메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue , 2004, Pages 405-434

On the ecological roles of salamanders

Author keywords

Amphibians; Detritus litter; Forested ecosystems; Keystone species; Succession

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIAN; BIODIVERSITY; BIOINDICATOR; ECOLOGY; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; KEYSTONE SPECIES;

EID: 11244353686     PISSN: 00664162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.35.112202.130116     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (364)

References (179)
  • 1
    • 1642311298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying ecological principles to management of U.S. national forests
    • Washington, DC: Ecol. Soc. Am
    • Aber J, Christensen N, Fernandez I, Franklin J, Hidinger L, et al. 2000. Applying ecological principles to management of U.S. national forests. In Issues in Ecology, No. 6. Washington, DC: Ecol. Soc. Am.
    • (2000) Issues in Ecology , vol.6
    • Aber, J.1    Christensen, N.2    Fernandez, I.3    Franklin, J.4    Hidinger, L.5
  • 2
    • 0033373891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global amphibian declines: A problem in applied ecology
    • Alford RA, Richards SJ. 1999. Global amphibian declines: a problem in applied ecology. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30:133-65
    • (1999) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.30 , pp. 133-165
    • Alford, R.A.1    Richards, S.J.2
  • 3
    • 0030744733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disappearance and return of plethodontid salamanders to clearcut plots in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
    • Ash AN. 1997. Disappearance and return of plethodontid salamanders to clearcut plots in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains. Conserv. Biol. 11:983-89
    • (1997) Conserv. Biol. , vol.11 , pp. 983-989
    • Ash, A.N.1
  • 4
    • 1642435740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating detection probability parameters for Plethodon salamanders using robust capture-recapture design
    • Bailey LL, Simons TR, Pollock KH. 2004a. Estimating detection probability parameters for Plethodon salamanders using robust capture-recapture design. J. Wildl. Manag. 68:1-13
    • (2004) J. Wildl. Manag. , vol.68 , pp. 1-13
    • Bailey, L.L.1    Simons, T.R.2    Pollock, K.H.3
  • 5
    • 1642476758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial and temporal variation in detection probability of Plethodon salamanders using robust capture-recapture design
    • Bailey LL, Simons TR, Pollock KH. 2004b. Spatial and temporal variation in detection probability of Plethodon salamanders using robust capture-recapture design. J. Wildl. Manag. 68:14-24
    • (2004) J. Wildl. Manag. , vol.68 , pp. 14-24
    • Bailey, L.L.1    Simons, T.R.2    Pollock, K.H.3
  • 7
    • 0036927345 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of larval two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata) across spatial scales
    • Barr GE, Babbitt KJ. 2002. Effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the distribution and abundance of larval two-lined salamanders (Eurycea bislineata) across spatial scales. Pop. Ecol. 133:176-85
    • (2002) Pop. Ecol. , vol.133 , pp. 176-185
    • Barr, G.E.1    Babbitt, K.J.2
  • 8
    • 0035207138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term response of Jordon's salamander to a shelterwood timber harvest in western North Carolina
    • Bartman CE, Parker KC, Laerm J, McCay TS. 2001. Short-term response of Jordon's salamander to a shelterwood timber harvest in western North Carolina. Phys. Geogr. 22:154-66
    • (2001) Phys. Geogr. , vol.22 , pp. 154-166
    • Bartman, C.E.1    Parker, K.C.2    Laerm, J.3    McCay, T.S.4
  • 9
    • 0032906709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal of the fairy shrimp Branchinecta coloradensis (Anostraca): Effects of hydroperiod and salamanders
    • Bohonak AJ, Whiteman HH. 1999. Dispersal of the fairy shrimp Branchinecta coloradensis (Anostraca): effects of hydroperiod and salamanders. Limnol. Oceanogr. 44:487-93
    • (1999) Limnol. Oceanogr. , vol.44 , pp. 487-493
    • Bohonak, A.J.1    Whiteman, H.H.2
  • 12
    • 11244300604 scopus 로고
    • Burrowing of Plethodon jordani
    • Brooks M. 1946. Burrowing of Plethodon jordani. Copeia 1946:102
    • (1946) Copeia , vol.1946 , pp. 102
    • Brooks, M.1
  • 13
    • 11244304166 scopus 로고
    • Notes on the Cheat Mountain salamander
    • Brooks M. 1948. Notes on the Cheat Mountain salamander. Copeia 1948:239-44
    • (1948) Copeia , vol.1948 , pp. 239-244
    • Brooks, M.1
  • 14
    • 0004182787 scopus 로고
    • Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    • Brown JH. 1995. Macroecology. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 269 pp.
    • (1995) Macroecology
    • Brown, J.H.1
  • 15
    • 0000601890 scopus 로고
    • Salamander populations and biomass in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire
    • Burton TM, Likens GE. 1975a. Salamander populations and biomass in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire. Copeia 1975:541-46
    • (1975) Copeia , vol.1975 , pp. 541-546
    • Burton, T.M.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 16
    • 0001268988 scopus 로고
    • Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire
    • Burton TM, Likens GE. 1975b. Energy flow and nutrient cycling in salamander populations in the Hubbard Brook experimental forest, New Hampshire. Ecology 56:1068-80
    • (1975) Ecology , vol.56 , pp. 1068-1080
    • Burton, T.M.1    Likens, G.E.2
  • 17
    • 0020929933 scopus 로고
    • Differences in amphibian populations in logged and old growth redwood forest
    • Bury RB. 1983. Differences in amphibian populations in logged and old growth redwood forest. Northwest Sci. 57:167-78
    • (1983) Northwest Sci. , vol.57 , pp. 167-178
    • Bury, R.B.1
  • 18
    • 0003099433 scopus 로고
    • Habitat relationships and ecological importance of amphibians and reptiles
    • ed. KJ Raedeke, Seattle: Univ. Wash., Inst. For. Res., Contrib. No. 59
    • Bury RB. 1988. Habitat relationships and ecological importance of amphibians and reptiles. In Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions, ed. KJ Raedeke, pp. 61-76. Seattle: Univ. Wash., Inst. For. Res., Contrib. No. 59
    • (1988) Streamside Management: Riparian Wildlife and Forestry Interactions , pp. 61-76
    • Bury, R.B.1
  • 22
    • 0001702708 scopus 로고
    • Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora
    • Calef GW. 1972. Natural mortality of tadpoles in a population of Rana aurora. Ecology 54:741-58
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.54 , pp. 741-758
    • Calef, G.W.1
  • 24
    • 0033211968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pacific salmon carcasses: Essential contributions of nutrients and energy for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
    • Cederholm CJ, Kunze MD, Murota T, Sibatani A. 1999. Pacific salmon carcasses: essential contributions of nutrients and energy for aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Fisheries 24:6-15
    • (1999) Fisheries , vol.24 , pp. 6-15
    • Cederholm, C.J.1    Kunze, M.D.2    Murota, T.3    Sibatani, A.4
  • 26
    • 0016143192 scopus 로고
    • Consumers as regulators of ecosystems: An alternative to energetics
    • Chew RM. 1974. Consumers as regulators of ecosystems: an alternative to energetics. Ohio J. Sci. 74:359-70
    • (1974) Ohio J. Sci. , vol.74 , pp. 359-370
    • Chew, R.M.1
  • 28
    • 0024228443 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife populations: Minimally viable or ecologically functional?
