A pulsed extension model for the Neogene-Recent E-W-trending Alaşehir Graben and the NE-SW-trending Selendi and Gördes Basins, Western Turkey

Tectonophysics

Volumn 391, Issue 1-4 SPEC.ISS., 2004, Pages 171-201

  Purvis, Martin ^a   Robertson, Alastair ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Crustal extension; Graben; Neotectonics; Rifting; Western Turkey

Indexed keywords

BASIN EVOLUTION; EXTENSIONAL TECTONICS; GRABEN; NEOGENE; QUATERNARY; RIFTING;

EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; TURKEY; WORLD;

EID: 11344258232     PISSN: 00401951     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tecto.2004.07.011     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. G.A. Abers Possible seismogenic shallow-dipping normal faults in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux extensional province, Papua New Guinea Geology 19 1991 1205-1208
2. R. Akkök Structural and metamorphic evolution of the northern part of the Menderes-Massif: New data from the Derbent area and their implications for the tectonics of the massif J. Geol. 91 1983 342-350
3. D. Avigad Z. Garfunkel Uplift and exhumation of high-pressure metamorphic rocks: The example of the Cycladic blueschist belt (Aegean Sea) Tectonophysics 188 1991 357-372
4. D. Avigad Z. Garfunkel L. Jolivet J.M. Azanon Back-arc extension and denudation of Mediterranean eclogites Tectonics l6 1997 924-941
5. D. Avigad A. Ziv Z. Garfunkel Ductile and brittle shortening, extension-parallel folds and maintainance of crustal thickness in the central Aegean (Cyclades, Greece) Tectonics 20 2001 277-287
6. J. Axen Pore pressure, stress increase, and fault weakening in low-angle normal faulting J. Geophys. Res. 97 1992 8979-8991
7. L. Benda J.E. Meulenkamp Biostratigraphic correlations in the Eastern Mediterranean Neogene: 5. Calibration of sporomorph associations, marine microfossils and mammal zones, marine and continental stages and the radiometric scale Ann. Géol. Pays Héll. (hors séries) 1 1979 61-70
8. E. Bozkurt Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its tectonic implications In: E. Bozkurt J.A. Winchester J.D.A. Piper (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 173 2000 385-404
9. E. Bozkurt Late Alpine evolution of the central Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey Int. J. Earth Sci. 89 2001 728-744
10. E. Bozkurt Discussion on "The extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) Graben, Western Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 159 2002 105-109
11. E. Bozkurt Origin of NE-trending basins in Western Turkey Geodin. Acta 16 2003 61-81
12. E. Bozkurt R. Oberhansli Menderes Massif (Western Turkey): Structural, metamorphic and magmatic evolution-a synthesis Int. J. Earth Sci. (Geol. Rundsch.) 89 2001 679-708
13. E. Bozkurt R.G. Park Southern Menderes Massif: An incipient metamorphic core complex in Western Anatolia J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 151 1994 213-216
14. R.W. Buck Flexural rotation of normal faults Tectonics 7 1988 959-973
15. H.A. Cohen C.J. Dart H.S. Akyüz A. Barka Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of the Gediz and Büyük Menderes graben, Western Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 152 1995 629-638
16. A. Collins A.H.F. Robertson Processes of late Cretaceous to late Miocene episodic thrust-sheet translation in the Lycian Taurides, SW Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 155 1998 759-772
17. P.J. Coney Cordilleran metamorphic core complex: An overview M.D. Crittenden P.J. Coney G.H. Davies Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. vol. 153 1980 7-31
18. M.D. Crittenden Jr. P.J. Coney G.H. Davies Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. 153 1980 490
19. C.J. Dart H.A. Cohen H.S. Akyüz A. Barka Basinward migration of rift-border faults: Implications for facies distribution and preservation potential Geology 23 1995 69-72
20. G.A. Davis L.S. Lister Detachment faulting in continental extension: perspectives from the southwest U.S. Cordillera In: S.P. Clark Jr. (Eds.) Processes in Continental Lithospheric Deformation Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper 218 1988 133-159
21. O.O. Dora N. Kun O. Çandan Metamorphic history and geotectonic evolution of the Menderes Massif Proc. Int. Earth Sci. Congress Aegean Region 1990 102-115
22. S. Dürr Das Attisch-kykladische Kristallin, Ostagaische Inseln und Gebirgsverbindungen im Agais-Bereich In: Y. Jacobshagen (Ed.), Geologie von Griechenland 1986 Gebrüder Borntraeger Berlin 116-207
23. S. Dürr R. Alterr J. Keller M. Okrusch E. Seidel The Median Aegean Crystalline Belt: Stratigraphy, structure, metamorphism, magmatism In: H. Cloos D. Roeder K. Schmidt (Eds.), Alps, Apennines, Hellenides 1978 Schweizerbart Stuttgart 455-477
24. S.V. Ediger Z. Bati M. Yazman Palaeopalynology of possible hydrocarbon source rocks of the Alaşehir-Turgutlu area in the Gediz graben (Western Anatolia) Turk. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 8 (1) 1996 94-112
25. T. Emre Gediz grabenin (Salihli-Alaşehir arasi) karasal tortullarinin yasi ile ilgili yen bulgular 43rd Turkish Geological Congress, Ankara, Abstract Volume 1988 General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration Ankara
26. T. Emre Gediz grabenin jeoloji ve tektoniǧi Turk. J. Earth Sci. 5 1996 171-185
27. T. Emre H. Sözbilir Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes Grabens, Western Anatolia Proc. Int. Earth Sci. Congress Aegean Region, İzmir 1997 73-93
28. T. Ercan A. Dincel S. Metin A. Türkecan E. Günay Geology of the Kula-Selendi (Manisa) area Jeol. Mühendis. 17 1978 3-28 (in Turkish with English summary).
