Dependence of active normal fault dips on lower-crustal flow regimes

Journal of the Geological Society

Volumn 155, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 233-253

  Westaway, Rob ^a  

^a NONE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aegean Sea; Basin and Range Province; Isostasy; Lower crust; Normal faults

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000130798     PISSN: 00167649     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1144/gsjgs.155.2.0233     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. ABERS, G.A. 1991. Possible seismogenic shallow-dipping normal faults in the Woodlark-D'Entrecasteaux extensional province, Papun New Guinea. Geology, 19, 1205-1208.
2. ANDERSON, E.M. 1951. The dynamics of faulting (2nd edition). Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh.
3. ARMSTRONG, R.L. & WARD, P. 1991. Evolving geographic patterns of Cenozoic magmatism in the North American cordillera: The temporal and spatial association of magatism and metamorphic core complexes. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 13 201-13 224.
4. ATWATER, T. 1970. Implications of plate tectonics for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of western North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 81, 3513-3535.
5. BARTLEY, J.M. & GLAZNER, A.F. 1985. Hydrothermal systems and Tertiary low-angle normal faulting in the southwestern United States. Geology, 13, 562-564.
6. BIRD, P. 1991. Lateral extrusion of lower crust from under high topography, in the isostatic limit. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 10 275-10 286.
7. BLOCK, L. & ROYDEN, L.H. 1990. Core complex geometries and regional-scale flow in the lower crust. Tectonics, 9, 557-567.
8. BOZKURT, E. & PARK, R.G. 1994. Southern Menderes Massif: An incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 151, 213-216.
9. BRADSHAW, G.A. & ZOBACK, M.D. 1988. Listric normal faulting, stress refraction, and the state of stress in the Gulf Coast basin. Geology, 16, 271-274.
10. BRUNE, J.N. & ELLIS, M.A. 1997. Structural features in a brittle-ductile wax model of continental extension. Nature, 387, 67-70.
11. BUCK, W.R. 1990. Comment on Yin A. 'Origin of regional, rooted low-angle normal faults: A mechanical model and its tectonic implications'. Tectonics, 9, 545-546.
12. _ 1991. Modes of continental lithosphere extension. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 20 161-20 178.
13. BYERLEE, J.D. 1977. Friction of rocks. In: EVERNDEN, J.F. (ed.) Experimental Studies in Rock Friction. US Geological Survey, 55-77.
14. CHEREMISINOFF, N.P. 1993. An Introduction to Polymer Rheology and Processing. CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
15. CONEY, P.J. & REYNOLDS, S.J. 1997. Cordilleran Benioff Zones. Nature, 270, 403-406.
16. CROSS, M.M. 1966. Rheology of non-newtonian fluids: A new flow equation for pseudoplastic systems. Journal of Colloid Science, 20, 417-437.
17. DAVIES, F.D. 1985. Geologic maps of the north, central, and south Wasatch Front, Utah, 1:100,000 scale, and accompanying explanatory texts. Utah Geological and Mineral Survey maps 53-A, 54-A, and 55-A.
18. DAVIS, G.A. 1988. Rapid upward transport of mid-crustal mylonitic gneisses in the footwall of a Miocene detachment fault. Whipple Mountains, southeastern California. Geologische Rundschau, 77, 191-209.
19. DINTER, D.A. & ROYDEN, L. 1993. Late Cenozoic extension in northeastern Greece: Strymon Valley detachment system and Rhodope metamorphic core complex. Geology, 21, 45-48.
20. DOKKA, R.K. 1993. Original dip and subsequent modification of a Cordilleran detachment fault, Mojave extensional belt. California. Geology, 21, 711-714.
21. _ & ROSS, T.M. 1995. Collapse of southwestern North America and the evolution of early Miocene detachment faults, metamorphic core complexes, the Sierra Nevada orocline, and the San Andreas fault system. Geology, 23, 1075-1078.
22. DOSER, D.I. & SMITH, R.B. 1989. An assessment of source parameters of earthquakes in the cordillera of the western United States. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 79, 1383-1409.
23. DOUTSOS, T. & PIPER, D.J.W. 1990. Listric faulting, sedimentation, and morphological evolution of the Quaternary eastern Corinth rift, Greece: First stages of continental rifting. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 102, 812-829.
24. ENGEBRETSON, D.C., COX, A. & GORDON, R.G. 1985. Relative motions between oceanic and continental plates in the Pacific Basin. Geological Society of America Special Paper 206.
25. ENGELDER, T. 1994. Deviatoric stressitis: A virus infecting the Earth Science community. Eos, 75, 209-212.
26. GANS, P.B. 1987. An open-system, two-layer crustal stretching model for the eastern Great Basin. Tectonics, 7, 1-12.
