The "ground war" of political campaigns: Nonpaid activities in U.S. state legislative races

Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly

Volumn 81, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 477-497

  Lariscy, Ruthann Weaver ^a   Tinkham, Spencer F ^a   Edwards, Heidi Hatfield ^b   Jones, Karyn Ogata ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ELECTION; MEDIA ROLE; PARTY POLITICS; VOTING BEHAVIOR;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 10944251918     PISSN: 10776990     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/107769900408100302     Document Type: Review

References (79)

1. Arthur J. Hackney, personal interview, Edmonds/Hackney & Associates, Inc. 900 Second St. NE, Washington, DC, 5 May 2003.
2. Vicky Randall, "The Media and Democratisation in the Third World," Third World Quarterly 14 (3, 1993): 625-47.
3. Sarah Oates and Laura Roselle, "Russian Elections and TV News," Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 5 (2, 2000): 30-55.
4. Cable News Network, "CNN Morning News, John King Reporting," 27 October 2000, CNN.com/election 2000.
5. Robert Denton and Gary Woodward, Political Communication in America (New York: Praeger, 1990), 143-93.
6. Xinshu Zhao and Steven H. Chaffee, "Campaign Advertisements Versus Television News as Sources of Political Issue Information," Public Opinion Quarterly 59: 41-65.
7. M.G. Hagen, "Press Treatment of Front-Runners," in Pursuit of the White House: How We Choose our Presidential Nominees, ed. W.G. Mayer (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1995), 190-219
8. Larry Bartels, "Message Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure," American Political Science Review 87 (1993): 267-85.
9. Dan Drew and David Weaver, "Voter Learning in the 1988 Presidential Election: Did the Debates and the Media Matter?" Journalism Quarterly 68 (spring 1991): 27-37.
10. Thomas Patterson and Robert McClure, The Unseeing Eye (New York: Putnam, 1976).
11. Charles Franklin, "Senate Incumbent Visibility Over the Election Cycle," Legislative Studies Quarterly 18 (1993): 271-90.
12. Paul Hermson, Congressional Elections: Campaigning at Home and in Washington (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1995).
13. Timothy Cook, "Show Horses in House Elections: The Advantages and Disadvantages of National Media Visibility," in Campaigns in the News: Mass Media and Congressional Elections, ed. Jan Pons Vermeer (New York: Greenwood Press, 1987), 161-81
14. Peter Clarke and Susan Evans, Covering Campaigns: Journalism in Congressional Elections (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1983).
15. Darrell M. West, "Political Advertising and News Coverage in the 1992 California U.S. Senate Campaigns," The Journal of Politics 56 (4, 1994): 1053-1075.
16. Glenn Parker, "Interpreting Candidate Awareness in U.S. Congressional Elections," Legislative Studies Quarterly 6 (1981): 219-34.
17. Marjorie Hershey, "The Campaign and the Media," in The Election of 1988, ed. Gerald M. Pomper (Chatham, NJ: Chatham House, 1989).
18. James H. Kuklinski and Lee Sigelman, "When Objectivity is Not Objective: Network Television News Coverage of U.S. Senators and the 'Paradox of Objectivity,'" The Journal of Politics 54 (3, 1992): 810-33.
19. Charles Tidmarch and Brad Karp, "The Missing Beat: Press Coverage of Congressional Elections in Eight Metropolitan Areas," Congress and the Presidency 10: 46-61.
20. Michael Robinson, "Three Faces of Congressional Media," in The New Congress, ed. Thomas Mann and Norman Ornstein (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981), 55-96.
21. Timothy Cook, "Press Secretaries and Media Strategies in the House of Representatives: Deciding Whom to Pursue," American Journal of Political Science 32 (1988): 1047-1069.
22. Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy and Spencer F. Tinkham, "News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning: The Influence on Non-Paid Activities in Congressional Elections," Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 68 (autumn 1991): 432-44.
