Feminist International Relations: A contradiction in terms? Or: Why women and gender are essential to understanding the world 'we' live in

International Affairs

Volumn 80, Issue 1, 2004, Pages

  Youngs, Gillian ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 1142264128     PISSN: 00205850     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j..2004.00367.x     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Other international specialist journals covering feminist International Relations topics, broadly defined, include Women's Studies International Forum, Women's Studies Quarterly, Feminist Review, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society and Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism. Many regional journals exist, including Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Australian Feminist Studies, NORA: Nordic Journal of Women's Studies, European Journal of Women's Studies, Asian Women; Agenda (www.agenda.org.za) and Feminist Africa (www.feministafrica.org). There are also many disciplinary/specialist journals of relevance within the field, such as Women and Politics, Feminist Economics, Feminist Studies, Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy, Gender, Place and Culture, Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, Gender, Technology and Development. A useful general resource on feminist theory and research is Cheris Kramarae and Dale Spender, eds, Routledge international encyclopedia of women (London: Routledge, 2000).
2. Ann Tickner has termed this 'a gendered estrangement' but has made clear that it is not one that pits men against women. 'A majority of IR women scholars do not work with feminist approaches, and some men do use gender as a category of analysis.' See her influential article on this area, J. Ann Tickner, 'You just don't understand: troubled engagements between feminists and IR theorists', International Studies Quarterly 4:4 pp. 611-32.
3. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
4. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
5. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
6. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
7. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
8. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
9. Cynthia Enloe, Does khaki become you? The militarization of women's lives (London: Pandora, 1988; first publ. 1983); Bananas, beaches and bases: making feminist sense of international politics (London: Pandora, 1989); The morning after: sexual politics at the end of the Cold War (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Maneuvers: the international politics of militarizing women's lives (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000). Judith Stiehm's work in this area includes Women's and men's wars (Oxford: Pergamon, 1983) and Arms and the enlisted woman (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989). On gender and war, see also Joshua S. Goldstein, War and gender: how gender shapes the war system and vice versa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
10. Enloe, Bananas, beaches and bases, p. 1. On debates in feminist theory and international theory see e.g. Christine Sylvester, Feminist theory and International Relations in a postmodern era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Jill Steans, Gender and International Relations: an introduction (Cambridge: Polity, 1997); Christine Sylvester, Feminist International Relations: an unfinished journey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
11. Enloe, Bananas, beaches and bases, p. 1. On debates in feminist theory and international theory see e.g. Christine Sylvester, Feminist theory and International Relations in a postmodern era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Jill Steans, Gender and International Relations: an introduction (Cambridge: Polity, 1997); Christine Sylvester, Feminist International Relations: an unfinished journey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
12. Enloe, Bananas, beaches and bases, p. 1. On debates in feminist theory and international theory see e.g. Christine Sylvester, Feminist theory and International Relations in a postmodern era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Jill Steans, Gender and International Relations: an introduction (Cambridge: Polity, 1997); Christine Sylvester, Feminist International Relations: an unfinished journey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
13. Enloe, Bananas, beaches and bases, p. 1. On debates in feminist theory and international theory see e.g. Christine Sylvester, Feminist theory and International Relations in a postmodern era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); Jill Steans, Gender and International Relations: an introduction (Cambridge: Polity, 1997); Christine Sylvester, Feminist International Relations: an unfinished journey (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
14. J. Ann Tickner, Gendering world politics: issues and approaches in the post-Cold War era (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp. 1-2.
15. J. Ann Tickner, Gender in International Relations: feminist perspectives on achieving global security (New York: Columbia University Press, 1992).
16. Tickner, Gendering world politics, pp. ix-x.
17. See e.g. Natasha Walter, 'Where are the women? Men dominated Saddam's Iraq. Worryingly, they are also taking control of its future', Guardian, 25 April 2003 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,943175,oo.html). See also Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the politics of women's resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995); 'Forum: the events of 11 September 2001 and beyond', International Feminist Journal of Politics 4:1, 2002, pp. 95-113.
