A review of satellite and airborne sensors for remote sensing based detection of minefields and landmines

International Journal of Remote Sensing

Volumn 25, Issue 23, 2004, Pages 5201-5245

  Maathuis, B H P ^a   Van Genderen, J L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TWENTE   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MICROWAVE DEVICES; ORDNANCE; SATELLITES; SENSORS;

HYPERSPECTRAL SENSORS; LANDMINES; MICROWAVE SENSORS; MINEFIELDS;

REMOTE SENSING;

DETECTION METHOD; LANDMINE; REMOTE SENSING; SATELLITE IMAGERY; SENSOR;

EID: 10844285618     PISSN: 01431161     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01431160412331270803     Document Type: Review

References (129)

1. Abrams, M., 2000, The Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER): data products for high spatial resolution imager on NASA's Terra platform. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 21, 847-859.
2. Achal, S. B., McFee, J. E., and Anger, C. D., 1995, Identification of surface laid mines by classification of CASI reflectance spectra. Proceedings SPIE, 2496, 324-335.
3. Achal, S. B., Anger, C. D., McFee, J. E., and Herring, R. W., 1999, Detection of surface-laid mine fields in VNIR hyperspectral high spatial resolution data. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 808-818.
4. Bajić, M., 1999, Variability of the landmine fields in Croatia, a challenge for the airborne multisensor mine detection. Proceedings 2nd International Symposium on Operationalization of Remote Sensing, ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands, 16-20 August 1999.
5. Bajić, M., 2000, Redefinition the objectives of the airborne remote sensing for humanitarian demining: exponential growth of the remediated area. Workshop on the needs of airborne and spaceborne data for minefield survey, 9-10 March 2000. ARIS, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra (Va), Italy.
6. Barbour, B. A., Kordella, S., Dorsett, M. J., and Kerstiens, B. L., 1996, Mine detection using a polarimetric IR sensor. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996, Conference Publication No.431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 78-82.
7. Barbour, B., Barnes, H., Jones, M., Lewis, P., Perry, K., and Bishop, P., 1998, Infrared polarimetric camera development. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 12-14 October 1998, Conference Publication No. 458 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 134-137.
8. Barnes, H., Jones, M., and Bishop, P., 1999, Infrared polarimetric camera system development. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 189-196.
9. Benjamin, R., 1996, Near field sport-focused microwave sensing for the detection of buried land mines. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996, Conference Publication No, 431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 128-132.
10. Bertsche, K. A., and Hügle, H., 1997, Material requirements for airborne minefield detection system. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 487-497.
11. Bishop, P. K., Perry, K. M., and Poulter, M. A., 1998, Airborne minefield detection. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996 Conference Publication No.431 (IEE), pp. 213-217
12. Bishop, P. K., Crisp, G. N., and Smith, M. J., 1999, Remote minefield detection system. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 1130-1138.
13. Bishop, S., Campana, S. B., Lang, D. A., and Wiggins, C., 2000, Close-in detection system for the Mine Hunter/Killer program. Proceedings SPIE 4038, 1204-1213.
14. Blagden, P. M., 1997, Minefield clearance in North East Zimbabwe. Works Contract Tender No. 4254, vols I to IV. Prepared for the Ministry of Defence, Republic of Zimbabwe.
15. Blagden, P. M., 1998, The changing scene of mine clearance. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 12-14 October 1998, Conference Publication No. 458 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 19-22.
16. Blagden, P. M., 1999, Synopsis of presentation: The need for remote sensing and GIS in humanitarian mine action. Consultation meeting 22 September 1999 on Intelligent Sensors and Data Fusion for Humanitarian De-Mining. Information Society Technologies. European Commission DG-XIII-B4.
17. Blagden, P. M., 2000, The need for improving minefield survey. Workshop on the Needs of Airborne and Spaceborne Data for Minefield Survey, 9-10 March 2000, Ispra (Va), Italy (ARIS, Joint Research Centre, European Commission). Retrieved from http:// demining.jrc.it/aris/events/minefield_indic0300/index.htm
18. Blume, B., Taylor, S., Albers, J., and Witherspoon, N. H., 1997, Technology assessment of passive millimeter wave imaging sensor for standoff airborne mine detection. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 600-613.