29. T. Ercan A. Türkecan A. Dincel E. Günay Geology of the Neogene basins in Uşak region Bull. Geol. Soc. Turk. 21 1983 97-106 (in Turkish with English summary).
30. T. Ercan A. Türkecan A. Dinçel E. Gunay Kula-Selendi (Manisa) Dolaylarinin Jeolojisi Jeol. Mühendis. 17 1983 3-28 (in Turkish with English summary)
31. T. Ercan M. Satir D. Sevin A. Türkecan Bati Anadolu'daki Tersiyer ve Kuvarterner yaǧlikayaçlarda yeni yapilan radyometrik yaş ölçmlerinin yorumu MTA Bull. 119 1997 103-112
32. H. Eyidoǧan J. Jackson A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alaşehir and Gediz earthquakes of 1969-1970 in western Turkey: Implications for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 81 1985 569-607
33. C.M. Fedo J.M.G. Miller Evolution of a Miocene half-graben basin, Colorado River extensional corridor, SE California Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 104 1992 481-493
34. T.K. Fowler S.J. Friedmann G.A. Davis K.M. Bishop Two-phase evolution of the Shadow Valley Basin, south-eastern California: A possible record of footwall uplift during extensional detachment faulting Basin Res. 7 1995 15-179
35. S.J. Friedmann D.W. Burbank Rift basins and supradetachment basins: intracontinental extensional end members Basin Res. 7 1995 109-127
36. S. Genç S. Altunkaynak Z. Karacik A. Yazman Y. Yilmaz The Çubukludaǧ graben, south of İzmir: Its tectonic significance in the Neogene geological evolution of western Anatolia Geodin. Acta 14 2001 45-55
37. K. Gessner U. Ring C. Johnson R. Hetzel C.W. Passchier T. Güngör An active bivergent rolling hinge detachment system: the central Menderes metamorphic core complex in Western Turkey Geology 29 2001 611-614
38. N. Görür A.M.C. Şengör M. Sakinç O. Tüysüz R. Akkök E. Yiǧitbaş F.Y. Oktay A. Barka N. Sarica B. Ecevitoǧlu E. Demirbaş S. Ersoy O. Algan C. Güneysu A. Akyöl Rift formation in the Gökova region, southwestern Anatolia: Implications for the opening of the Aegean Sea Geol. Mag. 132 1995 637-650
39. Ö.F. Gürer M. Bozcu K. Yilmaz Y. Yilmaz Neogene basin development around Söke-Kuşadasi (Western Anatolia) and its bearing on the tectonic development of the Aegean region Geodin. Acta 14 2001 57-69
40. A. Gürer O̧. Gürer O̧.F. Pinçe O.M. Ilkişik Conductivity structure along the Gediz Graben, West Anatolia, Turkey: Tectonic implications Int. Geol. Rev. 43 2001 1129-1144
41. W. Hamilton Crustal extension in the basin and range province, southwestern United States In: M.P. Coward J.F. Dewey P.L. Hancock (Eds.) Continental Extensional Tectonics Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 28 1987 155-176
42. Hetzel R. 1995 The Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution of the central Menderes Massif, Southwestern Turkey. Unpublished PhD thesis, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Mainz
43. R. Hetzel U. Ring U. Akal O. Dora Bivergent extension in orogenic belt: the Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey) Geology 23 1995 455-458
44. R. Hetzel U. Ring U. Akal M. Troesch Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 152 1995 636-654
45. O.M. Ilkişik Regional heat flow data in western Anatolia using silica temperature estimates from thermal springs Tectonophysics 244 1995 175-184
46. U. Inci Depositional evolution of Miocene coal successions in the Soma coalfield, Western Turkey Int. J. Coal Geol. 51 2002 1-29
47. H. Itzan M. Yazman Geology and hydrocarbon potential of the Alaşehir (Manisa) area, western Turkey In: M.Y. Savaşçn A.H. Eronat (Eds.), Proc. Int. Earth Sci. Congress Aegean Region, İzmir 1990 327-333
48. J.A. Jackson D. McKenzie Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt between Western Turkey and Pakistan Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 77 1984 185-264
49. B.E. John Geometry and evolution of a mid-crustal extension fault system: Chemehuvei Mountains, southeastern California In: M.P. Coward J.F. Dewey P.L. Hancock (Eds.), Continental Extensional Tectonics Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 28 1987 313-336
