Postmodernism and the source of military strength in the Anglo West

Armed Forces and Society

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 31-61

  Bondy, Harry J ^a  

^a DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENCE   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 11244257369     PISSN: 0095327X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0095327X0403100103     Document Type: Article

References (251)

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2. James Burk, "Expertise, Jurisdiction, and Legitimacy of the Military Profession," in The Future of the Army Profession, ed. Don Snider, Gayle Watkins, and Lloyd J. Matthews (Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill, 2002), 20; Andrew Abbott, "The Army and the Theory of Professions," ibid., 530-531.
3. Franklin Spinney, John Sayen, and Donald Vandergriff, "Introduction: Why is it Time to Adapt to Changing Conditions," in Spirit, Blood, and Treasure, ed. Donald Vandergriff (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2001), ix-xxxviii; Michael Evans, "From Kadesh to Kandahar: Military Theory and the Future of War," Naval War College Review 56, 3 (Summer 2003): 139-147.
4. Franklin Spinney, John Sayen, and Donald Vandergriff, "Introduction: Why is it Time to Adapt to Changing Conditions," in Spirit, Blood, and Treasure, ed. Donald Vandergriff (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2001), ix-xxxviii; Michael Evans, "From Kadesh to Kandahar: Military Theory and the Future of War," Naval War College Review 56, 3 (Summer 2003): 139-147.
5. A.D. English, Understanding Military Culture: A Canadian Perspective. Contract Report DCIEM No. CR 2001-047 prepared for Defence R&D Canada, Department of National Defence, Toronto, ON, 2001.
6. Paul Johnston, "Doctrine is not Enough: The Effect of Doctrine on the Behaviour of Annies," Parameters 30, 3 (Autumn 2000): 30.
7. Snider et al. (eds.), Army Profession; Spinney et al., "Introduction"; Nick Jans and David Schmidtchen, The Real C-Cubed: Culture, Careers & Climate, and How They Affect Capability (Canberra: Australian National University, 2002); Johnston, "Doctrine is Not Enough."
8. Snider et al. (eds.), Army Profession; Spinney et al., "Introduction"; Nick Jans and David Schmidtchen, The Real C-Cubed: Culture, Careers & Climate, and How They Affect Capability (Canberra: Australian National University, 2002); Johnston, "Doctrine is Not Enough."
9. Snider et al. (eds.), Army Profession; Spinney et al., "Introduction"; Nick Jans and David Schmidtchen, The Real C-Cubed: Culture, Careers & Climate, and How They Affect Capability (Canberra: Australian National University, 2002); Johnston, "Doctrine is Not Enough."
10. Snider et al. (eds.), Army Profession; Spinney et al., "Introduction"; Nick Jans and David Schmidtchen, The Real C-Cubed: Culture, Careers & Climate, and How They Affect Capability (Canberra: Australian National University, 2002); Johnston, "Doctrine is Not Enough."
11. Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed, 10.
12. Evans, "From Kadesh to Kandahar," Naval War College Review 56, 3 (Summer 2003): 132-150.
13. Frederick W. Kagan, "War and Aftermath," Policy Review 120 (Aug-Sept 2003), available online at http://www.policyreview.org/aug03/kagan.html
14. Anthony H. Cordesman, The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics and Military Lessons (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Press, 2003).
15. James Burk, "Introduction, 1998: Ten Years of New Times," in The Adaptive Military: Armed Forces in a Turbulent World, ed. James Burk (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1998).
16. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
17. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
18. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
19. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
20. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
21. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
22. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
23. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
24. Fabrizio Battistelli, "Peacekeeping and the Postmodern Soldier," Armed Forces & Society 23, 3 (Spring 1997): 467-484; Charles C. Moskos and James Burk, "The Postmodern Military," in Burk (ed.), Adaptive Military (see note 10); Christopher Coker, "Post-Modern War, " RUSI Journal 143, 3 (June 1998): 7-14; Christopher Dandeker, "The United Kingdom: The Overstretched Military," in The Postmodern Military, ed. Charles C. Moskos, John Allen Williams, and David R. Segal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); Christopher Dandeker, "The Post-Modern Military Reconsidered: Social Change and British Armed Services in the 21st Century." Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Charles C. Moskos, "Toward a Postmodern Military: The United States as a Paradigm," in The Postmodern Military; Don M. Snider, "America's Postmodern Military," in World Policy Journal 17, 1 (Spring 2000): 47-54; John A. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," in The Postmodern Military; John A. Williams, "What's Next for the Post-Modern Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003.
25. Moskos et al. (eds.), Postmodern Military.
26. Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" Armed Forces & Society 27, 3 (Spring 2001): 319-342; Matthew J. Morgan, "The Reconstruction of Culture, Citizenship, and Military Service," Armed Forces & Society 29, 3 (Spring 2003): 373-391; J.B.R. Phillips, "Postmodernism and the Implications for the Development of Leadership Doctrine in the Australian Army," Australian Defence Journal 135 (1999): 39-44; Stephen Welch, C. Kennedy-Pipe, "What Is Post-Modern About the Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Phillip J. Ridderhof, "Thinking Out of the Box: Reading Military Texts from a Different Perspective," Naval War College Review 40, 4 (2002): 83-95.
27. Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" Armed Forces & Society 27, 3 (Spring 2001): 319-342; Matthew J. Morgan, "The Reconstruction of Culture, Citizenship, and Military Service," Armed Forces & Society 29, 3 (Spring 2003): 373-391; J.B.R. Phillips, "Postmodernism and the Implications for the Development of Leadership Doctrine in the Australian Army," Australian Defence Journal 135 (1999): 39-44; Stephen Welch, C. Kennedy-Pipe, "What Is Post-Modern About the Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Phillip J. Ridderhof, "Thinking Out of the Box: Reading Military Texts from a Different Perspective," Naval War College Review 40, 4 (2002): 83-95.
28. Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" Armed Forces & Society 27, 3 (Spring 2001): 319-342; Matthew J. Morgan, "The Reconstruction of Culture, Citizenship, and Military Service," Armed Forces & Society 29, 3 (Spring 2003): 373-391; J.B.R. Phillips, "Postmodernism and the Implications for the Development of Leadership Doctrine in the Australian Army," Australian Defence Journal 135 (1999): 39-44; Stephen Welch, C. Kennedy-Pipe, "What Is Post-Modern About the Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Phillip J. Ridderhof, "Thinking Out of the Box: Reading Military Texts from a Different Perspective," Naval War College Review 40, 4 (2002): 83-95.
29. Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" Armed Forces & Society 27, 3 (Spring 2001): 319-342; Matthew J. Morgan, "The Reconstruction of Culture, Citizenship, and Military Service," Armed Forces & Society 29, 3 (Spring 2003): 373-391; J.B.R. Phillips, "Postmodernism and the Implications for the Development of Leadership Doctrine in the Australian Army," Australian Defence Journal 135 (1999): 39-44; Stephen Welch, C. Kennedy-Pipe, "What Is Post-Modern About the Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Phillip J. Ridderhof, "Thinking Out of the Box: Reading Military Texts from a Different Perspective," Naval War College Review 40, 4 (2002): 83-95.
30. Bradford Booth, Meyer Kestnbaum, and David R. Segal, "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" Armed Forces & Society 27, 3 (Spring 2001): 319-342; Matthew J. Morgan, "The Reconstruction of Culture, Citizenship, and Military Service," Armed Forces & Society 29, 3 (Spring 2003): 373-391; J.B.R. Phillips, "Postmodernism and the Implications for the Development of Leadership Doctrine in the Australian Army," Australian Defence Journal 135 (1999): 39-44; Stephen Welch, C. Kennedy-Pipe, "What Is Post-Modern About the Military?" Paper presented at the Cranfield University International Conference on Defence Management, Thames, UK, April 24-25, 2003; Phillip J. Ridderhof, "Thinking Out of the Box: Reading Military Texts from a Different Perspective," Naval War College Review 40, 4 (2002): 83-95.
31. Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?"
32. Morgan, "Culture."
33. Welch and Kennedy-Pipe, "What Is Post-Modern About the Military?"
34. Phillips, "Postmodernism."
35. Ridderhof, "Thinking Out of the Box."
36. Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" 482-486, 476-480.
37. Coker, "Postmodern War."
38. Abbott, "Theory of Professions"; Burk, "Expertise."
39. Abbott, "Theory of Professions"; Burk, "Expertise."
40. Guy L. Siebold, "Core Issues and Theory in Military Sociology, " Journal of Political and Military Sociology 29 (Summer 2001): 140-159.
41. Moskos and Burk, "The Postmodern Military," 166.
42. Williams, "The Postmodern Military Reconsidered," 273.
43. Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?" 466.
44. Ibid., 466.
45. Pauline Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), a reference used by Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?"; Morgan, "Culture"; and Phillips, "Postmodernism." See also see N. Fraser and L. Nicholson, "Social Criticism Without Philosophy," in Universal Abandon: The Politics of Postmodernism, ed. A. Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).
46. Pauline Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), a reference used by Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?"; Morgan, "Culture"; and Phillips, "Postmodernism." See also see N. Fraser and L. Nicholson, "Social Criticism Without Philosophy," in Universal Abandon: The Politics of Postmodernism, ed. A. Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).
47. Pauline Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), a reference used by Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?"; Morgan, "Culture"; and Phillips, "Postmodernism." See also see N. Fraser and L. Nicholson, "Social Criticism Without Philosophy," in Universal Abandon: The Politics of Postmodernism, ed. A. Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).
48. Pauline Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), a reference used by Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?"; Morgan, "Culture"; and Phillips, "Postmodernism." See also see N. Fraser and L. Nicholson, "Social Criticism Without Philosophy," in Universal Abandon: The Politics of Postmodernism, ed. A. Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).
49. Pauline Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences: Insights, Inroads, and Intrusions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1992), a reference used by Booth et al., "Are Post-Cold War Militaries Postmodern?"; Morgan, "Culture"; and Phillips, "Postmodernism." See also see N. Fraser and L. Nicholson, "Social Criticism Without Philosophy," in Universal Abandon: The Politics of Postmodernism, ed. A. Ross (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988).
50. Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, 110.
51. Ibid., 137.
52. Ibid., 144-155; contrast with John Fonte, "The Ideological War Within the West," Foreign Policy Research Institute Watch on the West Newsletter for the Study of America and the West 3, 6 (May 2002), available online at hppt://www.fpri.org/ww/0306.200205.fonte.ideologicalwarwithinthewest.html
53. Ibid., 144-155; contrast with John Fonte, "The Ideological War Within the West," Foreign Policy Research Institute Watch on the West Newsletter for the Study of America and the West 3, 6 (May 2002), available online at hppt://www.fpri.org/ww/0306.200205.fonte.ideologicalwarwithinthewest.html
54. Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, 135; compare to the definition in Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 53-67.
55. Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, 135; compare to the definition in Jean-François Lyotard, The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. Geoff Bennington and Brian Massumi (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1984), 53-67.
56. Rosenau, Post-Modernism and the Social Sciences, 11.
57. John W. Murphy, "The Relevance of Postmodernism for Social Science," Diogenes 143 (1988): 93-110.
58. Murphy, "Relevance of Postmodernism," 93, 94.
59. Ibid., 94-95. This hope is found in the writings of Comte, Durkheim, Parsons, and Weber.
60. The term grand narrative is used instead of metanarrative because the former conveys a more intuitive meaning although the latter is more common in postmodern literature. Grand narrative is use to describe basic cultural assumptions, often unconscious, especially a civilization's worldview.
61. Murphy, "Relevance of Postmodernism," 98.
62. Ibid., 98.
63. Ibid., 106, 108.
64. Ibid., 108.
65. Stanley Fish, "Postmodern Warfare: The Ignorance of Our Warrior Intellectuals," Harper's Magazine 305, 1826 (July 2002): 33-40.
66. For an example of dogmatic, Anglo-Western modernism, see Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992).
67. David R. Segal renounced postmodernism in an address at the "Leadership in the Armies of Tomorrow and the Future" conference, Kingston, ON, February 6-7, 2002, available online at http://armyonline.kingston.mil.ca/CLS/143000440001259/Oefault.asp. Also the Cranfield International Conference, op cit., where several participants dismissed the potential of postmodern analysis.
68. David R. Segal renounced postmodernism in an address at the "Leadership in the Armies of Tomorrow and the Future" conference, Kingston, ON, February 6-7, 2002, available online at http://armyonline.kingston.mil.ca/CLS/143000440001259/Oefault.asp. Also the Cranfield International Conference, op cit., where several participants dismissed the potential of postmodern analysis.
69. Lyotard, Postmodern Condition, 60-65.
70. Ibid., xvi, 79.
71. M.R.M. Parrott, The Ethos of Modernity: Foucault and the Enlightenment with The Historical Basis of Panopticism. Available online at http://www.rimric.com/documents/teom-2-9.pdf.
72. Segal, "Armies of Tomorrow" conference address, 3.
73. Gordon R. Sullivan and M.V. Harper, Hope is Not a Method (New York: Random House, 1996), 237.
74. Ibid., 238 (emphasis in original).
75. A Yogi-ism is a homespun, malaprop aphorism characteristic of U.S. professional baseball player and manager Lawrence "Yogi" Berra, born 1925; see the Web site at http://www.yogi-berra.com/yogiisms.html for further information.
76. Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed, 12.
77. U. vom Hagen, "Social Capital-the Currency of the Armed Forces." Paper presented at the Inter-University Seminar on Armed Forces and Society Canada, conference in Kingston, ON, October 26-27, 2002, available online at http://www.rmc.ca/academic/conference/iuscanada/.
78. James Coleman, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital," American Journal of Sociology 94 (suppl) (1998): 95-120.
79. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 136, 352, 355.
80. Pierre Bourdieu, "Le capital social: notes provisoires," Actes de la Recherche en sciences socials, January 1980, available online at http://www.chess.fr/centres/cse/acterech.html
81. Putnam, Bowling, 136, 142.
82. Francis Fukuyama, Trust (New York: Free Press, 1995), 23-31.
83. Ibid., 20-36, 43-48, 335-337, 356.
84. E.g., Isabelle Fortier, "From Skepticism to Cynicism: Paradoxes of Administrative Reform," Choices 9, 6 (August 2003): 3-19; Christian Rouillard, "From Cynicism to Organizational Disillusion: New Public Management as Confusion Factor," Choices 9, 6 (August 2003): 20-36.
85. E.g., Isabelle Fortier, "From Skepticism to Cynicism: Paradoxes of Administrative Reform," Choices 9, 6 (August 2003): 3-19; Christian Rouillard, "From Cynicism to Organizational Disillusion: New Public Management as Confusion Factor," Choices 9, 6 (August 2003): 20-36.
86. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960); Joseph Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Profession of Arms," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 39; Jonathan Shay, "Trust: Touchstone for a Practical Military Ethos," in Spirit (see note 2), 3-4.
87. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960); Joseph Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Profession of Arms," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 39; Jonathan Shay, "Trust: Touchstone for a Practical Military Ethos," in Spirit (see note 2), 3-4.
88. Morris Janowitz, The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960); Joseph Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Profession of Arms," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 39; Jonathan Shay, "Trust: Touchstone for a Practical Military Ethos," in Spirit (see note 2), 3-4.
89. R.S. Rush, "A Different Perspective: Cohesion, Morale, and Operational Effectiveness of the Germany Army, Fall 1944," Armed Forces & Society 25 (1999): 477-508, 502.
90. David Segal and Meyer Kestnbaum, "Professional Closure in the Military Labor Market: A Critique of Pure Cohesion," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 450.
91. Kelly Parley, "A Model of Unit Climate and Stress for Canadian Soldiers on Operations" (doctoral diss., Carleton University, Ottawa, 2002).
92. Leonard Wong, Thomas A. Kolditz, Raymond A. Millen, and Terrence M. Potter, Why They Fight: Combat Motivation in the Iraq War (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, July 2003).
93. Putnam, Bowling, 355.
94. Ibid., 134-136.
95. Coleman, "Social Capital," 102-109.
96. Fukuyama, Trust, 355-356.
97. Tan Maitland, "Virtuous Markets: The Market as School of the Virtues," in Business Ethics Quarterly 7, 1 (1997): 17-31, 23, 26.