    • Conner RN. 1988. Wildlife populations: Minimally viable or ecologically functional? Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:80-84
    • (1988) Wildl. Soc. Bull. , vol.16 , pp. 80-84
    • Conner, R.N.1
  • 31
    • 0038509568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ten- to eleven-year population trends of two pond-breeding amphibian species, red-spotted newts and green frogs
    • ed. MJ Lannoo, Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press
    • Cortwright SA. 1998. Ten- to eleven-year population trends of two pond-breeding amphibian species, red-spotted newts and green frogs. In Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians, ed. MJ Lannoo, pp. 61-71. Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press. 507 pp.
    • (1998) Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians , pp. 61-71
    • Cortwright, S.A.1
  • 33
    • 0006238179 scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic shift in diet of Desmognathus quadamaculatus
    • Davic RD. 1991. Ontogenetic shift in diet of Desmognathus quadamaculatus. J. Herpetol. 25:108-11
    • (1991) J. Herpetol. , vol.25 , pp. 108-111
    • Davic, R.D.1
  • 34
    • 84879938669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Linking keystone species and functional groups: A new operational definition of the keystone species concept
    • Davic RD. 2003. Linking keystone species and functional groups: a new operational definition of the keystone species concept. Conserv. Ecol. 7(1):r11 http://www. consecol.org/vol7/iss1resp11
    • (2003) Conserv. Ecol. , vol.7 , Issue.1
    • Davic, R.D.1
  • 35
    • 0023557997 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between rock density and salamander density in a mountain stream
    • Davic RD, Orr LP. 1987. The relationship between rock density and salamander density in a mountain stream. Herpetologica 43:357-61
    • (1987) Herpetologica , vol.43 , pp. 357-361
    • Davic, R.D.1    Orr, L.P.2
  • 36
    • 0000291051 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: A review of the North American literature
    • deMaynadier PG, Hunter ML Jr. 1995. The relationship between forest management and amphibian ecology: a review of the North American literature. Environ. Rev. 3:230-61
    • (1995) Environ. Rev. , vol.3 , pp. 230-261
    • DeMaynadier, P.G.1    Hunter Jr., M.L.2
  • 37
    • 0024228627 scopus 로고
    • Secondary production of tiger salamanders in three North Dakota prairie lakes
    • Deutschmann MR, Peterka JJ. 1988. Secondary production of tiger salamanders in three North Dakota prairie lakes. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 45:691-97
    • (1988) Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. , vol.45 , pp. 691-697
    • Deutschmann, M.R.1    Peterka, J.J.2
  • 38
    • 0030432344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distribution and habitat of Rhyacotriton variegates in managed, young growth forests in north coastal California
    • Diller LV, Wallace RL. 1996. Distribution and habitat of Rhyacotriton variegates in managed, young growth forests in north coastal California. J. Herpetol. 30:184-91
    • (1996) J. Herpetol. , vol.30 , pp. 184-191
    • Diller, L.V.1    Wallace, R.L.2
  • 40
    • 0001951578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global distribution of amphibians: Patterns, conservation, and future challenges
    • ed. WE Duellman, Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    • Duellman WE. 1999. Global distribution of amphibians: patterns, conservation, and future challenges. In Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians, a Global Perspective, ed. WE Duellman, pp. 1-30. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 633 pp.
    • (1999) Patterns of Distribution of Amphibians, a Global Perspective , pp. 1-30
    • Duellman, W.E.1
  • 42
    • 0006218180 scopus 로고
    • The habitats of Plethodontidae
    • Dunn ER. 1928. The habitats of Plethodontidae. Am. Nat. 62:236-48
    • (1928) Am. Nat. , vol.62 , pp. 236-248
    • Dunn, E.R.1
  • 43
    • 0028978885 scopus 로고
    • Relation of terrestrial-breeding amphibian abundance to tree-stand age
    • Dupuis LA, Smith JNM, Bunnell F. 1995. Relation of terrestrial-breeding amphibian abundance to tree-stand age. Conserv. Biol. 9:645-53
    • (1995) Conserv. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 645-653
    • Dupuis, L.A.1    Smith, J.N.M.2    Bunnell, F.3
  • 44
    • 11244344306 scopus 로고
    • Energy transfer in Marion Lake, British Columbia; with particular reference to fish feeding
    • Efford IE. 1969. Energy transfer in Marion Lake, British Columbia; with particular reference to fish feeding. Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. 17:104-8
    • (1969) Verh. Int. Ver. Limnol. , vol.17 , pp. 104-108
    • Efford, I.E.1
  • 45
    • 0003034642 scopus 로고
    • Resource spiraling: An operational paradigm for analyzing lotic ecosystems
    • ed. TD Fontaine III, SM Bartell, Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sci.
    • Elwood JW, Newbold JD, O'Neill RV, Winkle WV. 1983. Resource spiraling: an operational paradigm for analyzing lotic ecosystems. In Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems, ed. TD Fontaine III, SM Bartell, pp. 3-27. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sci. 494 pp.
