Does diversity hurt democracy?

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 154-166

  Steven Fish, M ^a   Brooks, Robin S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1142301941     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey: Muslim Countries and the Democracy Gap," Journal of Democracy 13 (January 2002): 107.
2. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1972); David Welsh, "Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict," in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 43-60.
3. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1972); David Welsh, "Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict," in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 43-60.
4. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1972); David Welsh, "Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict," in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 43-60.
5. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977); Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971); Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Merrill, 1972); David Welsh, "Domestic Politics and Ethnic Conflict," in Michael E. Brown, ed., Ethnic Conflict and International Security (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993), 43-60.
6. Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985).
7. Courtney Jung and Ian Shapiro, "South Africa's Negotiated Transition," Politics and Society 23 (September 1995): 269-308.
8. Donald L. Horowitz, "Democracy in Divided Societies," Journal of Democracy 4 (October 1993): 18-38.
9. th ed. (Dallas: SIL International, 2000).
10. th ed. (Dallas: SIL International, 2000).
11. th ed. (Dallas: SIL International, 2000).
12. See, for example, David D. Laitin and Daniel N. Posner, "The Implications of Constructivism for Constructing Ethnic Fractionalization Indices," Newsletter of the Comparative Politics Section of the American Political Science Association 12 (Winter 2001): 13-17.
13. See Ashutosh Varshney, "Nationalism, Ethnic Conflict, and Rationality," Perspectives on Politics 1 (March 2003): 85-99.
14. Alberto Alesina, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg, "Fractionalization," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 9411, January 2003. This study is not the only potentially fruitful recent effort to overcome the limitations of the older measures of social diversity. See also, for example, Daniel N. Posner, "Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa: How Should It Be Measured? What Does It Explain About Economic Growth?" Paper presented at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, Ga., September 1999.
15. Alberto Alesina, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg, "Fractionalization," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 9411, January 2003. This study is not the only potentially fruitful recent effort to overcome the limitations of the older measures of social diversity. See also, for example, Daniel N. Posner, "Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa: How Should It Be Measured? What Does It Explain About Economic Growth?" Paper presented at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta, Ga., September 1999.
16. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey," endnote 1.
17. Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties 1999-2000 (New York: Freedom House, 2000).
18. See Freedom House's "Annual Survey of Freedom, Country Ratings," at www.freedomhouse.org.
19. CIA World Factbook 2000 (Washington, D.C.: Brassey's, 2000). In the regression analysis we use log GDP per capita in 1998 at Purchasing Power Parity as the measure of economic development.
20. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); Valerie Bunce, "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations," Comparative Political Studies 33 (August-September 2000): 703-34.
21. Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960); Valerie Bunce, "Comparative Democratization: Big and Bounded Generalizations," Comparative Political Studies 33 (August-September 2000): 703-34.
22. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey," endnote 1; Jan Goodwin, Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence in the Islamic World (New York: Penguin, 1995); Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998); M. Steven Fish, "Islam and Authoritarianism," World Politics 55 (October 2002): 4-37.
23. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey," endnote 1; Jan Goodwin, Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence in the Islamic World (New York: Penguin, 1995); Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998); M. Steven Fish, "Islam and Authoritarianism," World Politics 55 (October 2002): 4-37.
24. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey," endnote 1; Jan Goodwin, Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence in the Islamic World (New York: Penguin, 1995); Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998); M. Steven Fish, "Islam and Authoritarianism," World Politics 55 (October 2002): 4-37.
25. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey," endnote 1; Jan Goodwin, Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence in the Islamic World (New York: Penguin, 1995); Ann Elizabeth Mayer, Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1998); M. Steven Fish, "Islam and Authoritarianism," World Politics 55 (October 2002): 4-37.
26. nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 150-53.
27. nd ed. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), 150-53.
28. Michael Ross, "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Politics 53 (April 2001): 325-61.
29. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, "Greed and Grievance in Civil War," October 2001. At http://econ.worldbank.org/docs/1109.pdf. Site consulted April 2003. A similar argument, based on formal logic, is made in Thomas P. Tangeras and Nil-Petter Lagerlof, "Ethnic Diversity and Civil War," Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Working Paper No. 589 (2003). www.iui.se/wp/Wp589/IUIWp589.pdf.
30. Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, "Greed and Grievance in Civil War," October 2001. At http://econ.worldbank.org/docs/1109.pdf. Site consulted April 2003. A similar argument, based on formal logic, is made in Thomas P. Tangeras and Nil-Petter Lagerlof, "Ethnic Diversity and Civil War," Research Institute of Industrial Economics, Stockholm, Working Paper No. 589 (2003). www.iui.se/wp/Wp589/IUIWp589.pdf.
31. These plots could not be reproduced at sufficient size within the pages of the Journal of Democracy, and so have been posted instead on the Journal's website at www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/Fish-15-1.pdf.
32. Adam Przeworski et al., "What Makes Democracies Endure?" Journal of Democracy 7 (January 1996): 39-55.
33. Anthony Annett, "Social Fractionalization, Political Instability, and the Size of Government," IMF Staff Papers 48, 3 (2001). www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/staffp/2001/03/pdf/annett.pdf.
34. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War," American Political Science Review 97 (February 2003): 75. See also Barbara Harff, "No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder Since 1955," American Political Science Review 97 (February 2003): 57-73.
35. James D. Fearon and David D. Laitin, "Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War," American Political Science Review 97 (February 2003): 75. See also Barbara Harff, "No Lessons Learned from the Holocaust? Assessing Risks of Genocide and Political Mass Murder Since 1955," American Political Science Review 97 (February 2003): 57-73.
36. Crawford Young, "Deciphering Disorder in Africa: Is Identity the Key?" World Politics 54 (July 2002): 540.
37. William Easterly and Ross Levine, "Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions," Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (November 1997): 1203-50.
38. William Easterly, "Can Institutions Resolve Ethnic Conflict?" World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2482, February 2000. See www.eldis.org.
39. Brad Lian and John R. Oneal, "Cultural Diversity and Economic Development: A Cross-National Study of 98 Countries, 1960-85," Economic Development and Cultural Change 46 (October 1997): 61-77.
40. In partial correlations that control for log GDP at Purchasing Power Parity in 1998, none of the four indicators of social diversity used in the present article are correlated at a statistically significant level with annual average growth rate of GDP per capita during the period 1990-99. Source of data on economic growth rates: United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2001 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 178-81.