23. David Niven and Jeremy Zilber, "'What's Newt Doing in People Magazine?' The Changing Effect of National Prominence in Congressional Elections," Political Behavior 20 (3, 1998): 213-24.
24. R. Faucheur, "The Four-Legged Stool," Campaigns and Elections 19 (8, 1998): 7.
25. West, "Political Advertising and News Coverage," 1053-1075.
26. Alan Abramowitz and Jeffrey Segal, Senate Elections (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992).
27. Mark Westlye, Senate Elections and Campaign Intensity (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991).
28. K.F. Kahn and P.J. Kenney, "A Model of Candidate Evaluations in Senate Elections: The Impact of Campaign Intensity," Journal of Politics 59 (4, 1997): 1173-1205.
29. Lynda Lee Kaid, Rob Gobetz, Jane Garner, Chris Leland, and David Scott, "Television News and Presidential Campaigns: The Legitimization of Televised Political Advertising," Social Science Quarterly 74 (2, 1993): 274-85.
30. Darrell M. West, Air Wars: Television Advertising in Election Campaigns, 1952-1992 (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1993).
31. Douglas C. West, "Cross-National Creative Personalities, Processes, and Agency Philosophies," Journal of Advertising Research (September/October 1993): 211-20.
32. Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy and Spencer Tinkham, "Watching the Adwatch: Does It Make a Difference? Should It?" (paper presented to the Political Communication Division of the International Communication Association Annual Conference, San Francisco, CA, May 1999).
33. Richard Jenkins, "How Much Is Too Much? Media Attention and Popular Support for an Insurgent Party," Political Communication 16 (1999): 429-45.
34. J.W. Rhee, "How Polls Drive Campaign Coverage: The Gallup/CNN/USA Today's Coverage of the 1992 Presidential Campaign," Political Communication 13 (1996): 213-29.
35. Samuel Kernel, Going Public, 2d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1993).
36. Steven Finkel, "Reexamining the 'Minimal Effects' Model in Recent Presidential Campaigns," Journal of Politics 55 ( 1, 1993): 1-21.
37. Darrell M. West, "Political Advertising and News Coverage in the 1992 California U.S. Senate Campaigns," The Journal of Politics 56 (4, 1994).
38. Spencer F. Tinkham and Ruth Ann Weaver Lariscy, "Incumbency, Dollars, and Campaign Activities: An Examination of Their Impact on Election Outcome, 1982-1990," Current Politics & Economics of the United States 2 (1, 1996): 2947.
39. K.T. Walsh, "The Bush Debate Dance," U.S. News & World Report 129 (11, 2000): 26-29.
40. Weaver, Lariscy, and Tinkham, "News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning," 432-44.
41. Christopher Kenny and Michael McBurnett, "Up Close and Personal: Campaign Contact and Candidate Spending in U.S. House Elections," Political Research Quarterly 50 (1, 1997): 75-96.
42. W. Robinson, "Organizing the Field," in Campaigns and Elections American Style, ed. James A. Thurber and Candice J. Nelson (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2000).
43. Daniel Katz and Samuel Eldersveld, "The Impact of Local Party Activity Upon the Electorate," Public Opinion Quarterly 25 (1961): 1-24.
44. Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, "Political Parties and Electoral Mobilization: Political Structure, Social Structure, and the Party Canvass," American Political Science Review 86 (1992): 70-86.
45. P.W. Wielhouwer, "The Mobilization of Campaign Activists by the Party Canvass," American Politics Quarterly 27 (2, 1999): 177-200.
46. A. S. Gerber and D. P. Green, "The Effects of Canvassing, Telephone Calls, and Direct Mail on Voter Turnout: A Field Experiment," American Political Science Review 94 (3, 2000): 653-63.
47. J. Blydenburgh, "A Controlled Experiment to Measure the Effects of Personal Contact Campaigning," Midwest Journal of Political Science 15 (1976): 365-81.
48. Gerber and Green, "The Effects of Canvassing," 653-63.