    • (1983) Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems , pp. 3-27
    • Elwood, J.W.1    Newbold, J.D.2    O'Neill, R.V.3    Winkle, W.V.4
  • 47
    • 0141796508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postbreeding emigration and habitat use by Jefferson and spotted salamanders in Vermont
    • Faccio SD. 2003. Postbreeding emigration and habitat use by Jefferson and spotted salamanders in Vermont. J. Herpetol. 37:479-89
    • (2003) J. Herpetol. , vol.37 , pp. 479-489
    • Faccio, S.D.1
  • 48
    • 0032986825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying potential keystone species from field data - An example from temporary ponds
    • Fauth JE. 1999. Identifying potential keystone species from field data - an example from temporary ponds. Ecol. Lett. 2:36-43
    • (1999) Ecol. Lett. , vol.2 , pp. 36-43
    • Fauth, J.E.1
  • 49
    • 0026096687 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between the salamander Siren intermedia and the keystone predator Notophthalmus viridescens
    • Fauth JE, Resetarits WJ. 1991. Interactions between the salamander Siren intermedia and the keystone predator Notophthalmus viridescens. Ecology 72:827-38
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 827-838
    • Fauth, J.E.1    Resetarits, W.J.2
  • 50
    • 0020859472 scopus 로고
    • Integrating the ecology and physiology of plethodontid salamanders
    • Feder ME. 1983. Integrating the ecology and physiology of plethodontid salamanders. Herpetologica 39:291-310
    • (1983) Herpetologica , vol.39 , pp. 291-310
    • Feder, M.E.1
  • 51
    • 0030430528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley
    • Fisher RN, Shaffer HB. 1996. The decline of amphibians in California's Great Central Valley. Conserv. Biol 10:1387-97
    • (1996) Conserv. Biol , vol.10 , pp. 1387-1397
    • Fisher, R.N.1    Shaffer, H.B.2
  • 53
    • 0036156428 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand age and habitat influences on salamanders in Appalachian cove hardwood forests
    • Ford WM, Chapman BR, Menzel MA, Odum RH. 2002. Stand age and habitat influences on salamanders in Appalachian cove hardwood forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 155:131-41
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.155 , pp. 131-141
    • Ford, W.M.1    Chapman, B.R.2    Menzel, M.A.3    Odum, R.H.4
  • 54
    • 0035967144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China
    • Gao K-Q, Shubin NH. 2001. Late Jurassic salamanders from northern China. Nature 410:574-77
    • (2001) Nature , vol.410 , pp. 574-577
    • Gao, K.-Q.1    Shubin, N.H.2
  • 55
    • 0006498917 scopus 로고
    • Population ecology of a highly productive aquatic salamander (Siren intermedia)
    • Gehlbach FR, Kennedy SE. 1978. Population ecology of a highly productive aquatic salamander (Siren intermedia). Southwest Nat. 23:423-30
    • (1978) Southwest Nat. , vol.23 , pp. 423-430
    • Gehlbach, F.R.1    Kennedy, S.E.2
  • 56
    • 2642647314 scopus 로고
    • Observations on the burrowing habits of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)
    • Gruberg ER, Stirling RV. 1972. Observations on the burrowing habits of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Herpetol. Rev. 4:85-87
    • (1972) Herpetol. Rev. , vol.4 , pp. 85-87
    • Gruberg, E.R.1    Stirling, R.V.2
  • 57
    • 0035178307 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using a GIS model to assess terrestrial salamander response to alternative forest management plans
    • Gustafson EJ, Murphy NL, Crow TR. 2001. Using a GIS model to assess terrestrial salamander response to alternative forest management plans. J. Environ. Manag. 63:281-92
    • (2001) J. Environ. Manag. , vol.63 , pp. 281-292
    • Gustafson, E.J.1    Murphy, N.L.2    Crow, T.R.3
  • 58
    • 0002191130 scopus 로고
    • The local distribution and ecology of the plethodontid salamanders of the southern Appalachians
    • Hairston NG Sr. 1949. The local distribution and ecology of the plethodontid salamanders of the southern Appalachians. Ecol. Monogr. 19:49-73
    • (1949) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.19 , pp. 49-73
    • Hairston Sr., N.G.1
  • 60
    • 2442761602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation and competition in salamander communities
    • ed. ML Cody, JA Smallwood, San Diego, CA: Academic
    • Hairston NG Sr. 1996. Predation and competition in salamander communities. In Long-Term Studies of Vertebrate Communities, ed. ML Cody, JA Smallwood, pp. 161-86. San Diego, CA: Academic. 597 pp.
    • (1996) Long-Term Studies of Vertebrate Communities , pp. 161-186
    • Hairston Sr., N.G.1
  • 61
    • 0005635781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of air temperature and depth on burrows of the red hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti)
    • Hale SM, Guyer C. 2000. Effects of air temperature and depth on burrows of the red hills salamander (Phaeognathus hubrichti). Herpetol. Nat. His. 7:87-90
    • (2000) Herpetol. Nat. His. , vol.7 , pp. 87-90
    • Hale, S.M.1    Guyer, C.2
  • 62
    • 0033593945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors affecting salamander density and distribution within four forest types in the southern Appalachian mountains
    • Harper CA, Guynn DC Jr. 1999. Factors affecting salamander density and distribution within four forest types in the southern Appalachian mountains. For. Ecol. Manag. 114:245-52
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.114 , pp. 245-252
    • Harper, C.A.1    Guynn Jr., D.C.2
  • 63
    • 0028974032 scopus 로고
    • Are autecologically similar species also functionally similar? A test of pond communities
    • Harris PM. 1995. Are autecologically similar species also functionally similar? A test of pond communities. Ecology 76:544-52
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 544-552
    • Harris, P.M.1
  • 64
    • 0000611184 scopus 로고
    • Environmental factors influencing local distribution and activity of the salamander Plethodon cinereus
    • Heatwole H. 1960. Environmental factors influencing local distribution and activity of the salamander Plethodon cinereus. Ecology 43:460-72
    • (1960) Ecology , vol.43 , pp. 460-472
    • Heatwole, H.1
  • 65
    • 0037424949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salamander diversity and abundance in forests with alternative land use histories in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains
    • Hicks NG, Pearson SM. 2003. Salamander diversity and abundance in forests with alternative land use histories in the southern Blue Ridge Mountains. For. Ecol. Manag. 177:117-30
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.177 , pp. 117-130
    • Hicks, N.G.1    Pearson, S.M.2
  • 66
    • 0028163334 scopus 로고
    • Trophic control of fishless ponds by tiger salamander larvae
    • Holomuzki JR, Collins JP, Brunkow PE. 1994. Trophic control of fishless ponds by tiger salamander larvae. Oikos 71:55-64
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.71 , pp. 55-64
    • Holomuzki, J.R.1    Collins, J.P.2    Brunkow, P.E.3
  • 68
    • 0036203364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of coverboards for sampling terrestrial salamanders in South Georgia
    • Houze CM Jr., Chandler CR. 2002. Evaluation of coverboards for sampling terrestrial salamanders in South Georgia. J. Herpetol. 36:75-81
    • (2002) J. Herpetol. , vol.36 , pp. 75-81
    • Houze Jr., C.M.1    Chandler, C.R.2
  • 69
    • 0026299611 scopus 로고
    • An experimental study on the effects of salamander larvae on isopods in stream pools
    • Huang C, Sih A. 1991a. An experimental study on the effects of salamander larvae on isopods in stream pools. Freshw. Biol. 25: 451-59
    • (1991) Freshw. Biol. , vol.25 , pp. 451-459
    • Huang, C.1    Sih, A.2
  • 70
    • 0001575583 scopus 로고
    • Experimental studies on direct and indirect interactions in a three trophic-level stream system
    • Huang C, Sih A. 1991b. Experimental studies on direct and indirect interactions in a three trophic-level stream system. Oecologia 85:530-36
    • (1991) Oecologia , vol.85 , pp. 530-536
    • Huang, C.1    Sih, A.2
  • 71
    • 0034782541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sampling plethodontid salamanders: Sources of variability
    • Hyde EJ, Simons TR. 2001. Sampling plethodontid salamanders: sources of variability. J. Wildl. Manag. 65:624-32
    • (2001) J. Wildl. Manag. , vol.65 , pp. 624-632
    • Hyde, E.J.1    Simons, T.R.2
  • 72
    • 0000739409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ambystoma californiense (California tiger salamander), burrowing ability
    • Jennings MR. 1996. Ambystoma californiense (California tiger salamander), burrowing ability. Herpetol. Rev. 27:194
    • (1996) Herpetol. Rev. , vol.27 , pp. 194
    • Jennings, M.R.1
  • 73
    • 0033048599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bioaccumulation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and polychlorinated biphenyls through two routes of exposure in a terrestrial amphibian: Is the dermal route significant?
