메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 130-143

Managing employee trauma: Dealing with the emotional fallout from 9-11

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords


EID: 10844285696     PISSN: 10795545     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5465/AME.2003.10954782     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (54)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 10844289494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Companies cry 'security' to get a break from government
    • 29 May
    • Power, S. Companies cry 'security' to get a break from government. The Wall Street Journal, 29 May 2003, B1.
    • (2003) The Wall Street Journal
    • Power, S.1
  • 3
    • 0003889377 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com.
    • See, for example, Mitroff, I. I., & Anagnos, G. 2001. Managing crises before they happen: What every executive and manager needs to know about crisis management. New York: Amacom; Fink, S. 2000. Crisis management: Planning for the inevitable. Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com.
    • (2000) Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable
    • Fink, S.1
  • 4
    • 0036479254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers
    • Ashkanasy, N. M., & Daus, C. S. 2002. Emotion in the workplace: The new challenge for managers. The Academy of Management Executive, 16(1): 76-86; p. 84.
    • (2002) The Academy of Management Executive , vol.16 , Issue.1 , pp. 76-86
    • Ashkanasy, N.M.1    Daus, C.S.2
  • 7
    • 0036370172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The affective revolution in organizational behavior: The emergence of a paradigm
    • Greenberg, J. (ed.), Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
    • nd ed. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
    • (2003) nd Ed.
    • Barsade, S.G.1    Brief, A.P.2    Spataro, S.E.3
  • 8
    • 85050710185 scopus 로고
    • A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War
    • Pennebaker, J. W., & Harber, K. D. 1993. A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49(4): 125-146; Stone, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. 2002. Trauma in real time: Talking and avoiding online conversations about the death of Princess Diana. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24(3): 173-183.
    • (1993) Journal of Social Issues , vol.49 , Issue.4 , pp. 125-146
    • Pennebaker, J.W.1    Harber, K.D.2
  • 9
    • 0036373772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trauma in real time: Talking and avoiding online conversations about the death of Princess Diana
    • Pennebaker, J. W., & Harber, K. D. 1993. A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49(4): 125-146; Stone, L. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. 2002. Trauma in real time: Talking and avoiding online conversations about the death of Princess Diana. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 24(3): 173-183.
    • (2002) Basic and Applied Social Psychology , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 173-183
    • Stone, L.D.1    Pennebaker, J.W.2
  • 11
    • 10844296459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The aftermath of September 11 in the workplace
    • Everstine, D. S., & Everstine, L. 1993. The trauma response: Treatment for emotional injury. New York: W. W. Norton; Caldwell, B. 2001. The aftermath of September 11 in the workplace. Employee Benefit Plan Review, 56(4): 30-31.
    • (2001) Employee Benefit Plan Review , vol.56 , Issue.4 , pp. 30-31
    • Caldwell, B.1
  • 13
    • 0003784156 scopus 로고
    • Newbury Park, CA: Sage
    • nd ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Comments were read to discover trends in the data reported on for this article; sample comments were chosen to exemplify these trends.
    • (1994) nd Ed.
    • Miles, M.B.1    Huberman, A.M.2
  • 16
    • 0008948147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work
    • Staw, B. M., & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Greenwich, CT: JAI Press
    • Weiss, H. M., & Cropanzano, R. 1996. Affective events theory: A theoretical discussion of the structure, causes and consequences of affective experiences at work. In Staw, B. M., & Cummings, L. L. (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 18: 1-74. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
    • (1996) Research in Organizational Behavior , vol.18 , pp. 1-74
    • Weiss, H.M.1    Cropanzano, R.2
  • 18
    • 10844221407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • 2 = .06, respectively, and both indicated that three variables explained a significant por-tion of the variance: respondent gender, proximity to the World Trade Center, and having or not having children.
  • 19
    • 10844269450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • In addition to the regression analysis (see note above), we also performed t-tests on individual items. In terms of gender, each item showed a significant difference (p < .0001) with women indicating a stronger emotional response. Recall that these effects are significant controlling for other demographic variables in the regression analysis.