49. William C. Adams and Dennis J. Smith, "Effects of Telephone Canvassing on Turnout and Preferences: A Field Experiment," Public Opinion Quarterly 44 (1980): 389-95.
50. Roy E. Miller, David A. Bositis, and Denise L. Baer, "Stimulating Voter Turnout in a Primary: Field Experiment with a Precinct Committeeman," International Political Science Review 2 (4, 1981): 445-60.
51. Bruce Cain and Ken McCue, "The Efficacy of Registration Drives," Journal of Politics 47 (1985): 1221-1230.
52. Gregory A. Caldeira, Aage R. Clausen, and Samuel C. Patterson, "Partisan Mobilization and Electoral Participation," Election Studies 9 (3, 1990): 191-204.
53. David E. Price and Michael Lupfer, "Volunteers for Gore: The Impact of a Precinct Level Canvass in Three Tennessee Cities," Journal of Politics 35 (1973): 410-38.
54. Gerber and Green, "The Effects of Canvassing," 653-63.
55. Susan E. Howell, "Campaign Activities and State Election Outcomes," Political Behavior (4, 1982): 401-418.
56. P.J. Strand, "Campaign Messages, Media Usage and Types of Voters," Public Relations Review 9 (4, 1983): 53-63.
57. Edie Goldenberg and Michael Traugott, Campaigning for Congress (Washington, DC: CQ Press, 1984).
58. Susan Howell, "Campaign Activities and Local Election Outcome," Social Science Quarterly 62 (1, 1981): 151-60.
59. Weaver, Lariscy, and Tinkham, "News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning," 432-44.
60. Kenny and McBurnett, "Up Close and Personal," 75-96.
61. Barbara Hinckley, "House Re-Elections and Senate Defeats: The Role of the Challenger," British Journal of Political Science 10 (4, 1980): 441-60.
62. Atan Greenblatt, "A Tale of Two Underdogs: How Two Challengers Ran Campaigns on the Cheap - and Came Surprisingly Close to Beating Two Tough Incumbents," Campaigns & Elections (October /November 1999): 27-32.
63. Peter Walsten, "Members Who Disdained McCain as Presidential Candidate Now Covet His Endorsements," CQ Weekly 58 (13, 2000): 651.
64. Robert E. Hurd and Michael.W. Singletary, "Newspaper Endorsement Influence on the 1980 Presidential Election Vote," Journalism Quarterly 61 (summer 1984): 332-38.
65. Tim Counts, "The Effect of Endorsements on Presidential Vote," Journalism Quarterly 62 (autumn 1985): 644-47.
66. T.B. Krebs, "The Determinants of Candidates' Vote Share and the Advantages of Incumbency in City Council Elections," American Journal of Political Science 42 (3, 1998): 921-35.
67. Weaver, Lariscy, and Tinkham, "News Coverage, Endorsements and Personal Campaigning," 432-44.
68. R.P. Nathan, "The Role of the States in American Federalism," in The State of the State, ed. C.E. Van Hora, 3d ed. (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1996), 13-32.
69. C.E. Van Horn, "The Quiet Revolution," in The State of the State ed. Van Horn, 3d ed., 1-12.
70. Joel A. Thompson and Gary F. Moncrief, eds., Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press, 1977).
71. Robert E. Hogan, "Campaign and Contextual Influences on Voter Participation in State Legislative Elections," American Politics Quarterly 27 (4, 1999): 403-433.
72. Hogan, "Campaign and Contextual Influences."
73. Wayne L. Francis and Lawrence W. Kenny, Up the Political Ladder: Career Paths in U.S. Politics (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2000).
74. Thompson and Moncrief, Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections.
75. Robert E. Hogan, "Campaign War Chests and Challenger Emergence in State Legislative Elections," Political Research Quarterly 54 (4, 2001): 815-31.
76. Hogan, "Campaign War Chests and Challenger Emergence in State Legislative Elections".
77. Michael Berkman and James Eisenstein, "State Legislators as Congressional Candidates: The Effects of Prior Experience on Legislative Recruitment and Fundraising," Political Research Quarterly 52 (3, 1999):
78. John Elvin, "Is the Internet a Powerful Political Tool?" Insight on the News, 14-27 October 2003, 16.
79. West, "Cross-National Creative Personalities," 211-20.