18. See e.g. Natasha Walter, 'Where are the women? Men dominated Saddam's Iraq. Worryingly, they are also taking control of its future', Guardian, 25 April 2003 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,943175,oo.html). See also Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the politics of women's resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995); 'Forum: the events of 11 September 2001 and beyond', International Feminist Journal of Politics 4:1, 2002, pp. 95-113.
19. See e.g. Natasha Walter, 'Where are the women? Men dominated Saddam's Iraq. Worryingly, they are also taking control of its future', Guardian, 25 April 2003 (http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,943175,oo.html). See also Simona Sharoni, Gender and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict: the politics of women's resistance (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1995); 'Forum: the events of 11 September 2001 and beyond', International Feminist Journal of Politics 4:1, 2002, pp. 95-113.
20. Marysia Zalewski and Jane Parpart, eds, The 'man' question in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998).
21. Marysia Zalewski, 'From the "woman" question to the "man" question in International Relations', in Zalewski and Parpart, The 'man' question in International Relations, pp. 1-13.
22. Ibid., p. 7.
23. Ibid., p. 8.
24. Charlotte Hooper, Manly states: masculinities, international relations and gender politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001).
25. There are far too many works in feminist political theory to cite here. Examples would include Vicky Randall, Women and politics (London: Macmillan, 1982); Diana H. Coole, Women in political theory: from ancient misogyny to contemporary feminism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988); Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge: Polity, 1988); Anne Phillips, Engendering democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1991); Christine Di Stefano, Configurations of masculinity: a feminist perspective on modern political theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Kathleen B. Jones, Compassionate authority: democracy and the representation of women (London: Routledge, 1993).
26. There are far too many works in feminist political theory to cite here. Examples would include Vicky Randall, Women and politics (London: Macmillan, 1982); Diana H. Coole, Women in political theory: from ancient misogyny to contemporary feminism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988); Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge: Polity, 1988); Anne Phillips, Engendering democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1991); Christine Di Stefano, Configurations of masculinity: a feminist perspective on modern political theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Kathleen B. Jones, Compassionate authority: democracy and the representation of women (London: Routledge, 1993).
27. There are far too many works in feminist political theory to cite here. Examples would include Vicky Randall, Women and politics (London: Macmillan, 1982); Diana H. Coole, Women in political theory: from ancient misogyny to contemporary feminism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988); Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge: Polity, 1988); Anne Phillips, Engendering democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1991); Christine Di Stefano, Configurations of masculinity: a feminist perspective on modern political theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Kathleen B. Jones, Compassionate authority: democracy and the representation of women (London: Routledge, 1993).
28. There are far too many works in feminist political theory to cite here. Examples would include Vicky Randall, Women and politics (London: Macmillan, 1982); Diana H. Coole, Women in political theory: from ancient misogyny to contemporary feminism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988); Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge: Polity, 1988); Anne Phillips, Engendering democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1991); Christine Di Stefano, Configurations of masculinity: a feminist perspective on modern political theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Kathleen B. Jones, Compassionate authority: democracy and the representation of women (London: Routledge, 1993).
29. There are far too many works in feminist political theory to cite here. Examples would include Vicky Randall, Women and politics (London: Macmillan, 1982); Diana H. Coole, Women in political theory: from ancient misogyny to contemporary feminism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988); Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge: Polity, 1988); Anne Phillips, Engendering democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1991); Christine Di Stefano, Configurations of masculinity: a feminist perspective on modern political theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Kathleen B. Jones, Compassionate authority: democracy and the representation of women (London: Routledge, 1993).
30. There are far too many works in feminist political theory to cite here. Examples would include Vicky Randall, Women and politics (London: Macmillan, 1982); Diana H. Coole, Women in political theory: from ancient misogyny to contemporary feminism (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1988); Carole Pateman, The sexual contract (Cambridge: Polity, 1988); Anne Phillips, Engendering democracy (Cambridge: Polity, 1991); Christine Di Stefano, Configurations of masculinity: a feminist perspective on modern political theory (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991); Kathleen B. Jones, Compassionate authority: democracy and the representation of women (London: Routledge, 1993).