  • 20
    • 10844250012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • The additional items measured behaviors at work and at home, such as "I am demonstrating greater caring for and sensitivity toward my colleagues," measured on a scale from 1 (not changed at all) to 5 (changed profoundly); all differences are significant p < .01; 26 of 29 are significant at p < .0001.
  • 21
    • 0003549131 scopus 로고
    • New York: Bantam
    • Goleman, D. 1995. Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam. Goleman's statement is based on the findings of Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. 1993. Gender and emotion. In Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
    • (1995) Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More Than IQ
    • Goleman, D.1
  • 22
    • 0002436525 scopus 로고
    • Gender and emotion
    • Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Goleman, D. 1995. Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam. Goleman's statement is based on the findings of Brody, L. R., & Hall, J. A. 1993. Gender and emotion. In Lewis, M., & Haviland, J. (Eds.), Handbook of emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
    • (1993) Handbook of Emotions
    • Brody, L.R.1    Hall, J.A.2
  • 24
    • 0032010954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in emotion expression, experience, and physiology
    • See the summary of gender differences in expression in Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. 1998. Sex differences in emotion expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3): 686-703. See also, Brody & Hall, op. cit.
    • (1998) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 686-703
    • Kring, A.M.1    Gordon, A.H.2
  • 25
    • 0032010954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • See the summary of gender differences in expression in Kring, A. M., & Gordon, A. H. 1998. Sex differences in emotion expression, experience, and physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3): 686-703. See also, Brody & Hall, op. cit.
    • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    • Brody1    Hall2
  • 26
    • 85046520544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation
    • Grossman, M., & Wood, W. 1993. Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5): 1010-1022. See also Kring & Gordon, op. cit.; they find stronger evidence for gender differences in expression of emotion than for experience.
    • (1993) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.65 , Issue.5 , pp. 1010-1022
    • Grossman, M.1    Wood, W.2
  • 27
    • 85046520544 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grossman, M., & Wood, W. 1993. Sex differences in intensity of emotional experience: A social role interpretation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(5): 1010-1022. See also Kring & Gordon, op. cit.; they find stronger evidence for gender differences in expression of emotion than for experience.
    • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    • Kring1    Gordon2
  • 28
    • 0026229924 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity
    • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. 1991. Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3): 427-434; Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. 1989. Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2): 249-264; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. 1987. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2): 259-282. Findings for feeling and expressing anger are less conclusive, however; see Gianakos, I. 2002. Issues of anger in the workplace: Do gender and gender role matter? Career Development Quarterly, 51(2): 155-172; Glomb, T. M., & Hulin, C. L. 1997. Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(3): 281-307.
    • (1991) Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 427-434
    • Fujita, F.1    Diener, E.2    Sandvik, E.3
  • 29
    • 0001693349 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status
    • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. 1991. Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3): 427-434; Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. 1989. Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2): 249-264; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. 1987. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2): 259-282. Findings for feeling and expressing anger are less conclusive, however; see Gianakos, I. 2002. Issues of anger in the workplace: Do gender and gender role matter? Career Development Quarterly, 51(2): 155-172; Glomb, T. M., & Hulin, C. L. 1997. Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(3): 281-307.
    • (1989) Psychological Bulletin , vol.106 , Issue.2 , pp. 249-264
    • Wood, W.1    Rhodes, N.2    Whelan, M.3
  • 30
    • 0023299278 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory
    • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. 1991. Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3): 427-434; Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. 1989. Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2): 249-264; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. 1987. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2): 259-282. Findings for feeling and expressing anger are less conclusive, however; see Gianakos, I. 2002. Issues of anger in the workplace: Do gender and gender role matter? Career Development Quarterly, 51(2): 155-172; Glomb, T. M., & Hulin, C. L. 1997. Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(3): 281-307.