    • Johnson MS, Franke LS, Lee RB, Holladay SD. 1999. Bioaccumulation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene and polychlorinated biphenyls through two routes of exposure in a terrestrial amphibian: Is the dermal route significant? Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18:873-78
    • (1999) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. , vol.18 , pp. 873-878
    • Johnson, M.S.1    Franke, L.S.2    Lee, R.B.3    Holladay, S.D.4
  • 75
    • 0028179028 scopus 로고
    • Organisms as ecosystem engineers
    • Jones CG, Lawton JH, Shachak M. 1994. Organisms as ecosystem engineers. Oikos 69:373-86
    • (1994) Oikos , vol.69 , pp. 373-386
    • Jones, C.G.1    Lawton, J.H.2    Shachak, M.3
  • 77
    • 0000200502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascading effects of predatory fish on leaf litter processing in a Japanese stream
    • Konishi M, Nakano S, Iwata T. 2001. Trophic cascading effects of predatory fish on leaf litter processing in a Japanese stream. Ecol. Res. 16:415-22
    • (2001) Ecol. Res. , vol.16 , pp. 415-422
    • Konishi, M.1    Nakano, S.2    Iwata, T.3
  • 78
    • 11244346526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibians, ecosystems, and landscapes
    • ed. MJ Lannoo, Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press
    • Krzysik AJ. 1998. Amphibians, ecosystems, and landscapes. In Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians, ed. MJ Lannoo, pp. 31-44. Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press. 507 pp.
    • (1998) Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians , pp. 31-44
    • Krzysik, A.J.1
  • 79
    • 0031853706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tests of functional equivalence: Complementary roles of salamanders and fish in community organization
    • Kurzava LM, Morin PJ. 1998. Tests of functional equivalence: complementary roles of salamanders and fish in community organization. Ecology 79:477-89
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.79 , pp. 477-489
    • Kurzava, L.M.1    Morin, P.J.2
  • 80
    • 0026616468 scopus 로고
    • Interactions between food-web structure and nutrients on pond organisms
    • Leibold MA, Wilbur HM. 1992. Interactions between food-web structure and nutrients on pond organisms. Nature 360:341-43
    • (1992) Nature , vol.360 , pp. 341-343
    • Leibold, M.A.1    Wilbur, H.M.2
  • 81
    • 0036185282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local and landscape-scale predictors of salamander abundance in New Hampshire headwater streams
    • Löwe WH, Bolger DT. 2002. Local and landscape-scale predictors of salamander abundance in New Hampshire headwater streams. Conserv. Biol. 16:183-93
    • (2002) Conserv. Biol. , vol.16 , pp. 183-193
    • Löwe, W.H.1    Bolger, D.T.2
  • 82
    • 0008665356 scopus 로고
    • Seed dispersal via amphibian vectors: Passive transport of Bur-marigold, Bidens cerbua, achenes by migrating salamanders, genus Ambystoma
    • Lowcock LA, Murphy RW. 1990. Seed dispersal via amphibian vectors: passive transport of Bur-marigold, Bidens cerbua, achenes by migrating salamanders, genus Ambystoma. Can. Field Nat. 104:298-300
    • (1990) Can. Field Nat. , vol.104 , pp. 298-300
    • Lowcock, L.A.1    Murphy, R.W.2
  • 85
    • 1642432478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for home ranges in mudpuppies and implications for impacts due to episodic applications of the lampricide TFM
    • ed. MJ Lannoo, Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press
    • Matson TO. 1998. Evidence for home ranges in mudpuppies and implications for impacts due to episodic applications of the lampricide TFM. In Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians, ed. MJ Lannoo, pp. 278-87. Iowa City: Univ. Iowa Press. 507 pp.
    • (1998) Status and Conservation of Midwestern Amphibians , pp. 278-287
    • Matson, T.O.1
  • 86
    • 0003564439 scopus 로고
    • The environmental impact of burrowing animals and animal burrows
    • Oxford: Clarendon
    • Meadows PS, Meadows A. 1991. The environmental impact of burrowing animals and animal burrows. Proc. Symp. Zool. Soc. London, No. 63. Oxford: Clarendon. 349 pp.
    • (1991) Proc. Symp. Zool. Soc. London , vol.63
    • Meadows, P.S.1    Meadows, A.2
  • 87
    • 0141664845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Southeastern U.S. coastal plain habitats of the plethodontidae: The importance of relief, ravines, and seepage
    • ed. RC Bruce, RG Jaeger, LD Houck, New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum
    • Means DB. 2000. Southeastern U.S. coastal plain habitats of the plethodontidae: the importance of relief, ravines, and seepage. In The Biology of Plethodontidae Salamanders, ed. RC Bruce, RG Jaeger, LD Houck, pp. 287-302. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum. 485 pp.