27. _, MAHOOD, G.A. & SCHERMEK, E. 1989. Synextensional magmatism in the Basin and Range Province: A case study from the eastern Great Basin. Geological Society of America Special Paper 233.
28. GRADSHTEYN, I.S. & RYZHIK, I.M. 1994. Tables of Integrals, Series, and Products (5th edition) (English Translation, JEFFREY, A. (ed.)). Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
29. GREENE, M.T. 1982. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World. Cornell University Press, London.
30. HACKER, B.R., YIN, A., CHRISTIE, J.M. & SNOKE, A.W. 1990. Differential stress, strain rate, and temperatures of mylonitization in the Ruby Mountains, Nevada: Implications for the rate and duration of uplift. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 8569-8580.
31. HAMILTON, W. 1987. Crustal extension in the Basin and Range Province, southwestern United States. In: COWARD, M.P., DEWEY, J.F. & HANCOCK, P.L. (eds) Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 155-176.
32. HERSCHEL, J. 1837. Letter to Lyell. In: BABBAGE, C. (ed.) On the Action of Existing Causes in Producing Elevations and Subsidences in Portions of the Earth's Crust. The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise. John Murray, London, 202-217.
33. HETZEL, R., PASSCHIER, C.W., RING, U. & DORA, Ö.O. 1995. Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: The Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey). Geology, 23, 455-458.
34. JACKSON, J.A. 1987. Active normal faulting and crustal extension. In: COWARD, M.P., DEWEY, J.F. & HANCOCK, P.L. (eds) Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 3-17.
35. JARRARD, R.D. 1986. Relations among subduction parameters. Reviews of Geophysics, 24, 217-284.
36. JOHN, B.E. & FOSTER, D.A. 1993. Structural and thermal constraints on the initiation angle of detachment faulting in the southern Basin and Range: The Chemehuevi Mountains case study. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 105, 1091-1108.
37. KAUFMAN, P.S. & ROYDEN, L.H. 1994. Lower crustal flow in an extensional setting: Constraints from the Halloran Hills region, eastern Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 15 723-15 739.
38. KIRBY, S.H. 1985. Rock mechanics observations pertinent to the rheology of the continental lithosphere and the localization of strain along shear zones. Tectonophysics, 119, 1-27.
39. KOCH, P.S., CHRISTIE, J.M., ORD, A. & GEORGE, R.P., JR. 1989. Effect of water on the rheology of experimentally deformed quartzite. Journal of Geophysical Research, 94, 13 975-13 996.
40. KRUGER, J.M. & JOHNSON, R.A. 1994. Raft model of crustal extension: Evidence from seismic reflection data in southeast Arizona. Geology, 22, 351-354.
41. KRUSE, S., MCNUTT, M., PHIPPS-MORGAN, J., ROYDEN, L. & WERNICKE, B. 1991. Lithospheric extension near Lake Mead, Nevada: A model for ductile flow in the lower crust. Journal of Geophysical Research, 96, 4435-4456.
42. LACHENBRUCH, A.H. 1970. Crustal temperature and heat production: Implications of the linear heat-flow relation. Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 3291-3300.
43. LEE, J. & LISTER, G.S. 1992. Late Miocene ductile extension and detachment faulting, Mykonos, Greece, Geology, 20, 121-124.
44. LEEDER, M.R. & JACKSON, J.A. 1993. The interaction between normal faulting and drainage in active extensional basins, with examples from the western United States and central Greece. Basin Research, 5, 79-102.
45. LISTER, G.S. & DAVIS, G.A. 1989. The origin of metamorphic core complexes and detachment faults formed during Tertiary continental extension in the northern Colorado River region, U.S.A. Journal of Structural Geology, 11, 65-94.
46. _, BANGA, G. & FEENSTRA, A. 1984. Metamorphic core complexes of Cordilleran type in the Cyclades, Aegean Sea, Greece. Geology, 12, 221-225.
47. LIVACCARI, R.F., GEISSMAN, J.W. & REYNOLDS, S.J. 1993. Palaeomagnetic evidence for large-magnitude, low-angle normal faulting in a metamorphic core complex. Nature, 361, 56-59.
48. LUAN, F.C. & PATERSON, M.S. 1992. Preparation and deformation of synthetic aggregates of quartz. Journal of Geophysical Research, 91, 301-320.
49. MELOSH, H.J. 1990. Mechanical basis for low-angle normal faulting in the Basin and Range province. Nature, 343, 331-335.
50. ORI, G.G. 1989. Geologic history of the extensional basin of the Gulf of Corinth (?Miocene-Pleistocene), Greece, Geology, 17, 918-921.
51. PARRY, W.T. & BRUHN, R.L. 1987. Fluid inclusion evidence for a minimum 11 km vertical offset on the Wasatch fault. Geology, 15, 67-70.
52. PERSONS, T. & THOMPSON, G.A. 1993. Does magmatism influence low-angle normal faulting? Geology, 21, 247-250.
53. PROFFETT, J.M. 1977. Cenozoic geology of the Yerington district, Nevada, and implications for the nature of Basin and Range faulting. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88, 247-266.