    • (1987) Psychological Bulletin , vol.101 , Issue.2 , pp. 259-282
    • Nolen-Hoeksema, S.1
  • 31
    • 0039488170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Issues of anger in the workplace: Do gender and gender role matter?
    • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. 1991. Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3): 427-434; Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. 1989. Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2): 249-264; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. 1987. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2): 259-282. Findings for feeling and expressing anger are less conclusive, however; see Gianakos, I. 2002. Issues of anger in the workplace: Do gender and gender role matter? Career Development Quarterly, 51(2): 155-172; Glomb, T. M., & Hulin, C. L. 1997. Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(3): 281-307.
    • (2002) Career Development Quarterly , vol.51 , Issue.2 , pp. 155-172
    • Gianakos, I.1
  • 32
    • 0000175139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions
    • Fujita, F., Diener, E., & Sandvik, E. 1991. Gender differences in negative affect and well-being: The case for emotional intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3): 427-434; Wood, W., Rhodes, N., & Whelan, M. 1989. Sex differences in positive well-being: A consideration of emotional style and marital status. Psychological Bulletin, 106(2): 249-264; Nolen-Hoeksema, S. 1987. Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101(2): 259-282. Findings for feeling and expressing anger are less conclusive, however; see Gianakos, I. 2002. Issues of anger in the workplace: Do gender and gender role matter? Career Development Quarterly, 51(2): 155-172; Glomb, T. M., & Hulin, C. L. 1997. Anger and gender effects in observed supervisor subordinate dyadic interactions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 72(3): 281-307.
    • (1997) Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 281-307
    • Glomb, T.M.1    Hulin, C.L.2
  • 33
    • 0036790441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: A prospective study
    • Freedman, S. A., et al. 2002. Gender differences in responses to traumatic events: A prospective study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(5): 407-413.
    • (2002) Journal of Traumatic Stress , vol.15 , Issue.5 , pp. 407-413
    • Freedman, S.A.1
  • 34
    • 10844297943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for examining gender, work stress, and health
    • D. L. Nelson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
    • Nelson, D. L., & Burke, R. J. 2002. A framework for examining gender, work stress, and health. In D. L. Nelson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Gender, work stress and health: 3-14. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
    • (2002) Gender, Work Stress and Health , pp. 3-14
    • Nelson, D.L.1    Burke, R.J.2
  • 35
    • 10844297944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spring
    • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Report, 2000. Journal of American Medical Women's Association, Spring; Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. 1999. Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future directions. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work: 391-412. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (2000) Journal of American Medical Women's Association
  • 36
    • 0002741164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future directions
    • G. N. Powell (Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
    • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Report, 2000. Journal of American Medical Women's Association, Spring; Greenhaus, J. H., & Parasuraman, S. 1999. Research on work, family, and gender: Current status and future directions. In G. N. Powell (Ed.), Handbook of gender and work: 391-412. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
    • (1999) Handbook of Gender and Work , pp. 391-412
    • Greenhaus, J.H.1    Parasuraman, S.2
  • 37
    • 21844525605 scopus 로고
    • An integrative process model of coping with job loss
    • Latack, J. C., Kinicki, A. J., & Prussia, G. E. 1995. An integrative process model of coping with job loss. Academy of Management Review, 20(2): 311-342; Mitchell, R. E., Cronkite, R. C., & Moos, R. H. 1983. Stress, coping, and depression among married couples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92(4): 433-448.
    • (1995) Academy of Management Review , vol.20 , Issue.2 , pp. 311-342
    • Latack, J.C.1    Kinicki, A.J.2    Prussia, G.E.3
  • 38
    • 0020854854 scopus 로고
    • Stress, coping, and depression among married couples
    • Latack, J. C., Kinicki, A. J., & Prussia, G. E. 1995. An integrative process model of coping with job loss. Academy of Management Review, 20(2): 311-342; Mitchell, R. E., Cronkite, R. C., & Moos, R. H. 1983. Stress, coping, and depression among married couples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 92(4): 433-448.