    • (2000) The Biology of Plethodontidae Salamanders , pp. 287-302
    • Means, D.B.1
  • 88
  • 89
    • 0035140443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of herpetofaunal communities on upland streams and beaver-impounded streams in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina
    • Metts BS, Lanham JD, Russell KR. 2001. Evaluation of herpetofaunal communities on upland streams and beaver-impounded streams in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. Am. Midl. Nat. 145:54-65
    • (2001) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.145 , pp. 54-65
    • Metts, B.S.1    Lanham, J.D.2    Russell, K.R.3
  • 90
    • 3242877592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian index of biotic integrity (AmphIBI) for wetlands
    • Ohio Environ. Prot. Agency, Div. Surf. Water, Columbus, OH
    • Micacchion M. 2002. Amphibian index of biotic integrity (AmphIBI) for wetlands. Final Report to US EPA, Grant No. CD985875-01, Ohio Environ. Prot. Agency, Div. Surf. Water, Columbus, OH. http://www.epa.state.oh. us/dsw/wetlands/2002.amphibian_report_ final_rev.pdf
    • (2002) Final Report to US EPA, Grant No. CD985875-01
    • Micacchion, M.1
  • 92
    • 0038688112 scopus 로고
    • Predatory salamanders reverse the outcome of competition among three species of anuran tadpoles
    • Morin PJ. 1981. Predatory salamanders reverse the outcome of competition among three species of anuran tadpoles. Science 212:1284-86
    • (1981) Science , vol.212 , pp. 1284-1286
    • Morin, P.J.1
  • 93
    • 0000487749 scopus 로고
    • Competitive and predatory interactions in natural and experimental populations of Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis and Ambystoma tigrinum
    • Morin PJ. 1983. Competitive and predatory interactions in natural and experimental populations of Notophthalmus viridescens dorsalis and Ambystoma tigrinum. Copeia 1983:628-39
    • (1983) Copeia , vol.1983 , pp. 628-639
    • Morin, P.J.1
  • 94
    • 0000220831 scopus 로고
    • Salamander predation, prey facilitation, and seasonal succession in microcrustacean communities
    • ed. WC Kerfoot, A Sih, Hanover, NH: Univ. Press New England
    • Morin PJ. 1987. Salamander predation, prey facilitation, and seasonal succession in microcrustacean communities. In Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities, ed. WC Kerfoot, A Sih, pp. 174-87. Hanover, NH: Univ. Press New England. 386 pp.
    • (1987) Predation: Direct and Indirect Impacts on Aquatic Communities , pp. 174-187
    • Morin, P.J.1
  • 95
    • 0028848796 scopus 로고
    • Functional redundancy, non-additive interactions, and supply-side dynamics in experimental pond communities
    • Morin PJ. 1995. Functional redundancy, non-additive interactions, and supply-side dynamics in experimental pond communities. Ecology 76:133-49
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 133-149
    • Morin, P.J.1
  • 96
    • 0020894060 scopus 로고
    • Salamander predation and the structure of experimental communities: Responses of Notophthalmus and microcrustacea
    • Morin PJ, Wilbur HM, Harris RN. 1983. Salamander predation and the structure of experimental communities: responses of Notophthalmus and microcrustacea. Ecology 64:1430-36
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 1430-1436
    • Morin, P.J.1    Wilbur, H.M.2    Harris, R.N.3
  • 97
    • 10044285471 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystems as functional entities
    • ed. SE Jørgensen, F Müller, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
    • Müller F, Windhorst W. 2000. Ecosystems as functional entities. In Handbook of Ecosystem Theories and Management, ed. SE Jørgensen, F Müller, pp. 33-49. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. 584 pp.
    • (2000) Handbook of Ecosystem Theories and Management , pp. 33-49
    • Müller, F.1    Windhorst, W.2
  • 98
    • 0001043003 scopus 로고
    • Varied effects of clear-cut logging on predators and their habitat in small streams of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon
    • Murphy ML, Hall JD. 1981. Varied effects of clear-cut logging on predators and their habitat in small streams of the Cascade Mountains, Oregon. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38:137-45
    • (1981) Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. , vol.38 , pp. 137-145
    • Murphy, M.L.1    Hall, J.D.2
  • 99
    • 0343230364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of timber harvest on aquatic vertebrates and habitat in the North Fork Casper Creek
    • Pac. Southwest Res. Stn., Berkeley, CA
    • Nakamoto RJ. 1998. Effects of timber harvest on aquatic vertebrates and habitat in the North Fork Casper Creek. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-168, pp. 87-95. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn., Berkeley, CA
    • (1998) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-168 , pp. 87-95
    • Nakamoto, R.J.1
  • 102
    • 0043214991 scopus 로고
    • The Plethodontid salamanders: Some aspects of their evolution
    • Noble GK. 1927. The Plethodontid salamanders: some aspects of their evolution. Am. Mus. Novitates. 249:1-26
    • (1927) Am. Mus. Novitates. , vol.249 , pp. 1-26
    • Noble, G.K.1
  • 103
    • 0033594215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: A suggested framework and indicators
    • Noss RF. 1999. Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: a suggested framework and indicators. For. Ecol. Manag. 115:135-46
    • (1999) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.115 , pp. 135-146
    • Noss, R.F.1
  • 104
    • 0000985324 scopus 로고
    • Aspects of the life history of the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige)
    • Nussbaum RA, Tait CK. 1977. Aspects of the life history of the Olympic salamander, Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige). Am. Midl. Nat. 98:176-99
    • (1977) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.98 , pp. 176-199
    • Nussbaum, R.A.1    Tait, C.K.2
  • 105
    • 0003989907 scopus 로고
    • Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders 3rd ed.
    • Odum EP. 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders. 574 pp. 3rd ed.
    • (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology
    • Odum, E.P.1
  • 107
    • 0024899428 scopus 로고
    • Population structure, growth, and reproduction in a Vancouver Island population of the salamander Plethodon vehiculum
    • Ovaska K, Gregory PT. 1989. Population structure, growth, and reproduction in a Vancouver Island population of the salamander Plethodon vehiculum. Herpetologica 45:133-43
    • (1989) Herpetologica , vol.45 , pp. 133-143
    • Ovaska, K.1    Gregory, P.T.2
  • 108
    • 0002246196 scopus 로고
    • A note on trophic complexity and community stability
    • Paine RT. 1969. A note on trophic complexity and community stability. Am. Nat. 103:91-93
    • (1969) Am. Nat. , vol.103 , pp. 91-93
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 109
    • 4444363419 scopus 로고
    • L'utilisation des batracians et des reptiles comme bio-indicateurs
    • Parent GH. 1992. L'utilisation des batracians et des reptiles comme bio-indicateurs. Les Nat. Belges 73:33-63
    • (1992) Les Nat. Belges , vol.73 , pp. 33-63
    • Parent, G.H.1
  • 111
    • 0028052481 scopus 로고
    • Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling Pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus)
    • 1994
    • Parker MS. 1994. Feeding ecology of stream-dwelling Pacific giant salamander larvae (Dicamptodon tenebrosus). Copeia. 1994:705-18
    • (1994) Copeia , pp. 705-718
    • Parker, M.S.1
  • 113
  • 114
    • 0004278247 scopus 로고
    • Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press
    • Perry DA. 1994. Forest Ecosystems. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press. 649 pp.
