Radioguided Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Patients with Malignant Cutaneous Melanoma: The Nuclear Medicine Contribution

Journal of Surgical Oncology

Volumn 85, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 141-151

  Mariani, Giuliano ^a   Erba, Paola ^a   Manca, Gianpiero ^a   Villa, Giuseppe ^b   Gipponi, Marco ^c   Boni, Giuseppe ^a   Buffoni, Ferdinando ^d   Suriano, Sergio ^a   Castagnola, Franca ^b   Bartolomei, Mirco ^e   Strauss, H William ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PISA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GENOA   (Italy)

^d Town Hospital   (Italy)

^e EUROPEAN INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY   (Italy)

^f MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Interstitial administration; Intraoperative gamma probe guidance; Lymphoscintigraphy; Malignant cutaneous melanoma; Radiocolloid; Sentinel lymph node

Indexed keywords

COLLOID TC 99M;

CANCER STAGING; DERMIS; EPIDERMIS; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; LYMPHEDEMA; LYMPHOSCINTIGRAPHY; MELANOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SOLID TUMOR; SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE;

GAMMA CAMERAS; HUMANS; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; MELANOMA; RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS; SENTINEL LYMPH NODE BIOPSY; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TECHNETIUM TC 99M AGGREGATED ALBUMIN; TECHNETIUM TC 99M SULFUR COLLOID;