31. One of the earliest feminist works which continues to be relevant is Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the rights of woman (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985; first publ. 1792).
32. See Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds, Gender and International Relations (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991); V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered states: (re)visions of International Relations theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992); Gillian Youngs, International Relations in a global age: a conceptual challenge (Cambridge: Polity, 1999); also Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and nation (London: Sage, 1997).
33. See Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds, Gender and International Relations (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991); V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered states: (re)visions of International Relations theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992); Gillian Youngs, International Relations in a global age: a conceptual challenge (Cambridge: Polity, 1999); also Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and nation (London: Sage, 1997).
34. See Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds, Gender and International Relations (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991); V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered states: (re)visions of International Relations theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992); Gillian Youngs, International Relations in a global age: a conceptual challenge (Cambridge: Polity, 1999); also Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and nation (London: Sage, 1997).
35. See Rebecca Grant and Kathleen Newland, eds, Gender and International Relations (Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1991); V. Spike Peterson, ed., Gendered states: (re)visions of International Relations theory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992); Gillian Youngs, International Relations in a global age: a conceptual challenge (Cambridge: Polity, 1999); also Nira Yuval-Davis, Gender and nation (London: Sage, 1997).
36. Peterson, Gendered states, p. 14. See also V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global gender issues, 2nd edn (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999).
37. Peterson, Gendered states, p. 14. See also V. Spike Peterson and Anne Sisson Runyan, Global gender issues, 2nd edn (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999).
38. Steve Smith, '"Unacceptable conclusions" and the "man" question: masculinity, gender and International Relations', in Zalewski and Parpart, The 'man' question in International Relations, pp. 54-72 at p. 62.
39. Hooper, Manly states, p. 1.
40. V. Spike Peterson, 'Reframing the politics of identity: democracy, globalisation and gender', Political Expressions 1:1, 1995, pp. 1-16 at p. 4. See also R. B. J. Walker, Inside/outside: International Relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Youngs, International Relations in a global age; John Hoffman, Beyond the state: an introductory critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Laura Brace and John Hoffman, eds, Reclaiming sovereignty (London: Pinter, 1997); John Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty: feminism, the state and International Relations (London: Palgrave, 2001).
41. V. Spike Peterson, 'Reframing the politics of identity: democracy, globalisation and gender', Political Expressions 1:1, 1995, pp. 1-16 at p. 4. See also R. B. J. Walker, Inside/outside: International Relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Youngs, International Relations in a global age; John Hoffman, Beyond the state: an introductory critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Laura Brace and John Hoffman, eds, Reclaiming sovereignty (London: Pinter, 1997); John Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty: feminism, the state and International Relations (London: Palgrave, 2001).
42. V. Spike Peterson, 'Reframing the politics of identity: democracy, globalisation and gender', Political Expressions 1:1, 1995, pp. 1-16 at p. 4. See also R. B. J. Walker, Inside/outside: International Relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Youngs, International Relations in a global age; John Hoffman, Beyond the state: an introductory critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Laura Brace and John Hoffman, eds, Reclaiming sovereignty (London: Pinter, 1997); John Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty: feminism, the state and International Relations (London: Palgrave, 2001).
43. V. Spike Peterson, 'Reframing the politics of identity: democracy, globalisation and gender', Political Expressions 1:1, 1995, pp. 1-16 at p. 4. See also R. B. J. Walker, Inside/outside: International Relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Youngs, International Relations in a global age; John Hoffman, Beyond the state: an introductory critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Laura Brace and John Hoffman, eds, Reclaiming sovereignty (London: Pinter, 1997); John Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty: feminism, the state and International Relations (London: Palgrave, 2001).
44. V. Spike Peterson, 'Reframing the politics of identity: democracy, globalisation and gender', Political Expressions 1:1, 1995, pp. 1-16 at p. 4. See also R. B. J. Walker, Inside/outside: International Relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Youngs, International Relations in a global age; John Hoffman, Beyond the state: an introductory critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Laura Brace and John Hoffman, eds, Reclaiming sovereignty (London: Pinter, 1997); John Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty: feminism, the state and International Relations (London: Palgrave, 2001).
