Varieties of capitalist interests and capitalist power: A response to Swenson

Studies in American Political Development

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 186-195

  Hacker, Jacob S ^a   Pierson, Paul ^b  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 12144270260     PISSN: 0898588X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0898588x04000100     Document Type: Review

References (36)

1. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, "Business Power and Social Policy: Employers and the Formation of the American Welfare State," Politics and Society 30 (2002): 277-326. The previous works to which our article, in part, responded are Peter Swenson, "Arranged Alliances: Business Interests in the New Deal," Politics and Society 25 (1997): 66-116; and Capitalists against Markets: The Making of Labor Markets and Welfare States in the United States and Sweden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
2. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, "Business Power and Social Policy: Employers and the Formation of the American Welfare State," Politics and Society 30 (2002): 277-326. The previous works to which our article, in part, responded are Peter Swenson, "Arranged Alliances: Business Interests in the New Deal," Politics and Society 25 (1997): 66-116; and Capitalists against Markets: The Making of Labor Markets and Welfare States in the United States and Sweden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
3. Jacob S. Hacker and Paul Pierson, "Business Power and Social Policy: Employers and the Formation of the American Welfare State," Politics and Society 30 (2002): 277-326. The previous works to which our article, in part, responded are Peter Swenson, "Arranged Alliances: Business Interests in the New Deal," Politics and Society 25 (1997): 66-116; and Capitalists against Markets: The Making of Labor Markets and Welfare States in the United States and Sweden (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002).
4. David Brian Robertson, "The Bias of American Federalism: The Limits of Welfare State Development in the Progressive Era," Journal of Polity History 1 (1989): 261-91; David A. Moss, Socializing Security: Progressive-Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
5. David Brian Robertson, "The Bias of American Federalism: The Limits of Welfare State Development in the Progressive Era," Journal of Polity History 1 (1989): 261-91; David A. Moss, Socializing Security: Progressive-Era Economists and the Origins of American Social Policy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996).
6. Peter Swenson, "Varieties of Capitalist Interests: Power, Institutions, and the Regulatory Welfare State in the United States and Sweden," Studies in American Political Development 18 (Spring 2004): 1-29.
7. Swenson, Capitalists Against Markets, 209-10.
8. Hacker and Pierson, "Business Power and Social Policy," 309.
9. Swenson, Capitalists Against Markets, 194.
10. Swenson, "Varieties of Capitalist Interests," 27 (emphasis added).
11. Edwin E. Witte, "The Social Security Act and the Business Men" (address to the Minneapolis Civic and Commerce Association, Apr. 18, 1935), 1, General Records of the Executive Director and Staff, CES, Box 3, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD.
12. Swenson, "Varieties of Capitalist Interests," 9.
13. Indeed, given that the Clark Amendment threatened such massive requirements on employers, inviting extensive federal scrutiny of their private plans, what is perhaps most surprising is not that large employers with private plans eventually lost interest, but that 145 companies initially backed the Amendment, including Gulf Oil, Kimberly-Clark, C & H Sugar, Jantzen, and even Folsom's Eastman Kodak Company. "Companies Known to Favor Clark amendment to Social Security Act," in Dr. Rainard B. Robbins, "Confidential Material Collected on Social Security Act and Clark amendment,"July 11, 1935, Murray Latimer Papers, George Washington University, Washington, DC.
14. Murray W. Latimer, Industrial Pension Systems in the United States and Canada (New York: Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1932), 231 (emphasis added).
15. Paul H. Douglas, Social Security in the United States: An Analysis and Appraisal of the Federal Social Security Act (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939), 253.
16. This is, of course, the title of Swenson's 1997 article cited earlier.
17. Robbins, "Confidential Material Collected on the Clark Amendment."
18. Hacker and Pierson, "Business Power and Social Policy," 310.
19. Robbins, "Confidential Material Collected on the Clark Amendment."
20. Marion B. Folsom, "Social Security Administration Project," pt. 3, no. 158, tape recorded in 1965 (New York: Columbia University Oral History Collections, 1976), 199-200.