    • (1983) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.92 , Issue.4 , pp. 433-448
    • Mitchell, R.E.1    Cronkite, R.C.2    Moos, R.H.3
  • 39
    • 0013222543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work stress, coping, and social support: Implications for women's occupational well-being
    • D. L. Nelson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Washington, DC: American Psychological Association;
    • Greenglass, E. R. 2002. Work stress, coping, and social support: Implications for women's occupational well-being. In D. L. Nelson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Gender, work stress and health: 85-96. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Fielden, S. L., & Cooper, C. L. 2002. Managerial stress: Are women more at risk? In Nelson & Burke (Eds.), op. cit., 19-34; Vingerhoets, A. J., & Van Heck, G. L. 1990. Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 20(1): 125-135.
    • (2002) Gender, Work Stress and Health , pp. 85-96
    • Greenglass, E.R.1
  • 40
    • 3543031456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Managerial stress: Are women more at risk?
    • Nelson & Burke (Eds.)
    • Greenglass, E. R. 2002. Work stress, coping, and social support: Implications for women's occupational well-being. In D. L. Nelson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Gender, work stress and health: 85-96. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Fielden, S. L., & Cooper, C. L. 2002. Managerial stress: Are women more at risk? In Nelson & Burke (Eds.), op. cit., 19-34; Vingerhoets, A. J., & Van Heck, G. L. 1990. Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 20(1): 125-135.
    • (2002) Gender, Work Stress and Health , pp. 19-34
    • Fielden, S.L.1    Cooper, C.L.2
  • 41
    • 0025320224 scopus 로고
    • Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms
    • Greenglass, E. R. 2002. Work stress, coping, and social support: Implications for women's occupational well-being. In D. L. Nelson & R. J. Burke (Eds.), Gender, work stress and health: 85-96. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; Fielden, S. L., & Cooper, C. L. 2002. Managerial stress: Are women more at risk? In Nelson & Burke (Eds.), op. cit., 19-34; Vingerhoets, A. J., & Van Heck, G. L. 1990. Gender, coping and psychosomatic symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 20(1): 125-135.
    • (1990) Psychological Medicine , vol.20 , Issue.1 , pp. 125-135
    • Vingerhoets, A.J.1    Van Heck, G.L.2
  • 42
    • 0032716467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender-based emotional stereotyping
    • Heesacker, M., et al. 1999. Gender-based emotional stereotyping. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(4): 483-495.
    • (1999) Journal of Counseling Psychology , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 483-495
    • Heesacker, M.1
  • 43
    • 10844239629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • note
    • Recall that in the regression analysis we controlled for marital status. This result suggests that it is having children, not the fact of being married (or having a partner), that is affecting the emotional response. Children were defined as under age 18 and living at home.
  • 44
    • 0003570884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marital status and living arrangements: March 1998 (Update)
    • U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1998. Marital status and living arrangements: March 1998 (Update). (Current Population Reports, Series P20-514.)
    • (1998) Current Population Reports, Series P20-514
  • 46
    • 0033631175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family
    • Grzywacz, J. G., & Marks, N. F. 2000. Reconceptualizing the work-family interface: An ecological perspective on the correlates of positive and negative spillover between work and family. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(1): 111-126.
    • (2000) Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , vol.5 , Issue.1 , pp. 111-126
    • Grzywacz, J.G.1    Marks, N.F.2
  • 49
    • 0036885251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Communications that won't quit
    • Gruenwald, J. 2002. Communications that won't quit. Fortune, 144(10): 88-92.
    • (2002) Fortune , vol.144 , Issue.10 , pp. 88-92
    • Gruenwald, J.1
  • 50
    • 0036982834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Crisis communication: Lessons from 9/11
    • Argenti, P. 2002. Crisis communication: Lessons from 9/11. Harvard Business Review, 80(12): 3-8.
    • (2002) Harvard Business Review , vol.80 , Issue.12 , pp. 3-8
    • Argenti, P.1
  • 52
    • 0002238627 scopus 로고
    • The effective management of organizational change
    • M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons
    • Nadler, D. A. 1983. The effective management of organizational change. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 358-369). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
    • (1983) Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology , pp. 358-369
    • Nadler, D.A.1
  • 53
    • 0040958555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence
    • George, J. M. 2000. Emotions and leadership: The role of emotional intelligence. Human Relations, 53(8): 1027-1055.
    • (2000) Human Relations , vol.53 , Issue.8 , pp. 1027-1055
    • George, J.M.1
  • 55
    • 0037363550 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictable surprises: The disasters you should have seen coming
    • Mitroff, I. I., Pearson, C. M., & Harrington, L. K. 1996. The essential guide to managing corporate crises. New York: Oxford, p. 5. See also Watkins, M. D., & Bazerman, M. H. 2003. Predictable surprises: The disasters you should have seen coming. Harvard Business Review, 81(3): 5-12.
    • (2003) Harvard Business Review , vol.81 , Issue.3 , pp. 5-12
    • Watkins, M.D.1    Bazerman, M.H.2
  • 58
    • 10844252086 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Society of Human Resource Management, White Paper Series (December)
    • There may be steps a human resource department can take to help employees cope with crisis. The Society of Personnel and Human Resource Management offers guidelines for coping with "critical stress incidents" that involve employee intervention. Steffer, Kristina F. 1998. Conducting a critical incident stress debriefing. Society of Human Resource Management, White Paper Series (December).
    • (1998) Conducting A Critical Incident Stress Debriefing
    • Steffer, K.F.1
  • 59
    • 10844280590 scopus 로고
    • Disaster and its aftermath
    • Gorman, L., & McKee, K. D. 1990. Disaster and its aftermath. HRMagazine, 35(3): 54-58.
    • (1990) HRMagazine , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 54-58
    • Gorman, L.1    McKee, K.D.2
  • 61
    • 0003955468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New York: Guilford Press
    • Pennebaker, J. W. 1997. Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: Guilford Press; Niederhoffer, K. G., & Pennebaker, J. W. 2002. Sharing one's story: On the benefits of writing or talking about emotional experience. In Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 573-583. London: Oxford University Press. Spera, S. P., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. 1994. Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3): 722-733.
    • (1997) Opening Up: The Healing Power of Expressing Emotions
    • Pennebaker, J.W.1
  • 62
    • 0141807036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sharing one's story: On the benefits of writing or talking about emotional experience
    • Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), London: Oxford University Press
    • Pennebaker, J. W. 1997. Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: Guilford Press; Niederhoffer, K. G., & Pennebaker, J. W. 2002. Sharing one's story: On the benefits of writing or talking about emotional experience. In Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 573-583. London: Oxford University Press. Spera, S. P., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. 1994. Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3): 722-733.
    • (2002) Handbook of Positive Psychology , pp. 573-583
    • Niederhoffer, K.G.1    Pennebaker, J.W.2
  • 63
    • 21344479278 scopus 로고
    • Expressive writing and coping with job loss
    • Pennebaker, J. W. 1997. Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: Guilford Press; Niederhoffer, K. G., & Pennebaker, J. W. 2002. Sharing one's story: On the benefits of writing or talking about emotional experience. In Snyder, C. R., & Lopez, S. J. (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology: 573-583. London: Oxford University Press. Spera, S. P., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker, J. W. 1994. Expressive writing and coping with job loss. Academy of Management Journal, 37(3): 722-733.
    • (1994) Academy of Management Journal , vol.37 , Issue.3 , pp. 722-733
    • Spera, S.P.1    Buhrfeind, E.D.2    Pennebaker, J.W.3
  • 66
    • 10844282585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Businesses on guard for terror risk
    • February 24
    • Roberts, S., & Bradford, M. 2003. Businesses on guard for terror risk. Business Insurance, 37(8): 1, 18 (February 24).
    • (2003) Business Insurance , vol.37 , Issue.8 , pp. 1
    • Roberts, S.1    Bradford, M.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.