98. Ibid., 17-20.
99. Ibid., 21, 23, 27.
100. John Keegan, A History of Warfare (Toronto: Vantage Books, 1993).
101. Fukuyama, Trust, 43; Fred Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 141; S.P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1996).
102. Fukuyama, Trust, 43; Fred Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 141; S.P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1996).
103. Fukuyama, Trust, 43; Fred Hirsch, Social Limits to Growth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1976), 141; S.P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order (New York: Touchstone, 1996).
104. Fukuyama, Trust, 33-41, 352; Maitland, "Virtuous Markets," 18, 28.
105. Fukuyama, Trust, 33-41, 352; Maitland, "Virtuous Markets," 18, 28.
106. Putnam, Bowling, 134, 139.
107. Fukuyama, Trust, 369.
108. Ibid., 17-19, 33-42; Putnam, Bowling, 351, 404, 409; Huntington, Clash.
109. Ibid., 17-19, 33-42; Putnam, Bowling, 351, 404, 409; Huntington, Clash.
110. Ibid., 17-19, 33-42; Putnam, Bowling, 351, 404, 409; Huntington, Clash.
111. Coleman, "Social Capital."
112. Putnam, Bowling, 184; Fukuyama, Trust, 337, 362.
113. Putnam, Bowling, 184; Fukuyama, Trust, 337, 362.
114. English, Military Culture (see note 3); Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
115. English, Military Culture (see note 3); Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
116. English, Military Culture (see note 3); Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
117. English, Military Culture (see note 3); Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
118. Harry Bondy, "Toward a Postmodern Transformation in Military Culture: Selection, Personality Type and Culture." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; available online at http://www.bsos.umd.edu/ius/
119. Rouillard, "From Cynicism to Organizational Disillusion," 24-26.
120. Alejandro Portes, "Social Capital: Its Origins and Application in Modern Sociology," Annual Review of Sociology 24 (1998): 1-24, 19-20.
121. Ibid., 15.
122. Fukuyama, End of History; for critiques, see Roger Kimball, "Francis Fukuyama and the End of History," The New Criterion 10, 6 (1992); and much of Huntington, Clash of Civilizations.
123. Fukuyama, End of History; for critiques, see Roger Kimball, "Francis Fukuyama and the End of History," The New Criterion 10, 6 (1992); and much of Huntington, Clash of Civilizations.
124. Fukuyama, End of History; for critiques, see Roger Kimball, "Francis Fukuyama and the End of History," The New Criterion 10, 6 (1992); and much of Huntington, Clash of Civilizations.
125. vom Hagen, "Social Capital;" Bourdieu, "Le capital social;" Portes, "Social Capital," 3, 21.
126. vom Hagen, "Social Capital;" Bourdieu, "Le capital social;" Portes, "Social Capital," 3, 21.
127. vom Hagen, "Social Capital;" Bourdieu, "Le capital social;" Portes, "Social Capital," 3, 21.
128. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (New York: Vintage Books, 1995).
129. Foucault, Discipline ; Parrott, Panopticism.
130. Foucault, Discipline ; Parrott, Panopticism.
131. E.g., Dan Gardner, "Hard Time in Ontario, American-Style," The Ottawa Citizen, March 24, 2002, A1, A12; Stephen Spielberg's 2002 film Minority Report featured a Victorian-style panopticon tower in a futurist prison; David Shenk, "Watching You," in National Geographic 204, 5 (November 2003): 2-29, 22-23.
132. E.g., Dan Gardner, "Hard Time in Ontario, American-Style," The Ottawa Citizen, March 24, 2002, A1, A12; Stephen Spielberg's 2002 film Minority Report featured a Victorian-style panopticon tower in a futurist prison; David Shenk, "Watching You," in National Geographic 204, 5 (November 2003): 2-29, 22-23.
133. E.g., Dan Gardner, "Hard Time in Ontario, American-Style," The Ottawa Citizen, March 24, 2002, A1, A12; Stephen Spielberg's 2002 film Minority Report featured a Victorian-style panopticon tower in a futurist prison; David Shenk, "Watching You," in National Geographic 204, 5 (November 2003): 2-29, 22-23.
134. Foucault, Discipline, 195-230; Parrott, Panopticism, 120.
135. Foucault, Discipline, 195-230; Parrott, Panopticism, 120.
136. Panoptic: seeing the whole at one view (from the Greek panoptes, all-seeing). The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 8th ed., s.v. "panoptic."
137. Parrott, Panopticism, 91-131.
138. David Couzens Hoy, "Power, Repression, Progress; Foucault, Lukes, and the Frankfurt School," in Foucault: A Critical Reader, ed. David Couzens Hoy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 136; also see Peter Dews, "The Nouvelle Philosophie and Foucault," in Towards a Critique of Foucault, ed. Mike Gane (London: Routledge & Kegan, 1996).
139. David Couzens Hoy, "Power, Repression, Progress; Foucault, Lukes, and the Frankfurt School," in Foucault: A Critical Reader, ed. David Couzens Hoy (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986), 136; also see Peter Dews, "The Nouvelle Philosophie and Foucault," in Towards a Critique of Foucault, ed. Mike Gane (London: Routledge & Kegan, 1996).
140. Jeff Minson, "Strategies for Socialists? Foucault's Conception of Power," in Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault (see note 93), 113, 117.
