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-2 at 193 nm would heat the lead surface to ∼600 K, just enough to melt but not boil the metal; but the vapor pressure was presumably adequate for lead emissions to be detected. In other words, at the threshold fluences, most photons were channeled to heating the target while few were left for inducing fluorescence off lead atoms. Two-photon processes were therefore unlikely. To model laser heating, see for example: Lee, K. C.; Chan, C. S.; Cheung, N. H. J. Appl. Phys. 1996, 79, 3900-3905.
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