    • (1994) Forest Ecosystems
    • Perry, D.A.1
  • 115
    • 0000427535 scopus 로고
    • Fish predation: A factor affecting the spatial distribution of a stream-dwelling salamander
    • Petranka JW. 1983. Fish predation: a factor affecting the spatial distribution of a stream-dwelling salamander. Copeia 1983:624-28
    • (1983) Copeia , vol.1983 , pp. 624-628
    • Petranka, J.W.1
  • 117
    • 0027879678 scopus 로고
    • Effects of timber harvesting on southern Appalachian salamanders
    • Petranka JW, Eldridge ME, Haley KE. 1993. Effects of timber harvesting on southern Appalachian salamanders. Conserv. Biol. 7: 363-70
    • (1993) Conserv. Biol. , vol.7 , pp. 363-370
    • Petranka, J.W.1    Eldridge, M.E.2    Haley, K.E.3
  • 118
    • 0035024703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of removal sampling for determining salamander density and biomass: A case study in an Appalachian streamside community
    • Petranka JW, Murray SS. 2001. Effectiveness of removal sampling for determining salamander density and biomass: a case study in an Appalachian streamside community. J. Herpetol 35:36-44
    • (2001) J. Herpetol. , vol.35 , pp. 36-44
    • Petranka, J.W.1    Murray, S.S.2
  • 120
  • 121
    • 0002888391 scopus 로고
    • Amphibians and reptiles as low-energy systems
    • ed. WP Aspey, SI Lustick, Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press
    • Pough HF. 1983. Amphibians and reptiles as low-energy systems. In Behavioral Energetics: The Cost of Survival in Vertebrates, ed. WP Aspey, SI Lustick, pp. 141-88. Columbus: Ohio State Univ. Press. 300 pp.
    • (1983) Behavioral Energetics: The Cost of Survival in Vertebrates , pp. 141-188
    • Pough, H.F.1
  • 122
    • 0001797782 scopus 로고
    • Predation and substratum: Factors in lotic community structure
    • ed. S Bartell, T Fontaine, Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sci.
    • Reice SR. 1983. Predation and substratum: factors in lotic community structure. In Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems, ed. S Bartell, T Fontaine, pp. 323-345. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Sci. 494 pp.
    • (1983) Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems , pp. 323-345
    • Reice, S.R.1
  • 123
    • 0022825918 scopus 로고
    • The effect of vertebrate predation on lotic macroinvertebrate communities in Quebec, Canada
    • Reice SR, Edwards RL. 1986. The effect of vertebrate predation on lotic macroinvertebrate communities in Quebec, Canada. Can. J. Zool. 64:1930-36
    • (1986) Can. J. Zool. , vol.64 , pp. 1930-1936
    • Reice, S.R.1    Edwards, R.L.2
  • 124
    • 0031435234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differences in an ensemble of streamside salamanders (Plethodontidae) above and below a barrier to brook trout
    • Resetarits WJ Jr. 1997. Differences in an ensemble of streamside salamanders (Plethodontidae) above and below a barrier to brook trout. Amphibia-Reptilia 18:15-25
    • (1997) Amphibia-Reptilia , vol.18 , pp. 15-25
    • Resetarits Jr., W.J.1
  • 125
    • 0003607971 scopus 로고
    • New York: Chiron. 2nd ed.
    • Ricklefs RE. 1979. Ecology. New York: Chiron. 966 pp. 2nd ed.
    • (1979) Ecology
    • Ricklefs, R.E.1
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
    • 0033950152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative abundance and species richness of herpetofauna in forest stands in Pennsylvania
    • Ross B, Fredericksen T, Ross E, Hoffman W, Morrison M, et al. 2000. Relative abundance and species richness of herpetofauna in forest stands in Pennsylvania. For. Sci. 46:139-46
    • (2000) For. Sci. , vol.46 , pp. 139-146
    • Ross, B.1    Fredericksen, T.2    Ross, E.3    Hoffman, W.4    Morrison, M.5
  • 129
    • 0037905353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ontogenetic evidence for Paleozoic ancestry of salamanders
    • Schoch RR, Carroll RL. 2003. Ontogenetic evidence for Paleozoic ancestry of salamanders. Evol. Develop. 5:314-24
    • (2003) Evol. Develop. , vol.5 , pp. 314-324
    • Schoch, R.R.1    Carroll, R.L.2
  • 130
    • 0000784061 scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem function of biodiversity: A summary
    • ed. E-D Schulze, HA Mooney, Berlin: Springer-Verlag
    • Schulze E-D, Mooney HA. 1993. Ecosystem function of biodiversity: a summary. In Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. ed. E-D Schulze, HA Mooney, pp. 497-510. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 525 pp.
    • (1993) Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function , pp. 497-510
    • Schulze, E.-D.1    Mooney, H.A.2
  • 131
    • 0021085574 scopus 로고
    • Burrowing ability and behavior of salamanders of the genus Ambystoma
    • Semlitsch RD. 1983. Burrowing ability and behavior of salamanders of the genus Ambystoma. Can. J. Zool. 61:616-20
    • (1983) Can. J. Zool. , vol.61 , pp. 616-620
    • Semlitsch, R.D.1
  • 136
    • 0030025072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The polytypic species revisited: Genetic differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (Amphibia: Caudata) complex
    • Shaffer HB, McKnight ML. 1996. The polytypic species revisited: genetic differentiation and molecular phylogenetics of the tiger salamander Ambystoma tigrinum (Amphibia: Caudata) complex. Evolution 50:417-33
    • (1996) Evolution , vol.50 , pp. 417-433
    • Shaffer, H.B.1    McKnight, M.L.2
  • 137
    • 0003732091 scopus 로고
    • Animal communities in temperate America
    • Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press
    • Shelford VE. 1913. Animal communities in temperate America. Geogr. Soc. Chicago, Bull. No. 5. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 362 pp.