141. Ibid., 109-113, 117.
142. Murphy, "Postmodernism," 94.
143. Parrott, Panopticism, 120-131.
144. Foucault, Discipline, 195-230.
145. Hans Joas, "The Modernity of War: Modernization Theory and the Problem of Violence," International Sociology 14, 4 (1999): 457-472; John A. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003), 519-523.
146. Hans Joas, "The Modernity of War: Modernization Theory and the Problem of Violence," International Sociology 14, 4 (1999): 457-472; John A. Lynn, Battle: A History of Combat and Culture (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2003), 519-523.
147. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
148. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
149. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
150. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
151. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
152. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
153. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
154. Foucault, Discipline; Michel Foucault, "Society Must Be Defended" Lectures at the Collège de France 1975-76, tr. David Macey, ed. Arnold Davidson (New York: Picador, 2003), 239-264; S. Dufonlon, Les Gars de la marine. Ethnographie d'un navire de guerre (Paris: Métailié, 1998); S. Loriga, Soldats. Un Laboratoire disciplinaire: L'armée Piémontaise au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Mentha, 1992); L. Pinto, "L'armée, le contingent et les classes sociales," Actes de la Recherche en Science Sociales 3 (1973): 18-42; O. Roynette, "Bons pour le service" L'expérience de la caserne en France à la fin du XIXème siècle (Paris: Belin-Histoire et société-Modernité, 2000); Pascal Vennesson, "Explaining Social Change in the French Military: Goffman, Huntington, Janowitz, Moskos, or None of the Above." Paper presented at the IUS Biennial Symposium on Armed Forces & Society, Chicago, IL, October 25-26, 2003; L.A. Zurcher, "The Sailor Aboard Ship: A Study of Role Behavior in a Total Institution," Social Forces 43, 1 (October 1964): 389-399.
155. William Bell, "Personnel Policies and Army Culture," in Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2).
156. William Henderson, Cohesion: The Human Element in Combat (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1985).
157. Carceral is from carcer, Latin for prison, as in "incarcerate. " The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 8th ed., s.v. "carceral."
158. Foucault, "Discipline and Punish," in The Foucault Reader, ed. Paul Rabinow (New York: Pantheon, 1984), 181.
159. Parrott, Panopticism, 47, 20, 91-131.
160. Hoy, "Power," 132-133.
161. Carl Rehberg, "Character: The Cornerstone of Military Leadership," in Spinney et al., Spirit (see note 2), 21-44; Joseph J. Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Military Profession," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); J.A. English, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Canadian Military Professionalism (Concord, ON: Irwin, 1998); Donald E. Vandergriff, The Path to Victory: America's Army and Revolution in Human Affairs (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2002).
162. Carl Rehberg, "Character: The Cornerstone of Military Leadership," in Spinney et al., Spirit (see note 2), 21-44; Joseph J. Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Military Profession," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); J.A. English, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Canadian Military Professionalism (Concord, ON: Irwin, 1998); Donald E. Vandergriff, The Path to Victory: America's Army and Revolution in Human Affairs (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2002).
163. Carl Rehberg, "Character: The Cornerstone of Military Leadership," in Spinney et al., Spirit (see note 2), 21-44; Joseph J. Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Military Profession," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); J.A. English, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Canadian Military Professionalism (Concord, ON: Irwin, 1998); Donald E. Vandergriff, The Path to Victory: America's Army and Revolution in Human Affairs (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2002).
164. Carl Rehberg, "Character: The Cornerstone of Military Leadership," in Spinney et al., Spirit (see note 2), 21-44; Joseph J. Collins and T.O. Jacobs, "Trust in the Military Profession," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); J.A. English, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Canadian Military Professionalism (Concord, ON: Irwin, 1998); Donald E. Vandergriff, The Path to Victory: America's Army and Revolution in Human Affairs (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 2002).
165. Auditor General of Canada, Report for 1999, article 26.17; Update for 2001, articles 12.3, 12.330 to 12.335, available online at http://www.oag-vg.gc.ca/domino/reports.nsf/html0112ce.html.
166. Auditor General of Canada, Report for 1999, article 26.17; Update for 2001, articles 12.3, 12.330 to 12.335, available online at http://www.oag-vg.gc.ca/domino/reports.nsf/html0112ce.html.
167. E.g., see the standard business text: J.R. Schermerhorn, J.G. Hunt, and R.N. Osborn, Managing Organizational Behavior, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982), 374-390.
168. Don Snider and Gayle Watkins, "Introduction" and "Project Conclusions," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Burk, "Expertise," ibid.; Gregg F. Martin and Jeffrey D. McCausland, "The Role of Strategic Leaders for the Future Army Profession," ibid.; Vandergriff, Victory, 40-53, 94-99; Michael Meese, "Institutionalizing Maneuver Warfare: The Process of Organizational Change," in Maneuver Warfare, ed. Richard Hooker (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993), 201-203.
169. Don Snider and Gayle Watkins, "Introduction" and "Project Conclusions," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Burk, "Expertise," ibid.; Gregg F. Martin and Jeffrey D. McCausland, "The Role of Strategic Leaders for the Future Army Profession," ibid.; Vandergriff, Victory, 40-53, 94-99; Michael Meese, "Institutionalizing Maneuver Warfare: The Process of Organizational Change," in Maneuver Warfare, ed. Richard Hooker (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993), 201-203.
170. Don Snider and Gayle Watkins, "Introduction" and "Project Conclusions," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Burk, "Expertise," ibid.; Gregg F. Martin and Jeffrey D. McCausland, "The Role of Strategic Leaders for the Future Army Profession," ibid.; Vandergriff, Victory, 40-53, 94-99; Michael Meese, "Institutionalizing Maneuver Warfare: The Process of Organizational Change," in Maneuver Warfare, ed. Richard Hooker (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993), 201-203.