EID: 12144288717     PISSN: 00224790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jso.20027     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Reintgen D, Cruse CW, Wells K, et al.: The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases. Ann Surg 1994;220:759-767.
2. Malek P, Belan A, Kole J: In vivo evidence of lymphovenous communications in the popliteal region. Acta Radiol 1965;3:344-352.
3. DeVita V, Hellman S, Rosenberg S: Molecular biology of cancer. In: Fidler IJ, editor. Principles and practice of oncology, 5th edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven Press. 1997. pp 140-142.
4. Holmes EC, Moseley HS, Morton DL, et al.: A rational approach to the surgical management of melanoma. Ann Surg 1977;186:481-490.
5. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Shaw HM, et al.: Lymphoscintigraphy in high-risk melanoma of the trunk: Predicting draining node groups, defining lymphatic channels and locating the sentinel node. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1435-1440.
6. Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstaff MS, et al.: Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high risk resected cuteneous melanoma: The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol 1996;14:7-17.
7. Greenlee RT, Hill-Harmon MB, Murray T, et al.: Cancer statistics, 2001. CA Cancer J Clin 2001;51:15-36.
8. Swetter SM, Smoller BR, Bauer EA: Cutaneous cancer and malignant melanoma. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Lichter AS, Niederhuber JE, editors. Clinical oncology. New York: Churchill Livingston, 1995. pp 1027-1033. Chapter 54.
9. Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW: The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: Issues as we approach the 21st century. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34:839.
10. Balch CM, Wilkerson JA, Murad TM, et al.: The prognostic significance of ulceration of cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1980;45:3012-3019.
11. Morton DL, Wanek L, Nizze JA, et al.: Improved long-term survival after lymphadenectomy of melanoma metastatic to regional nodes. Anulysis of prognostic factors in 1,134 patients from the John Wayne Cancer Clinic. Ann Surg 1991;214:491-499.
12. Cochran AJ, Lana AMA, Wen DR: Histomorphometry in the assessment of prognosis in stage II malignant melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1989;13:600-604.
13. Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, et al.: Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: The prognostic value of sentmiel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:967-983.
14. Cascinelli N, Belli F, Santinami M, et al.: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma. The WHO Melanoma Program experience. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:469-474.
15. Chan AD, Essner R, Wanek LA, et al.: Judging the therapeutic value of lymph node dissections for melanoma. J Am Coll Surg 2000;19:16-23.
16. Cherpelis BS, Haddad F, Messina J, et al.: Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis and other histologic factors that predict outcome in patients with thicker melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;44:762-766.
17. Balch CM: The revised melanoma staging system: Its use in the design and interpretation of melanoma clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:82-87.
18. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ, et al.: Final version of the Americal Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:3635-3648.
19. Ross M: Sentinel node mapping for early-stage melanoma. In: Perry MC, editor. Educational book. Alexandria (VA): ASCO. 1997. pp 326-330.
20. Gershenwald JE, Mansfield PF, Lee JE, et al.: Role for lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with thick (≥4 mm) primary melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:160-165.
21. Cascinelli N, Morabito A, Santinami M, et al.: Immediate or delayed dissection of regional lymph nodes in patients with melanoma of the trunk: A randomised trial. WHO Melanoma Programme. Lancet 1998;351:793-796.
22. Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, et al.: Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg 1992;127:392-399.
23. Morton DL, Wen DR, Foshag LJ, et al.: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping and selective cervical lymphadenectomy for early stage melanomas of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1751-1756.
24. Krag DN, Meijer SJ, Weaver DL, et al.: Minimal-access surgery for staging malignant melanoma. Arch Surg 1995;130:654-658.
25. Albertini JJ, Cruse CW, Rapaport D, et al.: Intraoperative radiolympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identification for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg 1996;223:217-224.
26. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Bartolucci AA, et al.: Efficacy of an elective regional lymph node dissection of 1 to 4 mm thick melanomas for patients 60 years of age and younger. Ann Surg 1996;224:255-263.
27. Balch CM, Soong SJ, Milton GW, et al.: A comparison of prognostic factors and surgical results in 1.786 patients with localized (stage 1) melanoma treated in Alabama, USA, and New South Wales, Australia. Ann Surg 1982;196:677-684.
28. Reintgen DS, Cox EB, McCarthy KSJ, et al.: Efficacy of elective lymph node dissection in patients with intermediate thickness primary melanoma. Ann Surg 1983;198:379-385.
29. Buzaid AC, Sandler AB, Maani S, et al.: Role of computer tomography in the staging of melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1991;11:638-643.