    • (1913) Geogr. Soc. Chicago, Bull. No. 5
    • Shelford, V.E.1
  • 138
    • 0141522981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range
    • Sheridan CC, Olson DH. 2003. Amphibian assemblages in zero-order basins in the Oregon Coast Range. Can. J. For. Res. 33:1452-77
    • (2003) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.33 , pp. 1452-1477
    • Sheridan, C.C.1    Olson, D.H.2
  • 139
    • 85011247334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modification of an index of biotic integrity for assessing vernal ponds and small palustrine wetlands using fish, crayfish, and amphibian assemblages along southern Lake Michigan
    • Simon TP, Jankowski R, Morris C. 2000. Modification of an index of biotic integrity for assessing vernal ponds and small palustrine wetlands using fish, crayfish, and amphibian assemblages along southern Lake Michigan. Aquat. Ecosys. Health Manag. 3:407-18
    • (2000) Aquat. Ecosys. Health Manag. , vol.3 , pp. 407-418
    • Simon, T.P.1    Jankowski, R.2    Morris, C.3
  • 140
    • 0033999148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships among isolated wetland size, hydroperiod, and amphibian species richness: Implications for wetland regulations
    • Snodgrass JW, Komoroski MJ, Bryan AL Jr., Burger J. 2000. Relationships among isolated wetland size, hydroperiod, and amphibian species richness: implications for wetland regulations. Conserv. Biol. 14:414-19
    • (2000) Conserv. Biol. , vol.14 , pp. 414-419
    • Snodgrass, J.W.1    Komoroski, M.J.2    Bryan Jr., A.L.3    Burger, J.4
  • 141
    • 0030479010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of size-dependent predation risk on the interaction between behavioral and life history traits in a stream-dwelling isopod
    • Sparkes TC. 1996. The effects of size-dependent predation risk on the interaction between behavioral and life history traits in a stream-dwelling isopod. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 39:411-17
    • (1996) Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. , vol.39 , pp. 411-417
    • Sparkes, T.C.1
  • 143
    • 0034777189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationships between land use, spatial scale, and stream macroinvertebrate communities
    • Sponseller RA, Benfield EF, Valett HM. 2001. Relationships between land use, spatial scale, and stream macroinvertebrate communities. Freshw. Biol. 46:1409-24
    • (2001) Freshw. Biol. , vol.46 , pp. 1409-1424
    • Sponseller, R.A.1    Benfield, E.F.2    Valett, H.M.3
  • 146
    • 0001856112 scopus 로고
    • Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks
    • ed. VT Chow, New York: McGraw-Hill
    • Strahler AN. 1964. Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks. In Handbook of Applied Hydrology, ed. VT Chow, pp. 40-74. New York: McGraw-Hill
    • (1964) Handbook of Applied Hydrology , pp. 40-74
    • Strahler, A.N.1
  • 148
    • 0001723686 scopus 로고
    • The distribution of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon c. cinereus, within the soil
    • Taub FB. 1961. The distribution of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon c. cinereus, within the soil. Ecology 42:681-98
    • (1961) Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 681-698
    • Taub, F.B.1
  • 149
    • 0141466664 scopus 로고
    • Census of a population of the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus)
    • Test FH, Bingham BA. 1948. Census of a population of the red-backed salamander (Plethodon cinereus). Am. Midl. Nat. 39: 362-72
    • (1948) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.39 , pp. 362-372
    • Test, F.H.1    Bingham, B.A.2
  • 150
    • 0030311149 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular phylogenetics of desmognathine salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae): A reevaluation of evolution in ecology, life history, and morphology
    • Titus TA, Larson A. 1996. Molecular phylogenetics of desmognathine salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae): a reevaluation of evolution in ecology, life history, and morphology. Syst. Biol. 45:451-72
    • (1996) Syst. Biol. , vol.45 , pp. 451-472
    • Titus, T.A.1    Larson, A.2
  • 151
    • 77956844644 scopus 로고
    • Species abundance patterns and community structure
    • Tokeshi R. 1993. Species abundance patterns and community structure. Adv. Ecol. Res. 24: 111-95
    • (1993) Adv. Ecol. Res. , vol.24 , pp. 111-195
    • Tokeshi, R.1
  • 152
    • 0034621389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history and demographic variation in the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense)
    • Trenham PC, Shaffer HB, Koenig WD, Stromberg MR. 2000. Life history and demographic variation in the California tiger salamander (Ambystoma californiense). Copeia 2000:365-77
    • (2000) Copeia , vol.2000 , pp. 365-377
    • Trenham, P.C.1    Shaffer, H.B.2    Koenig, W.D.3    Stromberg, M.R.4
  • 153
    • 0035662816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatially autocorrelated demography and interpond dispersal in the salamander Ambystoma californiense
    • Trenham PC, Koenig WD, Shaffer HB. 2001. Spatially autocorrelated demography and interpond dispersal in the salamander Ambystoma californiense. Ecology 82:3519-30
    • (2001) Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 3519-3530
    • Trenham, P.C.1    Koenig, W.D.2    Shaffer, H.B.3
  • 156
    • 0034937570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of community composition on persistence of prey with their predators in an assemblage of pond-breeding amphibians
    • Walls SC, Williams MG. 2001. The effect of community composition on persistence of prey with their predators in an assemblage of pond-breeding amphibians. Oecologia 128:134-41
    • (2001) Oecologia , vol.128 , pp. 134-141
    • Walls, S.C.1    Williams, M.G.2
  • 157
    • 0035091409 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation patterns and abundances of amphibians and small mammals along streams in a northwestern California watershed
    • Waters JR, Zabel CJ, McKelvey KS, Welsh HH Jr. 2001. Vegetation patterns and abundances of amphibians and small mammals along streams in a northwestern California watershed. Northwest Sci. 75:37-52
    • (2001) Northwest Sci. , vol.75 , pp. 37-52
    • Waters, J.R.1    Zabel, C.J.2    McKelvey, K.S.3    Welsh Jr., H.H.4
  • 159
    • 0030037551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function
    • Wallace JB, Webster JR. 1996. The role of macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystem function. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 41:115-39
    • (1996) Annu. Rev. Entomol. , vol.41 , pp. 115-139
    • Wallace, J.B.1    Webster, J.R.2
  • 160
    • 0025664744 scopus 로고
    • Relictual amphibians and old-growth forests
    • Welsh HH Jr. 1990. Relictual amphibians and old-growth forests. Conserv. Biol. 4:309-19
    • (1990) Conserv. Biol. , vol.4 , pp. 309-319
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1
  • 161
    • 0034984044 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A case for using plethodontid salamanders for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity of North American forests
    • Welsh HH Jr., Droege S. 2001. A case for using plethodontid salamanders for monitoring biodiversity and ecosystem integrity of North American forests. Conserv. Biol. 15:558-69
    • (2001) Conserv. Biol. , vol.15 , pp. 558-569
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Droege, S.2
  • 162
    • 0024186514 scopus 로고
    • Old growth forests and the distribution of the terrestrial herpetofauna
    • Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Stn., Ft. Collins, CO
    • Welsh HH Jr., Lind AJ. 1988. Old growth forests and the distribution of the terrestrial herpetofauna. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR RM-166. pp. 439-54. Rocky Mountain For. Range Exp. Stn., Ft. Collins, CO
    • (1988) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR RM-166 , pp. 439-454
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Lind, A.J.2
  • 163
    • 0343452323 scopus 로고
    • The structure of the herpetofaunal assemblage in the Douglas-fir/hardwood forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon
    • Pac. Northwest Res. Stn., Portland, OR
    • Welsh HH Jr., Lind AJ. 1991. The structure of the herpetofaunal assemblage in the Douglas-fir/hardwood forests of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR PNW-GTR-285. pp. 394-13. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn., Portland, OR
    • (1991) USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR PNW-GTR-285 , pp. 394-413
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Lind, A.J.2
  • 164
    • 0001817294 scopus 로고
    • Population ecology of two relictual salamanders from the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California
    • ed. DR McCulloch, RH Barrett, London: Elsevier Sci.