19. Bowman, A. P., Winter, E. M., Stocker, A. D., and Lucey, P. G., 1999, Hyperspectral infrared techniques for buried landmine detection. Fourth International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition/21st Canadian Symposium on Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, 2-24 June 1999 (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), vol. 1, pp. 19-26.
20. Brake, D., and Mango, S., 2000, Colour aerial photographs with B&W resolution. Geomatics Information Magazine International, 14 11), 70-73.
21. Brock, G. C., 1967, Physical Aspects of Aerial Photography (New York: Dover).
22. Carevic, D. D., Craig, M., and Chant, I., 1997, Modelling GPR echo's from landmines using linear combinations of exponentially damped sinusoids. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 568-580.
23. Carter, L. J., O'Sullivan, M. J., Hung, Y. J., and Teng, J. C.-C., 1998, Thermal imaging for landmine detection. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 12-14 October 1998, Conference Publication No. 458 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 110-114.
24. CENSIS (CENTER FOR SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL SECURITY), 2001, Potential of commercial satellite imagery for arms control verification and support of OSCE and UN missions. A case study. CENSIS, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
25. Chant, I. J., and Rye, A. R., 1996, Overview of current radar landmine detection research by the Defence Science and Technology Organization, Salisbury, S. Australia. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996 Conference Publication No. 431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 138-142.
26. Christiansen, A. L., and Ringberg, S., 1996, Optical mine reconnaissance at the National Defence Research Establishment. Multispectral imaging and classification: thermodynamic soil modelling. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996, Conference Publication No. 431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 97-102.
27. Christiansen, A. L., and Ringberg, S., 1997, Multispectral mine reconnaissance. Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), Vol. II, pp. 36-43.
28. Cloude, S. R., Milne, A., Thornhill, and Crisp, G., 1996, UWB SAR detection of dielectric targets. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996, Conference Publication No. 431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 114-118.
29. Coath, J. A., and Richardson, M. A., 2000, Regions of high-contrast for the detection of scatterable landmines. Proceedings SPIE, 4038 232-240.
30. Cornish, P., 1994, Anti-personnel Mines. Controlling the Plague of 'Butterflies' (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs).
31. Croll, M., 1998, The History of Landmines (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword).
32. Day, D. A., Logsdon, J. M., and Latell, B., 1998, Eye in the Sky: the Story of the Corona Spy Satellites (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press).
33. De Jong, W., Cremer, F., Schutte, K., and Storm, J., 2000, Usage of polarisation features of landmines for improved automatic detection. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 241-252.
34. Del Grande, N. K., Durbin, P. F., and Perkins, D. E., 1993a, Dual-band infrared imaging applications: locating buried minefields, mapping sea ice, and inspecting ageing aircraft. In Review of Progress in Quantitative, Non-destructive Evaluation, vol. 12A, edited by D. O. Thompson and D. Chimenti (New York: Plenum Press), pp.465-472.
35. Del Grande, N. K., Durbin, P. F., Gorvad, M. R., Perkins, D. E., CLARK, G. A., Hernandez, J. D., and Sherwood, R. J., 1993b, Dual-band infrared capabilities for imaging buried object sites. Proceedings SPIE, 1942, 166-177.
36. Departments of the Army, Navy and the Air Force, 1953, Photographic Interpretation Handbook. TM30-245/NAVAER 10-35-610/AFM 200-50. 1954. Washington, DC.
37. Departments of the Army, Navy and the Air Force, 1968, Image Interpretation Handbook. Volume 1. TM30-245/NAVAER 10-35-610/AFM 200-50. Prepared by: Naval Reconnaissance and Technical Support Center. US Government Printing Office.
38. Day, D. A., Logsdon, J. M., and Latell, B., 1998, Eye in the Sky: the Story of the Corona Spy Satellites (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press).
39. DePersia, A. T., Bowman, A., Lucey, P., and Winter, E. M., 1995, Phenomenology considerations for hyperspectral mine detection. Proceedings SPIE, 2469, 159-167.
40. Dourthe, C., and Pichot, Ch., 1996, Microwave imaging algorithms for arbitrary space and time incident waveforms using ultrawide bandwidth GPR techniques. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996, Conference Publication No.431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 124-127.
41. Eastman Kodak Company, 1996a, Specifications and characteristics of Kodak aerial films. Eastman Kodak Company Publication No.AS-57, Rochester, NY, USA.