50. L. Jolivet M. Patriat Ductile extension and the formation of the Aegean Sea In: B. Durand L. Jolivet F. Horvarth M. Seranne (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within the Alpine Orogen Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 156 1999 427-436
51. K. Kastens Rate of outward growth of the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex Tectonophysics 199 1991 25-50
52. A. Koçyiǧit H. Yusufoǧlu E. Bozkurt Evidence from the Gediz graben for epidosic two-stage extension in western Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 156 1999 605-616
53. X. Le Pichon J. Angelier The Hellenic arc and trench system: A key to the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean area Tectonophysics 60 1979 1-42
54. A.I.W. Lips D. Cassard H. Sözbilir H. Yilmaz J.R. Wijbrans Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, Western Anatolia (Turkey) Int. J. Earth Sci. 89 2001 781-792
55. G.S. Lister G.A. Davies The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, USA J. Struct. Geol. 11 1989 65-84
56. R.F. Livacarri J.W. Geismann S.J. Reynolds Large-magnitude extensional deformation in the South Mountains metamorphic core complex Arizona: evaluation with paleomgnetism Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 107 1995 877-894
57. J. Makris C. Stobbe Physcial properties and state of crust and upper mantle of the eastern Mediterranean Sea deduced from geophysical data Mar. Geol. 5 1984 347-363
58. J. Malavielle Late orogenic extension in mountain belts: Insights from the Basin and Range and the late Paleozoic Variscan belt Tectonics 12 1993 1115-1130
59. J. Malavielle A. Taboada Kinematic model for postorogenic basin and range extension Geology 19 1991 555-558
60. D. McKenzie Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: The Aegean Sea and surrounding regions Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 55 1978 217-254
61. S. Metin A. Türkecan E. Günay Uşak yöresindeki havzalarin jeolojisi Turk. Geol. Soc. Bull. 21 1978 97-106
62. J.E. Meulenkamp M.J.R. Wortel W.A. Van Wammel W. Spakman E. Hoogerduyn Strating On the Hellenic subduction zone and the geodynamic evolution of Crete since the late middle Miocene Tectonophysics 146 1988 203-215
63. J.M.G. Miller B.E. John Sedimentation patterns support seismogenic low-angle normal faulting, southeastern California and western Arizona GSA Bull. 111 1999 1350-1370
64. Y.O. Mindevalli J.B. Mitchell Crustal structure and possible anisotropy in Turkey from seismic surface wave dispersion Geophys. J. Int. 98 1989 93-106
65. K. Nebert Information about the Neogene volcanism of the Gördes region MTA Bull. 57 1961 50-54
66. A. Okay M. Satir Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey Geol. Mag. 137 2000 495-516
67. A.O. Okay I. Tansel O. Tüysüz Obduction, subduction and collision as reflected in the Upper Cretaceous-Lower Eocene sedimentary record of western Turkey Geol. Mag. 138 2001 117-142
68. S. Paton Active normal faulting, drainage patterns and sedimentation in southwestern Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 149 1992 1031-1044
69. J.M. Profett Cenozoic geology of the Yerington district, Nevada, and implications for the nature and origin of Basin and Range faulting Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull. 88 1986 247-266
70. Purvis M. 1998 The late Tertiary-Recent tectonic-sedimentary evolution of extensional sedimentary basins of the northern Menderes Massif. Unpublished PhD thesis, Edinburgh University
71. M. Purvis A.H.F. Robertson Multiphase rifting in rapidly extending continental crust (west Turkey) Terra Nova 9 1997 398
72. Purvis M. Robertson A.H.F. 2000. Neogene crustal extension in western (Aegean) Turkey: Evidence from the Alaşehir Graben and the Selendi and Gördes basins. Int. Earth Sciences Coll. Aegean Region. Izmir, September 2000, Abstract Volume 26
73. M. Purvis A.H.F. Robertson Sedimentological evidence of the existence of an early Miocene E-W trending Alaşehir (Gediz) half-graben in W Turkey Fourth Turkish International Geology Symposium, Adana, September 2001 2001 32
