9. McCullin notes he has always tried to be an 'independent witness - though not an unemotional one'. McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour, p. 101.
61. Quoted in Peter Hamilton, 'Laying Some Ghosts to Rest', Photographic Journal, 137:7 (1997), p. 299.
62. Chris Townsend, 'Ghostly Vision', British Journal of Photography, 7142 (1997), p. 16.
63. McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour, p. 270.
64. Ibid., pp. 124, 82.
65. Ibid., p. 125.
66. Ibid., p. 165.
67. Hamilton, 'Laying some Ghosts to Rest', p. 299.
68. I b i d.
69. Quoted Ibid., p. 300. The photograph - along with the preceding image showing two guilty-looking GI's looting the body (alongside which there are no personal effects) - can be found in McCullin, Sleeping with Ghosts, pp. 74-5.
70. Quoted Ibid., p. 300. The photograph - along with the preceding image showing two guilty-looking GI's looting the body (alongside which there are no personal effects) - can be found in McCullin, Sleeping with Ghosts, pp. 74-5.
71. McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour, p. 124. The photography can be found in McCullin, Sleeping with Ghosts, p. 86.
72. McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour, p. 124. The photography can be found in McCullin, Sleeping with Ghosts, p. 86.
73. McCullin, Unreasonable Behaviour, p. 82.
74. See David Campbell, 'Salgado and the Sahel: Documentary Photography and the Imaging of Famine', in Rituals of Mediation: International Politics and Social Meaning, eds. Francois Debrix and Cynthia Weber (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2003).
75. Robin K. Andersen, 'The Ideological Significance of News Photography: The Case of El Salvador', Ideologies and Literature, 3:2 (Fall 1988), p. 251.
76. Ibid, pp. 237-8.
77. Ibid, p. 238. Emphasis added.
78. John Berger, 'Photographs of Agony', in Berger, About Looking (London: Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative, 1980), p. 38.
79. Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography, trans. by Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 1981), p. 38.
80. Berger, 'Photographs of Agony', p. 39.
81. Ibid., 39-40.
82. See Martin Jay, 'Vision in Context: Reflections and Refractions', in Vision in Context: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Sight, eds. Teresa Brennan and Martin Jay (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 3; and W. J. T. Mitchell, Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), ch. 1.
83. See Martin Jay, 'Vision in Context: Reflections and Refractions', in Vision in Context: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives on Sight, eds. Teresa Brennan and Martin Jay (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 3; and W. J. T. Mitchell, Picture Theory: Essays on Verbal and Visual Representation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994), ch. 1.
84. Mitchell, Picture Theory, pp. 4-5, 16.
85. Sontag, On Photography, p. 17.
86. Ibid., p. 117.
87. Susan Sontag, Regarding the Pain of Others (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2003), p. 115.
88. 'The Pity of War: It is Right to Confront Images of Death', The Guardian, 14 February 2003, p. 23.
89. The Guardian (G2), 14 February 2003, pp. 1-17. For a similar series (two of which appeared in The Guardian) with a similar aim, see Peter Turnley, The Unseen Gulf War", The Digital Journalist, December 2002, at 〈http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0212/pt_intro.html〉, 29 January 2003. For a discussion of the decision to print, see Ian Mayes, 'The Face of Reality', The Guardian, 17 February 2003, p. 21.
90. The Guardian (G2), 14 February 2003, pp. 1-17. For a similar series (two of which appeared in The Guardian) with a similar aim, see Peter Turnley, The Unseen Gulf War", The Digital Journalist, December 2002, at 〈http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0212/pt_intro.html〉, 29 January 2003. For a discussion of the decision to print, see Ian Mayes, 'The Face of Reality', The Guardian, 17 February 2003, p. 21.
91. The Guardian (G2), 14 February 2003, pp. 1-17. For a similar series (two of which appeared in The Guardian) with a similar aim, see Peter Turnley, The Unseen Gulf War", The Digital Journalist, December 2002, at 〈http://www.digitaljournalist.org/issue0212/pt_intro.html〉, 29 January 2003. For a discussion of the decision to print, see Ian Mayes, 'The Face of Reality', The Guardian, 17 February 2003, p. 21.
92. Taylor, Body Horror, pp. 181-3.
93. Ian Walker, 'Desert Stories or Faith in Facts', in Martin Lister (ed.), The Photographic Image in Digital Culture (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 239-40.
94. Ibid., p. 244. Walker considers the Jarecke photo at pp. 247-8.