42. Eastman Kodak Company, 1996b, Aerial data. Eastman Kodak Company Publication No.AS-69, Rochester, NY, USA.
43. Eastman Kodak Company, 2001, Aerial data. Kodak Aerocolor III negative film 2444. Eastman Kodak Company Publication No.AS-116, Rochester, NY, USA.
44. Ericsson, A., and Gustafsson, A., 1997, Detection and classification results for an impulse radar mine detection system. Proceedings SPIE 3079, 636-642.
45. European Commission, 1996, The Fight Against Antipersonnel Mines. Under the direction of Dr. M. Joli, Head of the Department of International Solidarity, Conseil International et Developpement (CIDEV), France.
46. Fields, D. J., Bowman, A. P., Winter, E. M., Badik, F. J., Schlanger, M. J., Lucey, P. G., Williams, T. J., Johnson, J. R., Horton, K. A., Allen, G., Stocker, A. D., Oshagen, A., Schaff, W., Kendall, W., Carter, M. R., Bennett, C. L., and Aimonetti, W. D., 1997, Hyperspectral Mine Detection Program. Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), pp. 17-24.
47. Fraser, C. S., 2000, High-resolution satellite imagery: a review of metric aspects. Proceedings XXIII International ISPRS Congress, Amsterdam, July 2000. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 33(B7), 452-459.
48. Fritzsche, M., and Löhlein, O., 1999, Sensor fusion for the detection of landmines. Proceedings SPIE, 3752, 414-424.
49. Frost, R., Appleby, R., Price, S., Nivelle, F., Allin, M., and Hawkins, G. D. H., 1996, The detection of mines using RF/millimetric radiometry. Proceedings EUREL International Conference on the Detection of Abandoned Landmines, Edinburgh, UK, 7-9 October 1996, Conference Publication No.431 (London: Institution of Electrical Engineers), pp. 138-142.
50. Genderen, J. L. Van, 1974, An evaluation of stereoscopic viewing of ERTS and SKYLAB images. Proceedings of European Earth-Resources Satellite Experiments, Frascati, Italy, 1974, edited by B. T. Battrick and N. T. Duc (Noordwijk, The Netherlands: ESTEC), pp. 47-55.
51. Genderen, J. L. Van, and Maathuis, B. H. P., 1999, Airborne Minefield Detection: Pilot Project. Final Report, vols 1 and 2 (Enschede, The Netherlands: ITC).
52. Gerlach, F., 2000, Characteristics of Space Imaging's one-meter resolution satellite imagery products. Proceedings XXIII International ISPRS Congress in Amsterdam, July 2000. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 33(B1), 128-135.
53. Groot, J., Dekker, R., and Ewijk, L. Van, 1996, Landmine detection with an imaging 94GHz radiometer. Proceedings SPIE, 2765, 337-347.
54. Grosch, T. O., Lee, C. F., Adams, E. M., Tran, C., Koening, F., Tom, K., and Vickers, R. S., 1995, Detection of surface and buried mines with VHF airborne SAR. Proceedings SPIE, 2496, 110-120.
55. Gruen, A., 2000, Potential and limitations of high resolution satellite imagery (keynote address). 21st Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, 4-8 December 2000, Taipei, Taiwan (Taipei: Chinese Taipei Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing).
56. Gupta, V., 1994, New satellite images for sale. The opportunities and risks ahead. (Center for Security and Technology Studies, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, UCRL-JC-118140, CSTS-47-94, 28 September 1994. International Security, 20(1), 1995, 94-125). Available at: http://www.llnl.gov/csts/publications/gupta/contents.htm
57. Hanshaw, T., and Reidy, D. M., 1997, Operational standoff mine detection: its technology and application. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 432-442.
58. Haskett, H. T., Rupp, R., and Moore, T., 2000, Quantitative perfonnance of buried mine hyperspectral reflectance signatures (.35-2.5 μm) in various soils. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 886-899.
59. Herring, R. W., 2000, Overview of the Canadian Mine Detection Research. Workshop on the needs of airborne and spaceborne data for minefield survey, 9-10 March 2000. ARIS, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra (Va), Italy.
