Profiling the politically violent in Pakistan: Self-construals and values

Peace and Conflict

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 277-295

  Khan, Nichola ^a   Smith, Peter B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLECTIVE ACTION; POLITICAL PARTICIPATION; POLITICAL VIOLENCE;

ASIA; EURASIA; PAKISTAN; SOUTH ASIA;

EID: 1142293932     PISSN: 10781919     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15327949pac0903_6     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Abbas, Z. (1998). Law and disorder. The Herald, 29 (10). Retrieved on June 12, 2000, from http://www.dawn.com/herald/oct98.htm
2. Amnesty International (1997). Pakistan: Law and order concerns must not override citizens' fundamental rights. (AI Index: ASA 33/29/97). Retrieved on July 7, 2000, from http://www.amnesty.org.ailib/aireport/ar97/ASA.33htm
3. Bakhtiar, I. (1998). City of death. The Herald, (29) 7. Retrieved on June 14, 2000, from http://www.dawn.com/herald/oct98.htm
4. Baron, L., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Cultural and economic sources of homicide in the United States. Sociological Quarterly, 29, 371-390.
5. Bennett Jones, O. (2002). Pakistan: Eye of the storm. London: Yale University Press.
6. Besteman, C. (1996) Violent politics and the politics of violence: The dissolution of the Somali nation state. American Ethnologist, 3, 579-596.
7. Billig, M. (1979). Psychology, racism and fascism. London: A. F. & R. Publications.
8. Bloodbath in Karachi (1998). Special editorial. The Sangat Review. (1998, August). Retrieved on July 7, 2000, from http://sangat.org/review.html
9. Cohen, D. (1996). Law, social policy and violence: The impact of regional cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 961-978.
10. Ercelawn, A., & Nauman, M. (1999, July). Why the World Bank? The Sangat Review. Retrieved on July 7, 2000, http://sangat.org/review.html
11. Gelfand, M., Triandis, H. C., & Chan, D. (1996). Individualism versus collectivism or versus authoritarianism? European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 397-410.
12. Glenn, E. (1981). Man and mankind: Conflicts and communication between cultures. Norwood. NJ: Ablex.
13. Gohari, M. J. (2000). The Taliban: Ascent to power. Karachi, Pakistan: Oxford University Press.
14. Greenfield, P. (2000) Three approaches to the study of culture: Where do they come from? Where can they go? Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 3, 223-240.
15. Harik, J. (1996). Between Islam and the system: Sources and implications of popular support for Lebanon's Hizballah. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 40, 41-67.
16. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
17. Hong, Y., Morris M. W., Chiu, C., & Benet-Martinez, V. (2000). Multiple minds: A dynamic constructivist approach to culture and cognition. American Psychologist, 55, 709-720.
18. Hunter, S. (1986) Islamic fundamentalism: What it is and why it frightens the West. SAIS Review, 6, 189-200.
19. Huntington, S. P. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of world order. New York: Simon and Schuster.
20. Husain, I. (2002, March). Mawdudi and the Pakistani state. The Herald, 33(3). Retrieved October 12, 2002, from http://www.dawn.com/herald/mar02.htm
21. JI Media News (2001, March). Killing of Muslims: Yom-e-Dua will be observed on March 8th. Retrieved on April 19, 2001,from http://www.jamaat.org/news/pr030501.html
22. JI Mansoorah (2001). Jamaat e Islami e-mail correspondence group. Retrieved January 25, 2001, from infoψamaat.org
23. Kâgitçibasi, C. (1997). Individualism and collectivism. In J. W. Berry, M. H. Segall, & C. Kâgitçibasi (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3. pp. 1-49). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
24. Kaplan, R. (1997). The ends of the earth: A journey at the dawn of the twenty first century. London: Papermac.
25. Keddie, N., & Cole, J, (Eds.). (1986). Shiíism and social protest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
26. Khan, Z. (1998). Fight to the finish. The Herald, 29 (11-12). Retrieved on June 14, 2000, from http://www.dawn.com/herald/dec98.htm
27. Kramer, M. (1993). Hizbullah: The calculus of Jihad. In M. E. Marty & R. S. Appleby (Eds.), Fundamentalisms and the state (pp. 539-555). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
28. Levin, S., & Sidanius, J. (1999). Social dominance and social identity in the United States and Israel: In-group favoritism or out-group derogation. Political Psychology, 20, 99-126.
29. Margold, J. (1999). From cultures of fear and terror to the normalization of violence. Critique of Anthropology, 1, 63-88.
30. McCarthy, R., & Harding, L. (2001). Pakistan's drought turns political. The Guardian, Retrieved on April 27, 2001, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/pakistan/
31. McCauley, C. (in press), Psychological issues in understanding terrorism and the response to terrorism. In C. Stout (Ed.), The psychology of terrorism. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
32. McCauley, C., & Segal, M. (1987). Social psychology of terrorist groups. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Review of Personality, and Social Psychology (Vol. 9, pp. 231-256). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
33. McKown, D. B. (1975). The classical Marxist critiques of religion: Marx, Engels, Lenin, Kautsky. The Hague, The Netherlands: Nijhoff.
34. Oishi, S., Schimmack, U., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1998). The measurement of values and of individualism-collectivism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1177-1189.
35. Popham, P. (1998, July). Karachi gripped by gang warfare: Pakistan factional killings and looming economic meltdown combine to bring the spectre of civil disaster. The Independent (London).
36. Power, C. (2001). Pakistan: The general and his plan. Newsweek, 137 (8).
37. Roccas, S., & Schwartz, S. H. (1997). Church-state relations and the association of religiosity with values: A study of Catholics in six countries. Cross-Cultural Research, 31, 356-375.
38. Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1-26). New York: Academic Press.
39. Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism and collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kâgitçibasi, S. C. Choe, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, method and applications (pp. 85-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40. Schwartz, S. H. (2001). Guidelines for the standardization of SVS scores for response acquiescence. Unpublished paper, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
41. Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (1997). Instances of adaptation to communist rule on value priorities in Eastern Europe. Political Psychology, 18, 385-410.
42. Schwartz, S. H., & Bardi, A. (2001). Value hierarchies across cultures: Taking a similarities perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 268-290.
43. Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
44. Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. S., & Gelfand, M. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research, 29, 240-275.
45. Staub, E. (2003), Notes on cultures of violence, cultures of caring and peace, and the fulfillment of basic human needs. Political Psychology, 24, 1-21.
46. Stern, J. (2001). Meeting with the Muj. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 57(1),42-51. Retrieved on May 30, 2001, from http://www.bullatomsci.org/issues/2001
47. Taussig, M. (1984). Culture of terror-space of death: Roger Casement's Putumayo report and the explanation of torture. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26, 467-497.
48. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
49. Triandis, H. C., Carnevale, P., Gelfand, M., Robert, C., Wasti, A., Probst, T., et al.(2001). Culture and deception in business negotiations: A multilevel analysis. International Journal of Cross-cultural Management, 1, 73-90.
50. Triandis, H. C., & Khan, N. (in press). Some hypotheses on the psychology of terrorism. Cross-Cultural Psychology Bulletin.
51. Triandis, H. C., Leung, K., Villareal, M., & Clack, F. L. (1985). Allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation. Journal of Research at Personality, 19, 395-415.
52. Triandis, H. C., & Suh, E. M. (2002). Cultural influences on personality. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 133-160.