30. Gritters LS, Francis IR, Zasadny KR, et al.: Initial assessment o positron emission tomography using 2-fluorine-18-2-deoxy-D-glucose in the imaging of malignant melanoma. J Nucl Med 1993;34:1420-1427.
31. Crippa F, Leutner M, Belli F, et al.: Which kind of lymph node metastases can FDG PET detect? A clinical study in melanoma. J Nucl Med 2000;41:1491-1494.
32. Thompson JF, McCarthy WH, Bosch CM, et al.: Sentinel lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph nodes. Melanoma Res 1995;5:255-260.
33. Gershenwald JE, Colome MI, Lee JE, et al.: Patterns of recurrence following a negative sentinel lymph node biopsy in 243 patients with stage I or II melanoma. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:2253-2260.
34. Gershenwald JE, Tseng CH, Thompson W, et al.: Improved sentinel lymph node localizatio in patients with primary melanoma with the use of radiolabeled colloid. Surgery 1998;124:203-210.
35. Jansen L, Nieweg OE, Peterse JL, et al.: Reliability of sentinel lymph node biopsy for staging melanoma. Br J Surg 2000;87:484-489.
36. Gershenwald JE, Berman RS, Porter G, et al.: Regional nodal basin control is not compromised by previous sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:226-231.
37. Wrone DA, Tanabe KK, Cosimi AB, et al.: Lymphedema after sentinel lymph node biopsy for cutaneous melanoma. A report of 5 cases. Arch Dermatol 2000;136:511-514.
38. Lubach D, Ludemann W, Berens D, et al.: Recent findings on the angioarchitecture of the lymph vessel system of human skin. Br J Dermatol 1996;135:733-737.
39. Fisher M, Franzeck UK, Herring I, et al.: Flow velocity of single lymphatic capillaries in human skin. Am J Physiol 1996;270:358-363.
40. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Thompson JF, et al.: Variability of cutaneous lymphatic flow rates in melanoma patients. Melanoma Res 1998;8:279-282.
41. Bennet LR, Lago G: Cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Semin Nucl Med 1983;13:61-69.
42. Eberbach MA, Whal RL, Argenta LC, et al.: Utility of lymphoscintigraphy in directing surgical therapy for melanomas of the head, neck, and upper thorax. Surgery 1987;102:433-442.
43. Norman J, Cruse CW, Espinosa C, et al.: Redefinition of cutaneous lymphatic drainage with the use of lymphoscintigraphy for malignant melanoma. Am J Surg 1991;162:432-437.
44. Fisher EB, Lewis VL, Jr., Griffith BH, et al.: The role of cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in determining regional lymph node drainage of truncal melanomas. Ann Plast Surg 1992;28:506-510.
45. Berger DH, Feig BW, Podoloff D, et al.: Lymphoscintigraphy asa predictor of lymphatic drainage from cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:247-251.
46. Roozendaal GK, De vries JDH, Van Poll D, et al.: Sentinel nodes outside lymph node basins in melanoma patients. Br J Surg 2000;88:305-308.
47. Uren RF, Howman-Gilea R, Thompson JF: Pattern of lymphatic drainage from the skin in patients with melanoma. J Nucl Med 2003;44:570-582.
48. Mariani G, Moresco L, Viale G, et al.: Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery. J Nucl Med 2001;42:1198-1215.
49. Mariani G, Gipponi M, Moresco L, et al.: Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant cutaneous melanoma. J Nucl Med 2002;43:811-827.
50. Bergqvist L, Stundberg R, Ryden S, et al.: The "critical colloid dose" in studies of reticuloendothelial function. J Nucl Med 1987;28:1424-1429.
51. 99mTc antimelanoma antibody. Anticancer Res 1997;17:1667-1669.
52. Bartolomei M, Testori A, Chinol M, et al.: Sentinel node localization in cutaneous melanoma: Lymphoscintigraphy with colloids and antibody fragments versus blue dye mapping. Eur J Nucl Med 1998;25:1489-1494.
53. Moghimi SM, Patel HM: Differential properties of organ-specific serum opsonins for liver and spleen macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;984:379-383.
54. Moghimi SM, Hawley AE, Christy NM, et al.: Surface engineered nanospheres with enhanced drainage into lymphatics and uptake by macrophages of the regional lymph nodes. FEBS Lett 1994;344:25-30.
55. Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Liem I, et al.: Sentinel node biopsy in melanoma patients: Gamma probe detection versus blue dye. Ann Surg Oncol 1997;4:156-160.
56. Pijpers R, Borgstein PJ, Meijer S, et al.: Transport and retention of colloidal tracers in regional lymphoscintigraphy in melanoma: Influence on lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. Melanoma Res 1998;8:413-418.
57. Goldfarb LR, Alazraki NP, Eshima D, et al.: Lymphoscintigraphic identification of sentinel lymph nodes: Clinical evaluation of 0.22 micron filtration of Tc-99m sulfur colloid. Radiology 1998;208:505-509.
58. Uren RF, Howman-Giles RB, Thompson JF: Demonstration of second-tier lymph nodes during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy for melanoma: Incidence varies with primary tumor site. Ann Surg Oncol 1998;5:517-521.
59. Joseph E, Brobeil A, Cruse CW, et al.: Lymphatic mapping for melanomas of the extremity. J Hand Surgery-Am 1999;24:675-681.
60. Alazraki NP, Eshima D, Eshima LA, et al.: Lymphoscintigraphy, the sentinel node concept, and the intraoperative gamma probe in melanoma, breast cancer, and other potential cancers. Semin Nucl Med 1997;27:55-67.
61. Borgstein P, Meijer S: Historical perspective of lymphatic tumour spread and the emergence of the sentinel node concept. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998;24:85-89.
62. Keshtgar MRS, Ell PJ: Sentinel lymph node detection and imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 1999;26:57-67.