45. V. Spike Peterson, 'Reframing the politics of identity: democracy, globalisation and gender', Political Expressions 1:1, 1995, pp. 1-16 at p. 4. See also R. B. J. Walker, Inside/outside: International Relations as political theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993); Youngs, International Relations in a global age; John Hoffman, Beyond the state: an introductory critique (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Laura Brace and John Hoffman, eds, Reclaiming sovereignty (London: Pinter, 1997); John Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty: feminism, the state and International Relations (London: Palgrave, 2001).
46. Peterson, 'Refraining the politics of identity', p. 3.
47. Hoffman, Gender and sovereignty, p. 6.
48. Ibid., p. 9.
49. Ibid., pp. 83-90.
50. See note 3 above; also Jan Jindy Pettman, Worlding women: a feminist international politics (London: Routledge, 1996); Tickner, Gendering world politics; International Feminist Journal of Politics, themed issue on 'Gender in conflict and post-conflict societies', 3:1, 2001.
51. See note 3 above; also Jan Jindy Pettman, Worlding women: a feminist international politics (London: Routledge, 1996); Tickner, Gendering world politics; International Feminist Journal of Politics, themed issue on 'Gender in conflict and post-conflict societies', 3:1, 2001.
52. Carolyn Nordstrum, 'Visible wars and invisible girls, shadow industries, and the politics of not-knowing', International Feminist Journal of Politics 1:1, 1999, pp. 14-33 at pp. 14-15.
53. Tickner, Gendering world politics, pp. 48-9.
54. Ibid., pp. 49-51. See also Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov, eds, The postwar moment: militaries, masculinities and international peacekeeping (London: Zed, 2002); Carol Cohn, Helen Kinsella and Sheri Gibbings, 'Women, peace and security: Resolution 1325', International Feminist Journal of Politics 6:1, 2003.
55. Ibid., pp. 49-51. See also Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov, eds, The postwar moment: militaries, masculinities and international peacekeeping (London: Zed, 2002); Carol Cohn, Helen Kinsella and Sheri Gibbings, 'Women, peace and security: Resolution 1325', International Feminist Journal of Politics 6:1, 2003.
56. Ibid., pp. 49-51. See also Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov, eds, The postwar moment: militaries, masculinities and international peacekeeping (London: Zed, 2002); Carol Cohn, Helen Kinsella and Sheri Gibbings, 'Women, peace and security: Resolution 1325', International Feminist Journal of Politics 6:1, 2003.
57. See note 3 above; also Katharine Moon, Sex among allies: military prostitution in US-Korea relations (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997).
58. Enloe, Does khaki become you?, pp. xxxix-xl.
59. Ibid., p. xxxi.
60. Ibid., pp. 12-13. See also 'Carol Cohn discusses Saving Private Ryan with Cynthia Weber', International Feminist Journal of Politics 1:3, 1999, pp. 460-75.
61. Ibid., pp. 12-13. See also 'Carol Cohn discusses Saving Private Ryan with Cynthia Weber', International Feminist Journal of Politics 1:3, 1999, pp. 460-75.
62. See R. W. Connell, Gender and power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987) and Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Hooper, Manly states; L. H. M. Ling, Postcolonial international relations: conquest and desire between Asia and the West (London: Palgrave, 2001).
63. See R. W. Connell, Gender and power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987) and Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Hooper, Manly states; L. H. M. Ling, Postcolonial international relations: conquest and desire between Asia and the West (London: Palgrave, 2001).
64. See R. W. Connell, Gender and power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987) and Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Hooper, Manly states; L. H. M. Ling, Postcolonial international relations: conquest and desire between Asia and the West (London: Palgrave, 2001).
65. See R. W. Connell, Gender and power (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987) and Masculinities (Cambridge: Polity, 1995); Hooper, Manly states; L. H. M. Ling, Postcolonial international relations: conquest and desire between Asia and the West (London: Palgrave, 2001).
