Integrating concepts from goal theories to understand the achievement of personal goals

European Journal of Social Psychology

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 69-96

  Webb, Thomas L ^a   Sheeran, Paschal ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 11944259674     PISSN: 00462772     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.233     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Abelson, R. P. (1988). Conviction. American Psychologist, 43, 267-275.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179-211.
3. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-500.
4. Bagozzi, R. P. (1992). The self-regulation of attitudes, intentions and behavior. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55, 178-204.
5. Bagozzi, R. P., & Kimmel, S. K. (1995). A comparison of leading theories for the prediction of goal-directed behaviours. British Journal of Social Psychology, 34, 437-461.
6. Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191-215.
7. Bandura, A., & Wood, R. (1989). Effect of perceived controllability and performance standards on self-regulation of complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 805-814.
8. Bargh, J. A., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1994). Environmental control over goal-directed action: Automatic and strategic contingencies between situation and behavior. In W. D. Spaulding (Ed.), Integrative views of motivation, cognition, and emotion (Vol. 41, pp. 71-124). Lincoln: University of Nebraska.
9. Barrett, P. (1986). Factor comparison: An examination of three methods. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 327-340.
10. Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. London: Academic Press.
11. Baumeister, R. F., Bratlavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego-depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
12. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1981). Attention and self-regulation: A control theory approach to human behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag.
13. Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality, social, clinical and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111-135.
14. Courneya, K. S., & McAuley, E. (1995). Cognitive mediators of the social influence-exercise adherence relationship: A test of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 18, 499-515.
15. DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Social support and patient adherence to medical treatment: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 23, 207-218.
16. Dunkel-Schetter, C., Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1987). Correlates of social support receipt. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 71-80.
17. Earley, P. C., & Lituchy, T. R. (1991). Delineating goal and efficacy effects: A test of three models. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 76, 81-98.
18. Emmons, R. A., & King, L. A. (1988). Conflict among personal strivings: Immediate and long-term implications for psychological and physical well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1040-1048.
19. Fredricks, A. J., & Dossett, D. L. (1983). Attitude-behavior relations: A comparison of the Fishbein-Ajzen and the Bentler-Speckart models. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 501-512.
20. Gibbons, D. E., & Weingart, L. R. (2001). Can I do it? Will I try? Personal efficacy, assigned goals and performance norms as motivators of individual performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 31, 624-648.
21. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1990). Action phases and mind-sets. In E. T. Higgins, & R. M. Sorrentino (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 2, pp. 53-92). New York: Guilford.
22. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1993). Goal achievement: The role of intentions. European Review of Social Psychology, 4, 141-185.
23. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1996). The volitional benefits of planning. In P. M. Gollwitzer, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), The psychology of action: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior (pp. 287-312). New York: Guilford.
24. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493-503.
25. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Moskowitz, G. B. (1996). Goal effects on action and cognition. In E. T. Higgins, & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles. New York: Guilford Press.
26. Gollwitzer, P. M., & Schaal, B. (1998). Meta-cognition in action: The importance of implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 124-136.
27. Hays, J. C., Steffens, D. C., Flint, E. P., Bosworth, H. B., & George, L. K. (2001). Does social support buffer functional decline in elderly patients with unipolar depression? American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, l850-1855.
28. Heckhausen, H. (1987). Wünschen-Wählen-Wollen [Wishing-weighing-willing]. In H. Heckhausen, P. M. Gollwitzer, & F. E. Weinert (Eds.), Jenseits des Rubikon: Der Wille in den Humanwissenschaften (pp. 3-9). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
29. Heckhausen, H., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1986). Information processing before and after the formation of an intent. In F. Klix, & H. Hagendorf (Eds.), In memoriam Hermann Ebbinghaus: Symposium on the structure and function of human memory (pp. 1071-1082). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
30. Heckhausen, H., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (1987). Thought contents and cognitive functioning in motivational versus volitional states of mind. Motivation and Emotion, 11, 101-120.
31. Hyland, M. E. (1988). Motivational control theory: An integrative framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 642-651.
32. Kaiser, H. F. (1958). The varimax criterion for analytic rotation in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 23, 187-200.
33. Keltner, D., & Gross, J. J. (1999). Functional accounts of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 467-480.
34. Kuhl, J. (1996). Who controls whom when 'I control myself? Psychological Inquiry, 7, 61-68.
35. Kuhl, J. (2000). A functional-design approach to motivation and self-regulation: The dynamics of personality systems interactions. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Self-regulation: Directions and challenges for future research (pp. 111-169). New York: Academic Press.
36. Kuhl, J., & Kazen, M. (1994). Self-discrimination and memory: State orientation and false self-ascription of assigned activities. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1103-1115.
37. Kuhl, J., & Kazen, M. (1999). Volitional facilitation of difficult intentions: Joint activation of intention memory and positive affect removes Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 128, 382-399.