60. Holler, J. P., 1999, Royal Danish Air Force Tactical Reconnaissance System. Proceedings SPIE, 3751, 8-20.
61. Holloway, J., Witherspoon, N., Miller, R., Davis, K., Suiter, H., and Hilton, R., 2000 Navy/Marine Corps innovative science and technology developments for future enhanced mine detection capabilities. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 1280-1291.
62. Holmes, V. T., Kenton, A. C., Hilton, R. J., Witherspoon, N. H., and Holloway, J. H., 2000, COBRA ATD minefield detection model initial performance analysis. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 1214-1224.
63. International Committee of the Red Cross, 1999, Overview 1999: Landmines Must be Stopped (Geneva: ICRC].
64. Jakobsen, K. B., Sorensen , H. B. D., and Nymann, O., 1997, Stepped-frequency ground-penetrating radar for detection of small non-metallic buried objects. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 538-542.
65. Janssen, L. L. F. (ed.), 2000, Principles of Remote Sensing, ITC Educational Textbook Series 2 (Enschede, The Netherlands: ITC).
66. Janssen, Y. H. L., Jong, A. N. De, Winkel, H., and Putten, F. J. M. Van, 1996, Detection of surface laid and buried mines with IR and CCD cameras, an evaluation based on measurements. Proceedings SPIE, 2765, 448-459.
67. KAPPRA, K. A., RESSLER, M. A., NGUYEN, L., and TON, L., 1999, Army research laboratory landmine and unexploded ordnance experiments and results. Proceedings SPIE, 3752, 402-413.
68. Kauffman, C., 1998, Emergence of tactical, framing infrared reconnaissance. Proceedings SPIE, 3431, 130-143.
69. Kenton, A. C., Schwart, C. R., Horvath, R., Cederquist, J. N., Nooden, L. S., Twede, D. R., Nunez, J. A., Wright, J. A., Salisbury, J. W., and Montavon, K., 1999, Detection of land mines with hyperspectral data. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 917-928.
70. Kerner., D., Deni, J., Grubb, C., Hutton, C., Johnson, R., and Kincaid, T., 1999, Anti-personnel Landmine (APL) Detection Technologies and Assessment - Wide Area Detection in Support of Arms Control. Technical Report. DNA 001-96-G-0061. Prepared by DynMeridian for the Defence Threat Reduction Agency.
71. Khanna, S., Pacquet, F., Apps, R., and Seregelyi, J., 1998, New hybrid remote sensing method using HPM illumination/IR detection for mine detection. Proceedings SPIE, 3392, 1111-1121.
72. Lareau, A. G., 1998, Advancements in E-O framing. Proceedings SPIE 3431, 96-107.
73. Larive M., Spoliansky, D., and Trézières, O., 1999, Pre-processing of 8-12 μm polarimetric features for laid and flush-buried mines detection. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 197-202.
74. Lee, C. F., Ayasli, S., Carlin, L., and Merchant, B. L., 1997, RCS models and analysis of metallic mines. Proceedings SPIE, 3079 581-597.
75. Li, R., Zhou, G., Yang, S., Tuell, G., Schmidt, N. J., and Fowler, C., 2000, A study of the potential attainable geometric accuracy of IKONOS satellite imagery. Proceedings XXIII International ISPRS Congress, Amsterdam, July 2000. International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 33(4B), 587-595.
76. Lillesand, T. M., and Kiefer, R. W., 2000, Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, 4th edn (New York: John Wiley & Sons).
77. Lo, C. P., 1976, Geographical Applications of Aerial Photographs (New York: Crane, Russak & Co.).
78. Lucey, P. G., Williams, T., Horton, K., Allen, G., Kokubun, D., Julien, J., Stocker, A., Kendall, W., Schaff, W., Winter, E., Schlangen, M., and Batik, F., 1997, AHI: Airborne Hyperspectral Imager for detection of buried landmines (abstract). Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan , vol. 11, p. 1.
79. Maathuis, B. H. P., 2002, Remote sensing based detection of landmine suspect areas and minefields. PhD thesis, University of Hamburg, Germany.
80. Maathuis, B. H. P., 2003, Remote sensing based detection of minefields. Geocarto International, 18, 51-60,
81. Maathuis, B. H. P., and Van Genderen, J. L., 2004, A review of satellite and airborne sensors for remote sensing based detection of minefields and landmines. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 25, 5201-5245.
82. Maksymonko, G., and Breiter, K., 1997, ASTAMIDS minefield detection performance at Aberdeen proving ground test site. Proceedings SPIE 3079, 726-737.