54. RAMPLING, M.W. 1990. Blood viscosity characteristics and red cell aggregation. In: CARTER, R.E. (ed.) Rheology of Food, Pharmaceutical and Biological Materials with General Rheology. Elsevier Applied Science, New York, 101-112.
55. RANALLI, G. 1987. Rheology of the Earth: Deformation and Flow Processes in Geophysics and Geodynamics. Allen & Unwin, London.
56. RIHA, P. 1980. The quantitative description of the viscoelastic properties of human blood. In: ASTARITA, G., MARRUCCI, G. & NICOLAIS, L. (eds) Rheology, volume 3: Applications. Plenum Press, New York, 575-580.
57. ROBERTS, S.C. & JACKSON, J.A. 1991. Active normal faulting in central Greece: An overview. In: ROBERTS, A.M., YIELDING, G. & FREEMAN, B. (eds) The Goemetry of Normal Faults. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 56, 125-142.
58. SCOTT, R.J. & LISTER, G.S. 1992. Detachment faults: Evidence for a low-angle origin. Geology, 20, 833-836.
59. SOKOUTIS, D., BRUN, J.P., VAN DEN DREISSCHE, J. & PAVLIDES, S. 1993. A major Oligo-Miocene detachment in southern Rhodope controlling north Aegean extension. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 243-246.
60. SONDER, L.J., ENGLAND, P.C., WERNICKE, B.P. & CHRISTIANSEN, R.L. 1987. A physical model for Cenozoic extension of western North America. In: COWARD, M.P., DEWEY, J.F. & HANCOCK, P.L. (eds) Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 187-201.
61. STEIN, C.A. & STEIN, S. 1992. A model for the global variation in oceanic depth and heat flow with lithospheric age. Nature, 359, 123-129.
62. STOCK, J. & MOLNAR, P. 1988. Uncertainties and implications of the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary position of North America relative to the Farallon, Kula, and Pacific Plates. Tectonics, 7, 1339-1348.
63. TANNER, R.I. 1985. Engineering Rheology. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
64. TREAGUS, S.H. 1973. Buckling stability of a viscous single-layer system oblique to the principal compression. Tectonophysics, 19, 271-289.
65. TURCOTTE, D.L. & SCHUBERT, G. 1982. Geodynamics: Applications of Continuum Physics to Geological Problems. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
66. WDOWINSKI, S. & AXEN, G.J. 1992. Isostatic rebound due to tectonic denudation: A viscous flow model of a layered lithosphere. Tectonics, 11, 303-315.
67. WERNICKE, B.P. & AXEN, G.J. 1988. On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems. Geology, 16, 848-851.
68. _, _ & SNOW, J.K. 1988. Basin and Range extensional tectonics at the latitude of Las Vegas, Nevada. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 100, 1738-1757.
69. WESTAWAY, R. 1990. Block rotation in western Turkey 1. Observational evidence. Journal of Geophysical Research, 95, 19857-19883.
70. _ 1993a. Neogene evolution of the Denizli region of western Turkey. Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 37-53.
71. _ 1993b. Quaternary uplift of southern Italy. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 21 741-21 772.
72. _ 1994a. Reevaluation of extension in the Pearl River Mouth basin, South China Sea: Implications for continental lithosphere deformation mechanisms. Journal of Structural Geology, 16, 823-838.
73. _ 1994b. Evidence for dynamic coupling of surface processes with isostatic compensation in the lower crust during active extension of western Turkey. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99, 20 203-20 223.
74. _ 1995. Crustal volume balance during !he India-Eurasia collision and altitude of the Tibetan plateau: a working hypothesis. Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 15 173-15 194.
75. _ 1996a. Quaternary elevation change of the Gulf of Corinth in central Greece. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, A354, 1125-1164.
76. _ 1996b. Comment on: Hetzel, R., Passchier, C.W., Ring, U. & Dora, Ö.O. Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: The Menderes Massif (southwestern Turkey), Geology, 24, 93-94.
77. _ & KUSZNIR, N.J. 1993. Fault and bed 'rotation' during continental extension: Block rotation or vertical shear? Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 753-770 [Correction: Journal of Structural Geology, 15, 1391].
78. WHORLOW, R.W. 1992. Rheological Techniques (2nd edition). Ellis Horwood, New York.
79. YIN, A. 1989. Origin of regional rooted low-angle normal faults: A mechanical model and its tectonic implications. Tectonics, 8, 469-482.
80. ZOBACK, M.L. 1983. Structure and Cenozoic tectonism along the Wasatch fault zone, Utah. In: MILLER, D.M., TODD, V.R. & HOWARD, K.A. (eds) Tectonic and Stratigraphic Studies in the Eastern Great Basin. Geological Society of America Memoirs, 157, 3-27.