171. Don Snider and Gayle Watkins, "Introduction" and "Project Conclusions," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Burk, "Expertise," ibid.; Gregg F. Martin and Jeffrey D. McCausland, "The Role of Strategic Leaders for the Future Army Profession," ibid.; Vandergriff, Victory, 40-53, 94-99; Michael Meese, "Institutionalizing Maneuver Warfare: The Process of Organizational Change," in Maneuver Warfare, ed. Richard Hooker (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993), 201-203.
172. Don Snider and Gayle Watkins, "Introduction" and "Project Conclusions," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1); Burk, "Expertise," ibid.; Gregg F. Martin and Jeffrey D. McCausland, "The Role of Strategic Leaders for the Future Army Profession," ibid.; Vandergriff, Victory, 40-53, 94-99; Michael Meese, "Institutionalizing Maneuver Warfare: The Process of Organizational Change," in Maneuver Warfare, ed. Richard Hooker (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993), 201-203.
173. Snider and Watkins, "Project Conclusions."
174. Martin and McCausland, "Strategic Leaders."
175. E.g., Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault; Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader; Gibson Burrell and Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction," in Organization Studies 9, 1 (1988): 91-112; Gibson Burrell, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault," Organization Studies 9, 2 (1988): 221-235; Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida," Organization Studies 10, 4 (1989):479-502; Kenneth Gergen and Tojo Thatchenkery, "Organization Science as Social Construction: Postmodern Potentials," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32, 4 (1996): 356-377.
176. E.g., Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault; Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader; Gibson Burrell and Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction," in Organization Studies 9, 1 (1988): 91-112; Gibson Burrell, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault," Organization Studies 9, 2 (1988): 221-235; Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida," Organization Studies 10, 4 (1989):479-502; Kenneth Gergen and Tojo Thatchenkery, "Organization Science as Social Construction: Postmodern Potentials," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32, 4 (1996): 356-377.
177. E.g., Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault; Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader; Gibson Burrell and Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction," in Organization Studies 9, 1 (1988): 91-112; Gibson Burrell, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault," Organization Studies 9, 2 (1988): 221-235; Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida," Organization Studies 10, 4 (1989):479-502; Kenneth Gergen and Tojo Thatchenkery, "Organization Science as Social Construction: Postmodern Potentials," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32, 4 (1996): 356-377.
178. E.g., Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault; Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader; Gibson Burrell and Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction," in Organization Studies 9, 1 (1988): 91-112; Gibson Burrell, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault," Organization Studies 9, 2 (1988): 221-235; Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida," Organization Studies 10, 4 (1989):479-502; Kenneth Gergen and Tojo Thatchenkery, "Organization Science as Social Construction: Postmodern Potentials," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32, 4 (1996): 356-377.
179. E.g., Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault; Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader; Gibson Burrell and Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction," in Organization Studies 9, 1 (1988): 91-112; Gibson Burrell, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault," Organization Studies 9, 2 (1988): 221-235; Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida," Organization Studies 10, 4 (1989):479-502; Kenneth Gergen and Tojo Thatchenkery, "Organization Science as Social Construction: Postmodern Potentials," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32, 4 (1996): 356-377.
180. E.g., Gane (ed.), Critique of Foucault; Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader; Gibson Burrell and Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: An Introduction," in Organization Studies 9, 1 (1988): 91-112; Gibson Burrell, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Michel Foucault," Organization Studies 9, 2 (1988): 221-235; Robert Cooper, "Modernism, Postmodernism and Organizational Analysis: The Contribution of Jacques Derrida," Organization Studies 10, 4 (1989):479-502; Kenneth Gergen and Tojo Thatchenkery, "Organization Science as Social Construction: Postmodern Potentials," Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 32, 4 (1996): 356-377.
181. Cooper and Burrell, "Modernism," 102-106, 109.
182. Gerald Egan, Working the Shadow Side: A Guide to Positive Behind-the-Scenes Management (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994), 89.
183. Hoy, "Power," 128-135, 142, quote from p. 135.
184. Lyotard, Postmodern Condition, 23-53.
185. Rouillard, "From Cynicism to Organizational Disillusion."
186. Kagan, "War and Aftermath"; Cordesman, The Iraq War; George Soros, "The Bubble of American Supremacy," The Atlantic Monthly 292, 5 (December 2003): 63-66.
187. Kagan, "War and Aftermath"; Cordesman, The Iraq War; George Soros, "The Bubble of American Supremacy," The Atlantic Monthly 292, 5 (December 2003): 63-66.
188. Kagan, "War and Aftermath"; Cordesman, The Iraq War; George Soros, "The Bubble of American Supremacy," The Atlantic Monthly 292, 5 (December 2003): 63-66.
189. Lynn, Battle; John A. Lynn, "The Evolution of Army Style in the Modern West, 800-2000," in The International History Review 18, 3 (August 1996): 505-756.
190. Lynn, Battle; John A. Lynn, "The Evolution of Army Style in the Modern West, 800-2000," in The International History Review 18, 3 (August 1996): 505-756.
191. Burk, "Expertise," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1) ; Abbott, "Professions"; Morgan, "Culture"; John A. Fraser, The Minister's Reform Program: Canada's Military at a Crossroads. Final Report of the Minister's Monitoring Committee on Change in DND and CF, Ottawa, ON, 1999, released February 9, 2000.