66. Hooper, Manly states, p. 98.
67. Ibid., p. 136.
68. Ibid., p. 221. See also Kimberly A. Chang and L. H. M. Ling, 'Globalization and its intimate other: Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong', in Marianne Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, eds, Gender and global restructuring: sightings, sites and resistances (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 27-43.
69. Ibid., p. 221. See also Kimberly A. Chang and L. H. M. Ling, 'Globalization and its intimate other: Filipina domestic workers in Hong Kong', in Marianne Marchand and Anne Sisson Runyan, eds, Gender and global restructuring: sightings, sites and resistances (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 27-43.
70. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
71. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
72. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
73. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
74. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
75. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
76. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
77. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
78. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
79. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
80. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
81. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
82. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
83. There is a long list of works that could be cited here. They include Julie Peters and Andrea Wolper, eds, Women's rights, human rights: international feminist perspectives (London: Routledge, 1995); Pettman, Worlding women; Marchand and Runyan, Gender and global restructuring; Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, eds, Thinking differently: a reader in European women's studies (London: Zed, 2002); Susanne Thorbek and Bandana Pattanaik, eds, Transnational prostitution: changing patterns in a global context (London: Zed, 2002); Shirin M. Rai, Gender and the political economy of development: from nationalism to globalization (Cambridge: Polity, 2002); Kum-Kum Bhavnani, John Foran and Priya Kurian, eds, Feminist futures: re-imagining women, culture and development (London: Zed, 2003); Eleonore Kofman and Gillian Youngs, eds, Globalization: theory and practice, 2nd edn (London: Continuum, 2003); V. Spike Peterson, A critical rewriting of global political economy: integrating reproductive, productive and virtual economies (London: Routledge, 2003); Jacqui True, Gender, globalization and postsocialism (New York: Columbia University Press, 2003). See also Millennium: Journal of International Studies, anniversary special issue on 'Gendering "the international"', 27:4, 1998; Feminist Economics, special issue on globalization, 6:3, 2000; Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, special issue on globalization, 26:4, 2001; Feminist Review, special issue on globalization, 70:1, 2002.
84. See e.g. Cynthia Cockburn, The space between us: negotiating gender and national identities in conflict (London: Zed, 1998); Wendy Harcourt, ed., Women@Internet (London: Zed, 1999); Catherine Eschle, Global democracy, social movements and feminism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001); Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai, eds, Women's activism and globalization: linking local struggles and transnational politics (London: Routledge, 2002).
85. See e.g. Cynthia Cockburn, The space between us: negotiating gender and national identities in conflict (London: Zed, 1998); Wendy Harcourt, ed., Women@Internet (London: Zed, 1999); Catherine Eschle, Global democracy, social movements and feminism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001); Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai, eds, Women's activism and globalization: linking local struggles and transnational politics (London: Routledge, 2002).
86. See e.g. Cynthia Cockburn, The space between us: negotiating gender and national identities in conflict (London: Zed, 1998); Wendy Harcourt, ed., Women@Internet (London: Zed, 1999); Catherine Eschle, Global democracy, social movements and feminism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001); Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai, eds, Women's activism and globalization: linking local struggles and transnational politics (London: Routledge, 2002).
87. See e.g. Cynthia Cockburn, The space between us: negotiating gender and national identities in conflict (London: Zed, 1998); Wendy Harcourt, ed., Women@Internet (London: Zed, 1999); Catherine Eschle, Global democracy, social movements and feminism (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2001); Nancy A. Naples and Manisha Desai, eds, Women's activism and globalization: linking local struggles and transnational politics (London: Routledge, 2002).
88. See the nuanced arguments in Jane L. Parpart, Shirin M. Rai and Kathleen Staudt, eds, Rethinking empowerment: gender and development in a global/local world (London: Routledge, 2002). See also Vivienne Jabri and Eleanor O'Gorman, eds, Women, culture and International Relations: Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).
89. See the nuanced arguments in Jane L. Parpart, Shirin M. Rai and Kathleen Staudt, eds, Rethinking empowerment: gender and development in a global/local world (London: Routledge, 2002). See also Vivienne Jabri and Eleanor O'Gorman, eds, Women, culture and International Relations: Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999).