21. "What Business Thinks," Fortune (October 1939): 52-53, 90, 92, 95-96, 98. The sampling technique of margin of error of this survey are not included in the article, although Fortune states that the survey "is presented here as a laboratory product, the first successful step in the development of something new and unknown. This experiment is based on personal interviews with handpicked samples of businessmen." Ibid., 52.
22. "What Business Thinks," Fortune (October 1939): 52-53, 90, 92, 95-96, 98. The sampling technique of margin of error of this survey are not included in the article, although Fortune states that the survey "is presented here as a laboratory product, the first successful step in the development of something new and unknown. This experiment is based on personal interviews with handpicked samples of businessmen." Ibid., 52.
23. Chamber of Commerce, Improving Social Security (Washington, DC: Chamber of Commerce, 1953); quoted in Martha Derthick, Policymaking for Social Security (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1979), 148.
24. Chamber of Commerce, Improving Social Security (Washington, DC: Chamber of Commerce, 1953); quoted in Martha Derthick, Policymaking for Social Security (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1979), 148.
25. Testimony of Herschel C. Atkinson to House Committee on Finance, Social Security Revision Hearings on U.R. 6000, 81st Gong., 2d Sess., 1950, 1493-94 (emphasis added).
26. Swenson, 'Varieties of Capitalist Interests," 20.
27. House Ways and Means Committee, Economic Security Act: Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Seventy-Fourth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 4120, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., January 21-February 12, 1935; Senate Finance Committee, Economic Security Act: Hearings before the Committee on Finance on S. 1130, United States Smote, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., Jan.22-Feb. 20, 1935.
28. House Ways and Means Committee, Economic Security Act: Hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Seventy-Fourth Congress, First Session, on H.R. 4120, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., January 21-February 12, 1935; Senate Finance Committee, Economic Security Act: Hearings before the Committee on Finance on S. 1130, United States Smote, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., Jan.22-Feb. 20, 1935.
29. Testimony of L. C. Morrow to the Senate Finance Committee, Economic Security Act, 788. Privately, even generally progressive employers generally advocated caution and delay. See "Memorandum: Views of Messrs. Flanders, Leeds, and Julian of the Industrial Relations Committee of the Business Advisory and Planning Council of the Department of Commerce on Economic Security," Oct. 24, 1934, "Memos - Relations with Congress," Materials Related to the CES, Lateral Files, Social Security Administration Historical Archives (hereafter cited as SSAHA), Baltimore, MD; Business Advisory Council, "Report of the Committee on Social Legislation regarding Old Age Security Sections of the Bill H. R. 7260," Apr, 30, 1935, "Reports," Materials Related to the CES, Lateral Files, SSAHA.
30. Statement of R. Lund, National Industrial Conference Board Meeting, Oct. 25, 1934, 54-55, Hagley Museum Library.
31. See, among many others, Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (Chica go: University of Chicago Press 2001); Walter Korpi, "Power, Politics and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship," Ainerican Sociological Review, 54 (1989): 309-29; and Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
32. See, among many others, Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (Chica go: University of Chicago Press 2001); Walter Korpi, "Power, Politics and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship," Ainerican Sociological Review, 54 (1989): 309-29; and Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
33. See, among many others, Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (Chica go: University of Chicago Press 2001); Walter Korpi, "Power, Politics and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship," Ainerican Sociological Review, 54 (1989): 309-29; and Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
34. See, among many others, Gosta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990); Evelyne Huber and John D. Stephens, Development and Crisis of the Welfare State: Parties and Policies in Global Markets (Chica go: University of Chicago Press 2001); Walter Korpi, "Power, Politics and State Autonomy in the Development of Social Citizenship," Ainerican Sociological Review, 54 (1989): 309-29; and Duane Swank, Global Capital, Political Institutions, and Policy Change in Developed Welfare States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
35. Peter Hall, Governing the Economy: The Politics of State Intervention in Britain and France (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), 19.
36. Peter Hall and David Soskice, Varieties of Capitalism: The In stitutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).