63. Krag D, Harlow S, Weaver D, et al.: Technique of sentinel node resection in melanoma and breast cancer: Probe-guided surgery and lymphatic mapping. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998;24:89-93.
64. Borgstein PJ: The sentinel node concept. Consequences of lymphatic tumour spread in melanoma and breast cancer. Amsterdam, 1999 (Thesis).
65. Gennari R, Stoldt HS, Bartolomei M, et al.: Sentinel node localisation: A new prospective in the treatment of nodal melanoma metastases. Int J Oncol 1999;15:25-32.
66. Gennari R, Bartolomei M, Testori A, et al.: Sentinel node localization in primary melanoma: Preoperative dynamic lymphoscintigraphy, intraoperative gamma probe, and vital dye guidance. Surgery 2000;127:19-25.
67. Keshtgar MRS, Waddington WA, Lakhani SR, et al.: The sentinel node in surgica oncology. Berlin (Germany): Springer Verlag; 1999.
68. Freeman LM, Blaufox D, editors. Seminars in nuclear medicine, vol 30. Philadelphia (PA). WB Saunders Co., 2000.
69. Castagnola F, Gipponi M, Schenone F, et al.: Lymphoscintigraphic patterns of radiocolloid uptake in the sentinel lymph node of patients with malignant cutaneous melanoma [Abstract]. Q J Nucl Med 2002;46(Suppl 1):62.
70. Leong SP, Achtem TA, Habib FA, et al.: Discordancy between clinical predictions versus lymphoscintigraphic and intraoperative mapping of sentinel lymph node drainage of primary melanoma. Arch Dermatol 1999;135:1472-1476.
71. McMasters KM: Multiple nodal basin drainage in truncal melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:249-250.
72. Pijpers R, Collet GJ, Meijer S, et al.: The impact of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guidance on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med 1995;22:1238-1241.
73. McMasters KM, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, et al.: Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: How many radioactive nodes should be removed? Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:192-197.
74. Nieweg OE, Tanis PJ, Kroon BBR: The definition of a sentinel node. Ann Surg Oncol 2001;8:538-541.
75. Mudun A, Murray DR, Herda SC, et al.: Early stage melanoma: Lymphoscintigraphy, reproducibility of sentinel node detection, and effectiveness of the intraoperative gamma probe. Radiology 1996;199:171-175.
76. McMasters KM, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, et al.: Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: Controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2851-2855.
77. Glass LF, Messina JL, Cruse W, et al.: The use of intraoperative radiolymphoscintigraphy for sentinel node biopsy in patients with malignant melanoma. Dermatol Surg 1996;22:715-720.
78. Bostick P, Essner R, Sarantou T, et al.: Intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early-stage melanoma of the head and neck. Am J Surg 1997;174:536-539.
79. Cochran AJ, Morton DL, Johnson TD, et al.: Prediction of outcome and tumor-status of the non-sentinel node in melanoma patients with a positive sentinel node [Abstract]. Modern Pathol 2000;13:61A.
80. Thompson JF: Surgical management of occult lymph node metastases [Abstract]. Melanoma Res 2001;11(Suppl 1):S12.
81. Jacobs IA, Chevinsky AH, Magidson JG, et al.: Gamma-probe-directed lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphoadenectomy in primary melanoma: Reliability of the procedure and and analysis of failures after long-term follow-up. J Surg Oncol 2001;77:157-164.
82. Jansen L, Nieweg OE, Kapteijn AE, et al.: Reliability of lymphoscintigraphy in indicating the number of sentinel nodes in melanoma patients. Ann Surg Oncol 2000;7:624-630.
83. Clary BM, Brady MS, Lewis JJ, et al.: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in the management of patients with cutaneous melanoma: Review of a large single-institutional experience with emphasis on recurrence. Ann Surg 2001;233:250-258.
84. Harlow SP, Krag DN, Ashikaga T, et al.: Gamma probe guided biopsy of the sentinel node in malignant melanoma: A multicentre study. Melanoma Res 2001;11:45-55.
85. Cascinelli N: WHO melanoma programme: Results of the sentinel node study [Abstract]. Proc Sentinel Node 2000: Santa Monica, CA, December 1-4, 2000: 19.
86. Kroon BBR, Nieweg OE, Hoekstra HJ, et al.: Principles and guidelines for surgeons: Management of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998;23:550-558.
87. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Atkins MB, et al.: A new American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging system for cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 2000;88:1484-1491.
88. Cochran AJ: The pathologist's role in sentinel lymph node evaluation. Semin Nucl Med 2000;30:11-17.
89. Reintgen D, Balch CM, Kirkwood J, et al.: Recent advances in the care of the patient with malignant melanoma. Ann Surg 1997;1:1-14.
90. Reintgen DS, Albertini J, Millotes G: Investment in new technology research can save future health care dollars. J Fla Med Association 1997;84:175-181.
91. Brobeil A, Cruse CW, Messina JL: Cost analysis of sentinel lymph node biopsy as an alternative to elective lymph node dissection in patients with malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 1999;8:435-445, viii.
92. Reintgen D: More rational and conservative surgical strategies for malignant melanoma using lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy techniques. Curr Opin Oncol 1996;8:152-158.
93. Balch CM, Ross MI: Sentinel lymphadenectomy for melanoma - Is it a substitute for elective lymphadenectomy? Ann Surg Oncol 1999;6:416-417.