    • Welsh HH Jr., Lind AJ. 1992. Population ecology of two relictual salamanders from the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California. In Wildlife 2001: Populations, ed. DR McCulloch, RH Barrett, pp. 419-437. London: Elsevier Sci. 1163 pp.
    • (1992) Wildlife 2001: Populations , pp. 419-437
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Lind, A.J.2
  • 165
    • 0000895797 scopus 로고
    • Habitat correlates of the del Norte salamander, Plethodon elongatus (Caudata: Plethodontidea), in northwestern California
    • Welsh HH Jr., Lind AJ. 1995. Habitat correlates of the Del Norte salamander, Plethodon elongatus (Caudata: Plethodontidea), in northwestern California. J. Herpetol. 29:198-210
    • (1995) J. Herpetol. , vol.29 , pp. 198-210
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Lind, A.J.2
  • 166
    • 12644311251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Habitat correlates of the southern torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton variegatus (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae), in northwestern California
    • Welsh HH Jr., Lind AJ. 1996. Habitat correlates of the southern torrent salamander, Rhyacotriton variegatus (Caudata: Rhyacotritonidae), in northwestern California. J. Herpetol. 30:385-98
    • (1996) J. Herpetol. , vol.30 , pp. 385-398
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Lind, A.J.2
  • 167
    • 0036637971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiscale habitat relationships of stream amphibians in the Klamath-Siskiyou Region of California and Oregon
    • Welsh HH Jr., Lind AJ. 2002. Multiscale habitat relationships of stream amphibians in the Klamath-Siskiyou Region of California and Oregon. J. Wildl. Manag. 66:581-602
    • (2002) J. Wildl. Manag. , vol.66 , pp. 581-602
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Lind, A.J.2
  • 168
    • 0344936024 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: A case study from California's redwoods
    • Welsh HH Jr., Ollivier LM. 1998. Stream amphibians as indicators of ecosystem stress: a case study from California's redwoods. Ecol. Appl. 8:1118-31
    • (1998) Ecol. Appl. , vol.8 , pp. 1118-1131
    • Welsh Jr., H.H.1    Ollivier, L.M.2
  • 169
    • 0037208422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population declines of along-lived salamander: A 20+ year study of hellbenders, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
    • Wheeler BA, Prosen E, Mathis A, Wilkinson RF. 2003. Population declines of along-lived salamander: a 20+ year study of hellbenders, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Biol. Conserv. 109:151-56
    • (2003) Biol. Conserv. , vol.109 , pp. 151-156
    • Wheeler, B.A.1    Prosen, E.2    Mathis, A.3    Wilkinson, R.F.4
  • 170
    • 0031401367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental ecology of food webs: Complex systems in temporary ponds
    • Wilbur HM. 1997. Experimental ecology of food webs: complex systems in temporary ponds. Ecology 78:2279-302
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 2279-2302
    • Wilbur, H.M.1
  • 171
    • 0036931481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term effect of riparian distribution on Desmognathus brimleyorum (Plethodontidae) at a natural spring in Oklahoma
    • Williams LR, Crosswhite DL, Williams MG. 2002. Short-term effect of riparian distribution on Desmognathus brimleyorum (Plethodontidae) at a natural spring in Oklahoma. Southwest Nat. 47:611-13
    • (2002) Southwest Nat. , vol.47 , pp. 611-613
    • Williams, L.R.1    Crosswhite, D.L.2    Williams, M.G.3
  • 172
    • 0034694520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors related to amphibian occurrence and abundance in headwater streams draining second-growth Douglas-fir forests in southwestern Washington
    • Wilkins R, Peterson NP. 2000. Factors related to amphibian occurrence and abundance in headwater streams draining second-growth Douglas-fir forests in southwestern Washington. For. Ecol. Manag. 139:79-91
    • (2000) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.139 , pp. 79-91
    • Wilkins, R.1    Peterson, N.P.2
  • 173
    • 0038241868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of habitat disturbance on stream salamanders: Implications for buffer zones and watershed management
    • Willson JD, Dorcas ME. 2003. Effects of habitat disturbance on stream salamanders: implications for buffer zones and watershed management. Conserv. Biol. 17:763-71
    • (2003) Conserv. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 763-771
    • Willson, J.D.1    Dorcas, M.E.2
  • 175
    • 0032845567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands
    • Wissinger SA, Whiteman HH, Sparks GB, Rouse GL, Brown WS. 1998. Foraging trade-offs along a predator-permanence gradient in subalpine wetlands. Ecology 80:2102-16
    • (1998) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2102-2116
    • Wissinger, S.A.1    Whiteman, H.H.2    Sparks, G.B.3    Rouse, G.L.4    Brown, W.S.5
  • 176
    • 0031815485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental assessment of salamanders as predators of detrital food webs: Effects on invertebrates, decomposition and the carbon cycle
    • Wyman RL. 1998. Experimental assessment of salamanders as predators of detrital food webs: effects on invertebrates, decomposition and the carbon cycle. Biodivers. Conserv. 7:641-50
    • (1998) Biodivers. Conserv. , vol.7 , pp. 641-650
    • Wyman, R.L.1
  • 178
    • 11244349619 scopus 로고
    • Salamander occurrence within Mt. St. Helens blast zone
    • Zalisko EJ, Sites RW. 1989. Salamander occurrence within Mt. St. Helens blast zone. Herpetol. Rev. 20:84
    • (1989) Herpetol. Rev. , vol.20 , pp. 84
    • Zalisko, E.J.1    Sites, R.W.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.