38. Latham, G. P., & Locke, E. A. (1991). Self-regulation through goal setting. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 212-247.
39. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
40. Levenson, R. W. (1994). Human emotions: A functional view. In P. Ekman, & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 123-126). New York: Oxford University Press.
41. Locke, E. A. (1969). Purpose without consciousness: A contradiction. Psychological Reports, 25, 991-1009.
42. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
43. Locke, E. A., Shaw, K. N., Saari, L. M., & Latham, G. P. (1981). Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 125-152.
44. Luminet, O., Zech, E., Rimé, B., & Wagner, H. (2000). Predicting cognitive and social consequences of emotional episodes: The contribution of emotional intensity, the Five Factor Model, and alexithymia. Journal of Research in Personality, 34, 471-497.
45. Martijn, C., Tenbült, P., Merckelback, H., & de Vries, N. K. (2003). Getting a grip on ourselves: Challenging expectancies about energy loss after self-control. Social Cognition, 20, 441-460.
46. Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1988). Toward a motivational and structural theory of ruminative thought. In J. S. Uleman, & J. A. Bargh (Eds.), Unintended thoughts (pp. 306-326). New York: Guilford.
47. Martin, L. L., & Tesser, A. (1996). Some ruminative thoughts. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 9, pp. 1-48). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
48. Mermelstein, R., Lichtenstein, E., & McIntyre, K. (1983). Partner support and relapse in smoking-cessation programs. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 465-466.
49. Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources. Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126, 247-259.
50. Muraven, M., & Slessareva, E. (2003). Mechanisms of self-control failure: Motivation and limited resources. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 894-906.
51. Muraven, M., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1999). Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building self-control strength through repeated exercise. The Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 446-457.
52. Muraven, M., Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1998). Self-control as a limited resource: Regulatory depletion patterns. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 774-789.
53. Povey, R., Conner, M., Sparks, P., James, R., & Shepherd, R. (2000). The theory of planned behaviour and healthy eating: Examining additive and moderating effects of social influence variables. Psychology, & Health, 14, 991-1006.
54. Reber, A. S. (1995). The penguin dictionary of psychology. London: Penguin.
55. Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo, & R. E. Petty (Eds.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook. London: Guilford.
56. Rosenberg, M. J. (1960). A structural theory of attitude dynamics. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 319-341.
57. Rosenberg, M. J. (1968). Hedonism, inauthenticity, and other goals toward expansion of a consistency theory. In R. P. Abelson, E. Aronson, W. J. McGuire, T. M. Newcomb, M. J. Rosenberg, & P. H. Tannenbaum (Eds.), Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook (pp. 73-111). Chicago: Rand McNally.
58. Rutter, D. R., Quine, L., & Chesham, D. J. (1993). Social psychological approaches to health. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
59. Sheeran, P. (2002). Intention-behaviour relations: A conceptual and empirical review. In W. Stroebe, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 1-36). Chichester, England: Wiley.
60. Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (1999). Implementation intentions and repeated behavior: Augmenting the predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 349-369.
61. Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Using implementation intentions to increase attendance for cervical cancer screening. Health Psychology, 19, 283-289.
62. Sheeran, P., Connor, M., & Norman, P. (2001). Can the theory of planned behaviour explain patterns of health behaviour change? Health Psychology, 20, 12-19.
63. Sheeran, P., Trafimow, D., & Armitage, C. J. (2003). Predicting behaviour from perceived behavioural control: Tests of the accuracy assumption of the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 393-410.
64. Sheeran, P., Webb, T. L., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (In press). The interplay between goal intentions and implementation intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
65. Smets, E. M. A., Garssen, B., Bonke, B., & De Haes, J. C. J. M. (1995). The Multi-Dimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI): Psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39, 315-325.
66. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed). New York: Harper-Collins.
67. Tooby, J., & Cosmides, L. (1990). The past explains the present: Emotional adaptations and the structure of ancestral environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375-424.
68. Trafimow, D., & Sheeran, P. (1998). Some tests of the distinction between cognitive and affective beliefs. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 378-397.
69. Triandis, H. C. (1980). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior. In H. E. Howe, Jr., & M. Page (Eds.), Nebraska symposium of motivation (Vol. 27, pp. 195-259). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
70. Valois, P., Desharnais, R., & Godin, G. (1988). A comparison of the Fishbein and Ajzen and the Triandis attitudinal models for the prediction of exercise intention and behavior. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 459-472.
71. van der Pligt, J., & de Vries, N. K. (1998). Belief importance in expectancy-value models of attitudes. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1339-1354.
72. van Hook, E., & Higgins, E. T. (1988). Self-related problems beyond the self-concept: Motivational consequences of discrepant self-guides. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 625-633.
73. Wadsworth, M. W., & Ford, D. H. (1983). The assessment of personal goal hierarchies. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 30, 514-526.
74. Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2003). Can implementation intentions help to overcome ego-depletion? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 279-286.
75. Weinstein, N. D. (1993). Testing four competing theories of health-protective behavior. Health Psychology, 12, 324-333.
76. Wilensky, R. (1983). Planning and understanding: A computational approach to human reasoning. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.