192. Burk, "Expertise," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1) ; Abbott, "Professions"; Morgan, "Culture"; John A. Fraser, The Minister's Reform Program: Canada's Military at a Crossroads. Final Report of the Minister's Monitoring Committee on Change in DND and CF, Ottawa, ON, 1999, released February 9, 2000.
193. Burk, "Expertise," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1) ; Abbott, "Professions"; Morgan, "Culture"; John A. Fraser, The Minister's Reform Program: Canada's Military at a Crossroads. Final Report of the Minister's Monitoring Committee on Change in DND and CF, Ottawa, ON, 1999, released February 9, 2000.
194. Burk, "Expertise," in Snider and Watkins (eds.), Future of the Army Profession (see note 1) ; Abbott, "Professions"; Morgan, "Culture"; John A. Fraser, The Minister's Reform Program: Canada's Military at a Crossroads. Final Report of the Minister's Monitoring Committee on Change in DND and CF, Ottawa, ON, 1999, released February 9, 2000.
195. Hoy, "Introduction," 16; Department of National Defence, Canada, Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee. Defence Department Publication B-GL-300-000/FP-000, 1998; Canadian Defence Academy, Duty With Honour, The Profession of Arms in Canada, available online at http://www.cda-acd.forces.gc.ca; Snider and Watkins, "Conclusions," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 537-538.
196. Hoy, "Introduction," 16; Department of National Defence, Canada, Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee. Defence Department Publication B-GL-300-000/FP-000, 1998; Canadian Defence Academy, Duty With Honour, The Profession of Arms in Canada, available online at http://www.cda-acd.forces.gc.ca; Snider and Watkins, "Conclusions," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 537-538.
197. Hoy, "Introduction," 16; Department of National Defence, Canada, Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee. Defence Department Publication B-GL-300-000/FP-000, 1998; Canadian Defence Academy, Duty With Honour, The Profession of Arms in Canada, available online at http://www.cda-acd.forces.gc.ca; Snider and Watkins, "Conclusions," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 537-538.
198. Hoy, "Introduction," 16; Department of National Defence, Canada, Canada's Army: We Stand on Guard for Thee. Defence Department Publication B-GL-300-000/FP-000, 1998; Canadian Defence Academy, Duty With Honour, The Profession of Arms in Canada, available online at http://www.cda-acd.forces.gc.ca; Snider and Watkins, "Conclusions," in Future of the Army Profession (see note 1), 537-538.
199. Donald Vandergriff, "The Culture Wars," in Digital War, ed. Robert L. Bateman (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1999); Vandergriff, Victory.
200. Donald Vandergriff, "The Culture Wars," in Digital War, ed. Robert L. Bateman (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1999); Vandergriff, Victory.
201. Mark R. Lewis, Army Transformation, the Exodus, and the Cycle of Decay (Washington, DC: Institute of Defense Analyses, 2003).
202. Auditor General of Canada, Report for 2001, articles 24.13, 24.17, and 24.22.
203. Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed, 76-78, 84-86.
204. E.g., T. Coens and M. Jenkins, Abolishing Performance Appraisals: Why They Backfire and What To Do Instead (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2000); K.R. Murphy and J.N. Cleveland, Understanding Performance Appraisal: Social, Organizational, and Goal-based Perspectives (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
205. E.g., T. Coens and M. Jenkins, Abolishing Performance Appraisals: Why They Backfire and What To Do Instead (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2000); K.R. Murphy and J.N. Cleveland, Understanding Performance Appraisal: Social, Organizational, and Goal-based Perspectives (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
206. William Bell, "Personnel Policies and Army Culture," in Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); John Tillson, "It's the Personnel System," ibid., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
207. William Bell, "Personnel Policies and Army Culture," in Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); John Tillson, "It's the Personnel System," ibid., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
208. William Bell, "Personnel Policies and Army Culture," in Spinney et al. (eds.), Spirit (see note 2); John Tillson, "It's the Personnel System," ibid., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed.
209. Vandergriff, Victory, 109-113, 122-134, 194-203.
210. Michael Gould, Strategic Leadership and Organizational Change: Challenges in Army Transformation. US Army War College (USAWC) academic research paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, 2002); John Kotter, Leading Change (Boston, MA: Harvard Press, 1996), 145; Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1992).
211. Michael Gould, Strategic Leadership and Organizational Change: Challenges in Army Transformation. US Army War College (USAWC) academic research paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, 2002); John Kotter, Leading Change (Boston, MA: Harvard Press, 1996), 145; Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1992).
212. Michael Gould, Strategic Leadership and Organizational Change: Challenges in Army Transformation. US Army War College (USAWC) academic research paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, 2002); John Kotter, Leading Change (Boston, MA: Harvard Press, 1996), 145; Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership (San Francisco: Jossey Bass, 1992).
213. Rouillard, "From Cynicism to Organizational Disillusion," 26, 31.
214. Ibid, 30.
215. Murphy, "The Relevance of Postmodernism," 99, 104.
216. George B. Forsythe, Scott Snook, Philip Lewis, and Paul T. Bartone, "Making Sense of Officership: Developing a Professional Identity for 21st Century Army Officers," in Spinney et al. (eds). Future of the Army Profession (see note 2).
217. I b i d.
218. Four stages are used instead of five because Forsythe et al. did not use Kegan's stage one. Stage four here is equivalent to Kegan's stage five. For an interesting parallel, see Marcia Lynn Whicker, Toxic Leaders: When Organizations Go Bad (Westport, CT: Quorum Books, 1996), 32-33.