74. M. Purvis A.H.F. Robertson Sedimentation of the Neogene-Recent Alaşehir (Gediz) continental graben system Sediment. Geol. 2004 (in press)
75. 40Ar dating of biotite and sanidine in tuffaceous sediments and related intrusive rocks: Implications for the early Miocene evolution of the Gördes and Selendi basins, W Turkey Geol. J. 2004 (in press)
76. R.E. Reilinger S.C. McClusky M.B. Oral R.W King M.N. Toksoz Global positioning system measurements in the Arabia-Africa-Eurasia plate collision zone J. Geophys. Res. 102 1997 9983-9999
77. A.H.F. Robertson J.E. Dixon Introduction: Aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean J.E. Dixon A.H.F. Robertson The Geological Evolution of the Eastern Mediterrranean Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 17 1984 1-74
78. A.H.F. Robertson M. Grasso Overview of the late Tertiary-Recent tectonic and palaeo-environmental development of the Mediterranean region Terra Nova 7 1995 114-127
79. N. Sarica The Plio-Pleistocene age of the Büyuk Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in west Anatolia: Mammalian evidence from the continental deposits Geol. J. 35 2000 1-24
80. A.M.C. Şengör Cross faults and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of low angle normal faulting: Examples from western Turkey In: M.P. Coward J.F. Dewey P.L. Hancock (Eds.), Continental Extensional Tectonics Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. 28 1987 575-589
81. A.M.C. Şengör Y. Yilmaz Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach Tectonophysics 75 1981 181-241
82. A.M.C. Şengör M. Satir R. Akkök Timing of tectonic events in the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: Implications for tectonic evolution and evidence for Pan-African basement in Turkey Tectonics 3 1984 693-707
83. A.M.C. Şengör N. Görür F. Şaroǧlu Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study In: K.T. Biddle N. Christie-Blick (Eds.), Strike Slip Deformation, Basin Formation and Sedimentation Soc. Econ. Palaeont. Mineral. Spec. Publ. 37 1985 227-264
84. Seyitoǧlu G. 1992 Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester, UK
85. G. Seyitoǧlu Late Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary development of the Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins: A contribution to the discussion on the development of east-west and north trending basins in western Turkey Geol. Mag. 134 1997 163-175
86. G. Seyitoǧlu L. Benda Neogene palynological and isotopic age data from Selendi and Uşak-Güre basins, western Turkey: A contribution to the upper limit of the Eskihisar sporomorph association Newsl. Statigr. 3 1998 105-115
87. G. Seyitoǧlu B.C. Scott Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey Geol. Mag. 128 1991 155-166
88. G. Seyitoǧlu B.C. Scott The age of the Büyük-Menderes graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications Geol. Mag. 129 1992 239-242
89. G. Seyitoǧlu B.C. Scott Late Cenozoic basin development in west Turkey: Gördes basin tectonics and sedimentation Geol. Mag. 131 1994 631-637
90. G. Seyitoǧlu B.C. Scott Neogene palynological and isotopic age data from Gördes Basin, west Turkey Newsl. Statigr. 31 1994 133-142
91. G. Seyitoǧlu B.C. Scott Age of the Alaşehir Graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications Geol. J. 31 1996 1-11
92. G. Seyitoǧlu B.C. Scott C.C. Rundle Timing of Cenozoic extensional tectonics in west Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 149 1992 533-538
93. G. Seyitoǧlu D. Anderson G. Nowell B. Scott The evolution from Miocene potassic to Quaternary sodic magmatism in western Turkey: implications for enrichment processes in the lithospheric mantle J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 76 1997 127-147
94. G. Seyitoǧlu I. Çemen O. Tekeli Extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) graben, western Turkey J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 157 2000 1097-1100