83. Maksymonko, G., and Le, N., 1999, A performance comparison of standoff minefield detection algorithms using thermal IR image data. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 852-863.
84. Marinelli, V., Deluca C., and Ressler, M., 1998, UXO detection using ultra-wideband synthetic aperture radar. Proceedings SPIE, 3392 668-677.
85. McDonald R. A., 1995, Corona: success for space reconnaissance, a look into the Cold War, and a revolution for intelligence. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61, 689-720.
86. McFee J. E., and Ripley, H. T., 1997, Detection of buried landmines using a casi hyperspectral imager. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 738-749.
87. McFee, J. E., Ripley, H. E., Buxton, R., and Thriscutt, A. M., 1996, Preliminary study of detection of buried landmines using a programmable hyperspectral imager. Proceedings SPIE, 2765, 476-488.
88. Muise, R. R., Wright, J. A., and Holmes, Q. A., 1996, Coastal mine detection using COBRA multispectral sensor. Proceedings SPIE, 2765, 15-24.
89. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration), 1978, Skylab EREP Investigations Summary. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, NASA SP-399, Washington, DC, USA.
90. National Academy of Sciences, 2000, Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines. Committee on Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines. Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems Office of International Affairs. National Research Council. Available at http://books.nap.edu/books/0309073499/html/Rl.html
91. Navalgund, R. R., Jayaraman, V., Kiran Kumar, A. S., Sharma, T., Mathews, K., and Mohanty, K. K., 1996, Remote sensing data acquisition, platforms and sensor requirements. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, b 24(4), 207-237.
92. Nee, L. J., 1996, Technology for mine clearance operations. Application of sensor systems to mine survey. Proceedings of the International Conference on Mine Clearance Technology, 2-4 July 1996, Copenhagen, Denmark. (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan).
93. Nettleton, D., and Groenwald, R., 1988, AMIDARS flight performance. Proceedings SPIE, 979, 8-15.
94. Nguyen, N., Kappra, K., Wong, D., Ressler, M., and Sichina, J., 1999, Mine detection performance in different soil conditions using data from ultra-wideband wide-area surveillance radar. Proceedings SPIE, 3710, 930-941.
95. Nivelle, C., and Lhomme, P., 1997, Detection of landmines with passive IR and mmW imaging sensors. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 614-624.
96. Orden, Van G., Pyl, Van Der T., Simms, G., and Sieber, A. J., 1997, Developments in demining. UNIDIR Newsletter, special issue, number SI 3/97, pp. 21-26.
97. Peebles, C., 1997, The Corona Project: America's First Spy Satellites (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press).
98. Pelyushenko, S. A., and Racut, I. V., 1997, The microwave sensor for detection of anti-infantry mines in subsurface. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 643-651.
99. Perry, K. M., and Bishop, P. K., 1998, Remote Minefield Detection System Technology Demonstation Programme (REMIDS TDP), BS198, Technical Report.
100. Richards. A., and Jia, X., 1999, Remote Sensing and Digital Image Analysis: an Introduction, 3rd edn (Berlin: Springer Verlag).
101. Richardson, G. T., and Merz, R. N., 1996, High-resolution Commercial Imagery and Open-source Information: Implications for Arms Control ]i. Bureau of Intelligence, Verification and Information Management. Intelligence, Technology and Analysis Division. United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. Intelligence note 13 May 1996. Available at http://www.fas.org/irp/offdocs/acda.htm
102. Richelson, J. T., 1990, America's Secret Eyes in Space: the US Keyhole Spy Satellite Program (New York: Harper and Row).
103. Ruffner, K. C., 1995, Corona: America's first satellite program, CIA Cold War records. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, USA. Available at: http://www.cia.gov/sci/books/corona/corona.pdf
104. Sabins, F. F., 1986, Remote Sensing. Principles and Interpretation 2nd edn (New York: Freeman).
105. Schaber, G. G., 1999, SAR studies in the Yuma desert, Arizona: sand penetration, geology and the detection of military ordnance debris. Remote Sensing of Environment, 67, 320-347.
106. Scheerer, K., 1997, Airborne multisensor system for the autonomous detection of landmines. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 478-486.
107. Schimpf, H., Rühl, M., and Biegel, G., 1997, SAR measurements of mines and minefields at 35 GHz and 94 GHz. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 625-635.