219. E.g., Ray Starman, "Guest Column: 'An Army of None' Must Save Itself," Nov 18, 2003, and Jim Simpson, "In Defense of Lt. Col. Alan B. West," Nov 19, 2003, both in DefenceWatch, "The Voice of the Grunt, " available online at http://www.mailarchive.eom/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg87604.html
220. E.g., Ray Starman, "Guest Column: 'An Army of None' Must Save Itself," Nov 18, 2003, and Jim Simpson, "In Defense of Lt. Col. Alan B. West," Nov 19, 2003, both in DefenceWatch, "The Voice of the Grunt, " available online at http://www.mailarchive.eom/ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg87604.html
221. For humanism, see Michael Ignatieff, The Warriors Honour (Toronto: Viking Press, 1998); for patriotic "hegemonism," see Gordon R. Sullivan, "America's Army," Military Review 82, 2 (March-April 2002): 3-8.
222. For humanism, see Michael Ignatieff, The Warriors Honour (Toronto: Viking Press, 1998); for patriotic "hegemonism," see Gordon R. Sullivan, "America's Army," Military Review 82, 2 (March-April 2002): 3-8.
223. Forsythe et al., "Professional Identity," 366-369.
224. Ibid., 366-369
225. Ibid., 366-369.
226. Lyotard, Postmodern Condition, 23-53
227. Hoy, "Introduction," in Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader (see note 93), 3.
228. Michel Foucault, "What is Critique?" in The Politics of Truth, ed. Sylvère Lotringer and Lysa Hochroth (New York: Semiotext(e), 1997).
229. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, 269.
230. Davidson, "Archaeology, Genealogy, Ethics," in Hoy (ed.), Foucault: A Critical Reader (see note 93).
231. Barry Smart, "The Politics of Truth and the Problem of Hegemony," ibid., 164-166, 169.
232. E.g., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed; James, Paradigm; Vandergriff, Victory; Hooker (ed.), Maneuver Warfare; Douglas A. Macgregor, Breaking the Phalanx (New York: Praeger, 1997).
233. E.g., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed; James, Paradigm; Vandergriff, Victory; Hooker (ed.), Maneuver Warfare; Douglas A. Macgregor, Breaking the Phalanx (New York: Praeger, 1997).
234. E.g., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed; James, Paradigm; Vandergriff, Victory; Hooker (ed.), Maneuver Warfare; Douglas A. Macgregor, Breaking the Phalanx (New York: Praeger, 1997).
235. E.g., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed; James, Paradigm; Vandergriff, Victory; Hooker (ed.), Maneuver Warfare; Douglas A. Macgregor, Breaking the Phalanx (New York: Praeger, 1997).
236. E.g., Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed; James, Paradigm; Vandergriff, Victory; Hooker (ed.), Maneuver Warfare; Douglas A. Macgregor, Breaking the Phalanx (New York: Praeger, 1997).
237. Macgregor, Phalanx, 53.
238. Forsythe et al., "Professional Identity," 363, 372-374.
239. Battistelli, "Postmodern Soldier"; Morgan, "Culture."
240. Battistelli, "Postmodern Soldier"; Morgan, "Culture."
241. Jans and Schmidtchen, C-Cubed, 81-104.
242. Abbott, "Professions"; Richard Laquement, Army Professional Expertise and Jurisdiction, Strategic Studies Institute monograph (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, Strategic Studies Institute, 2003).
243. Abbott, "Professions"; Richard Laquement, Army Professional Expertise and Jurisdiction, Strategic Studies Institute monograph (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, Strategic Studies Institute, 2003).
244. Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, 15.
245. Timothy Reese, Transforming the Officer Evaluation System: Using a 360-degree Feedback Model. USAWC academic research paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, 2002); Walter F. Ulmer, "Military Leadership into the 21st Century: Another 'Bridge Too Far?'" Parameters 28, 1 (1998): 10, 13; Forsythe et al., "Professional Identity," 377.
246. Timothy Reese, Transforming the Officer Evaluation System: Using a 360-degree Feedback Model. USAWC academic research paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, 2002); Walter F. Ulmer, "Military Leadership into the 21st Century: Another 'Bridge Too Far?'" Parameters 28, 1 (1998): 10, 13; Forsythe et al., "Professional Identity," 377.
247. Timothy Reese, Transforming the Officer Evaluation System: Using a 360-degree Feedback Model. USAWC academic research paper (Carlisle Barracks, PA: USAWC, 2002); Walter F. Ulmer, "Military Leadership into the 21st Century: Another 'Bridge Too Far?'" Parameters 28, 1 (1998): 10, 13; Forsythe et al., "Professional Identity," 377.
248. Ulmer, "Bridge," 17. Tangible competencies refer to skills and qualifications obtained from courses and experience. Intangible personal competencies refer to personality and leadership traits.
249. Professional military associations and unions exist throughout continental Europe and in Australia. For information, contact: European Organisation of Military Associations (EUROMIL), 33, av. Général de Gaulle, B-1050 Bruxelles, Tel.: 0032.2.626.06.83, Fax: 0032.2.626.06.99, euromil@euromil.org.
250. Judith Butler, "What is Critique? An Essay on Foucault's Virtue," in The Political: Readings in Continental Philosophy, ed. David Ingram (London: Basil Blackwell, 2002), 9.
251. Ibid., 13.