95. G. Seyitoǧlu O. Tekeli I. Çemen S. Şen V. Işik The role of the flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir graben, western Turkey Geol. Mag. 139 2002 15-26
96. H. Sözbilir Extensional tectonics and the geometry of the related macroscopic structures from the Gediz detachment, western Turkey Turk. J. Earth Sci. 10 2001 51-68
97. H. Sözbilir Geometry and origin of folding in the Neogene sediments of the Gediz graben Geodin. Acta 15 2002 31-40
98. W. Spakman M.J.R. Wortel N.J. Vlaar The Hellenic subduction zone: A tomographic image and its geodynamic implications Geophys. Res. Lett. 15 1988 60-63
99. J.E. Spencer Role of tectonic denudation in warping and uplift of low angle normal faults Geology 12 1984 95-98
100. J.E. Spencer S.J. Reynolds Tectonics of mid-Tertiary extension along a transect through west-central Arizona Tectonics 10 1991 1204-1221
101. T. Taymaz J.A. Jackson R. Westaway Earthquake mechanisms in the Hellenic Trench near Crete Geophys. J. Int. Oxford 102 1990 695-731
102. T. Taymaz J.A. Jackson D. McKenzie Active tectonics of the north and central Aegean Sea Geophys. J. Int. Oxford 106 1991 433-490
103. S.N. Thomson B. Stockhert M.R. Brix Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece. Implications for the speed of tectonic processes Geology 26 1988 259-262
104. N. Verge The exhumation of the Menderes Massif metamorphic complex of western Anatolia Terra Abstracts 5 1993 249
105. N. Verge The tectonics and consequences of mid-Oligocene to earliest Miocene detachment-facilitated, large magnitude NNE-SSW horizontal extension/vertical thinning of the earlier tectonically thickened continental lithosphere of western Anatolia Int. Earth Sci. Coll. Aegean Region, Izmir 2000 256 (September): (Abstract Volume).
106. B.P. Wernicke G.J. Axen On the role of isostacy in the evolution of normal fault systems Geology 16 1988 848-851
107. R. Westaway Block rotation in western Turkey: 1. Observational evidence of normal fault systems J. Geophys. Res. 95 1990 19857-19883
108. R. Westaway Dependence of active normal fault dips on lower-crustal fault regimes J. Geol. Soc. (Lond.) 155 1998 233-253
109. R. Westaway The mechanical feasibility of low-angle normal faulting Tectonophysics 308 1999 407-443
110. R. Westaway The Quaternary evolution of the Gulf of Corinth, central Greece: Coupling between surface processes and flow in the lower continental crust Tectonophysics 348 2002 269-318
111. R. Westaway N.J. Kusznir Fault and bed "rotation": During continental extension: Block rotation or vertical shear? J. Struct. Geol. 14 1993 753-770
112. R. Westaway M. Pringle S. Yurtmen T. Demir D. Bridgland G. Rowbotham D. Maddy Pliocene and Quaternary surface uplift of western Turkey revealed by long-term river terrace sequences Curr. Sci. 84 2003 1090-1101
113. R. Westaway M. Pringle S. Yurtmen T. Demir D. Bridgland G. Rowbotham D. Maddy Pliocene and Quaternary surface uplift of western Turkey: The Gediz river terrace staircase and the volcanism of Kula Tectonophysics 391 2004 121-169 (this issue).
114. F. Yaǧmurlu Salihli güneyinde üste doǧru kabalasan Neojen yaş alüvyonel yelpaze çökelleri ve Gediz Grabeni'nin tektonosedimanter gelisimi Geol. Bull. Turk. 30 1987 33-40
115. H. Yilmaz Yeşilyurt (Alaşehir) sahasindaki uranyum belirtilerinin kokeni ve bunlarin depolanma sonrasi alterasyonlarla tahribi. [Genesis of uranium occurrences in the Yeşilyurt area (Alaşehir) and their destruction by post-depositional alterations] Bull. Geol. Soc. Turk. 29 1986 43-52
116. Y. Yilmaz S.C. Genç F. Gürer M. Bozcu K. Yilmaz Z. Karacik Ş. Altunkaynak A. Elmas When did the western Anatolian grabens begin to develop? In: E. Bozkurt J.A. Winchester J.D.A. Piper (Eds.) Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area Geol. Soc. London, Spec. Publ. vol. 173 2000 353-384
117. Y. Yilmaz S.C. Genç S. Karacik S. Altunkayak Two contrasting magmatic associations of NW Anatolia and their tectonic significance J. Geodyn. 31 2001 243-271
118. H. Yusufoǧlu Northern margin of the Gediz graben: Age and evolution, west Turkey Turk. J. Earth Sci. 5 1996 11-23