108. Sieber, A. J., 1995, International Workshop and Study on the State of Knowledge for the Localisation and Identification of Anti-personnel Mines. ISP 9501, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, EUR 16329 EN.
109. Simard, J. R., 1996, Improved landmine detection capability: systematic approach to the detection of buried mines using passive IR imaging. Proceedings SPIE, 2765, 489-500.
110. Soelberg, P., Storm, J., Stage, B., and Sorensen, H. B. D., 2000, Resolution requirements for thermal detection of buried landmines. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 138-145.
111. Stetson, S. P., Witherspoon, N. H., Holloway, J. H., Suiter, H. R., Crosby F. J., Hilton, R., and McCarley, K. A., 2000, COBRA ATD minefield detection results for the Joint Countermine ACTD Demonstrations. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 1268-1279.
112. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 1978, Anti-personnel Weapons (London: Taylor & Francis).
113. Suiter, H. R., and Swanson, N. L., 1997, Sensitivity and noise comparison of intensified multispectral cameras. Proceedings SPIE, 3079, 770-781.
114. Toutin, T. T., and Cheng, P., 2000, Demystification of IKONOS. Earth Observation Magazine, July 2000. Available at: http://www.eomonline.com/Common/currentissues/July00/toutin.htm
115. Trevelyan, J., 1999, Improving mine action and mine clearance. Proceedings 2nd International Symposium on Operationalization of Remote Sensing, ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands, 16 20 August 1999.
116. Trevett, J. W., 1986, Imaging Radar for Resources Surveys (Cambridge: University Press.
117. Uhl, B., 1997, High resolution digital color EO camera system VOS. Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), vol. II, pp. 21-28.
118. Uppsäll, M., Pettersson, L. M., Georgson, M., and Sjökvist, S., 2000, Temporal IR contrast variations of buried land mines. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 146-155.
119. VUKOTICH, C. J. not dated, Discoverer/Corona Program. Astrophile (a publication of the Space Topic Study Unit). Available at: http://www.spacecovers.com/articles/article_corona.htm
120. Watts, T. M., Cornell, D., and Harris, D., 2000, Mine Hunter/Killer advanced technology demonstrator. Proceedings SPIE, 4038, 1194-1203.
121. Winter, E. M., Fields, D. J., Carter, M. R., Bennett, C. L., LUCEY, P. G., Johnson, J. R., Horton, K. A., and Bowman, A. P., 1997, Assessment techniques for airborne infrared land mine detection. Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), vol. II, pp. 44-51.
122. Witherspoon, N. H., and Holloway, J. H., 1992, Video based multispectral detection of landmines, a technology applicable for use in law enforcement. Proceedings SPIE, 1693, 185-194.
123. Witherspoon, N. H., and Holloway, J. H., 1997, The evolution of multispectral mine detection: the beginning of a solution. Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan).
124. Witherspoon, N. H., Holloway, J. H., Davis, K. S., Miller, R. W., and Dubey, A. C., 1995, The coastal battlefield reconnaissance and analysis (COBRA) program for minefield detection. Proceedings SPIE, 2496 500-508.
125. Wolf, D. H., and Barmazel, D., 2001, The use of limited detonation for level 2 minefield surveying: Technical, reliability and economic issues. Paper presented to the Department of Defense UXO/Countermine Forum, New Orleans, La, 9-12 April, 2001, Knoxville, TN.
126. Wulder, M., Mah, S., and Trudeau, D., 1996, Mission planning for operational data acquisition campaigns with the casi. Second International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 24-27 June 1996, San Francisco, CA, USA (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), vol. III, pp. 53-62.
127. Yujiri, L., Hauss, B., and Shoucri, M., 1997, Microwave/millimeter wave radiometric detection of metal and plastic mines. Proceedings SPIE 3079, 652-658.
128. Zeler, B., 1997, The concept of a humanitarian airborne minefield detection project. Third International Airborne Remote Sensing Conference and Exhibition, 7-10 July 1997, Copenhagen, Denmark (Ann Arbor, MI: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan), vol. II, pp. 13-19.
129. Zhang, X., 1998, Coal fires in northwest China. Detection, monitoring and prediction using remote sensing data. PhD thesis, University of Delft, The Netherlands. ITC Publication 58, ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands.