Esophageal carcinoma: Current controversial topics

Cancer Investigation

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2004, Pages 897-912

  Patel, M ^a   Ferry, K ^a   Franceschi, D ^a   Kaklamanos, I ^a   Livingstone, A ^a   Ardalan, Bach ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Esophageal carcinoma; Radiation; Staging; Surgery

Indexed keywords

BLEOMYCIN; CISPLATIN; FLOXURIDINE; FLUOROURACIL; FOLINIC ACID; MITOMYCIN C; PACLITAXEL; VINDESINE;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ADVANCED CANCER; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PREVENTION; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; CANCER SCREENING; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DYSPHAGIA; ENDOSCOPY; ESOPHAGUS CARCINOMA; ESOPHAGUS RESECTION; HUMAN; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LONG TERM CARE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NAUSEA; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; TUMOR VOLUME;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING;

EID: 10844273353     PISSN: 07357907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1081/CNV-200039672     Document Type: Review

References (89)

1. Lightdale, C. Esophageal cancer. American college of gastroenterology. Am. J. Gastroent. 1999, 94 (1), 20-29.
2. Pera, M. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer, especially adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2000, 155, 1-11.
3. De Vita, V.; Hellman, S.; Rosenberg, S. Cancer: Principals and Practice of Oncology, 6th Ed.; Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2001.
4. Bollschweiler, E.; Wolfgarten, E.; Nowroth, T.; Rosendahl, U.; Monig, S.P.; Holscher, A.H. Vitamin intake and risk of subtypes of esophageal cancer in Germany. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2002, 128 (10), 575-580.
5. Jaskiewicz, K.; Marasas, W.; Lazarus, C.; Beyers, A.D.; Van Helden, P.D. Association of esophageal cytological abnormalities with vitamin and lipotrope deficiencies in populations at risk for esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res. 1988, 8 (4), 711-715.
6. Heath, E.I.; Limburg, P.J.; Hawk, E.T.; Forastiere, A.A. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus: risk factors and prevention. Oncology (Huntingt) 2000, 14 (4), 507-514. (discussion 518-20, 522-3).
7. Pera, M.; Cameron, A.; Trastek, V.F.; Carpenter, H.A.; Zinsmeister, A.R. Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Gastroenterology 1993, 104 (2), 510-513.
8. Bytzer, P.; Christensen, P.; Damkier, P.; Vinding, K.; Seersholm, N. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and Barrett's esophagus: a population-based study. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 1999, 94 (1), 86-91.
9. Holscher, A.H.; Bollschweiler, E.; Schneider, P.M.; Siewert, J.R. Early adenocarcinoma in Barretts oesophagus. Br. J. Surg. 1997, 84 (10), 1470-1473.
10. Clark, G.; Smyrk, T.C.; Burdiles, P.; Hoeft, S.F.; Peters, J.H.; Kiyabu, M.; Hinder, R.A.; Bremner, C.G.; DeMeester, T.R. Is barrett's metaplasia the source of adenocarcinomas of the cardia? Arch. Surg. 1994, 129 (6), 609-614.
11. Chow, W.; Finkle, W.; McLaughin, J.; Frankl, H.; Ziel, H.K.; Fraumeni, J.F., Jr. The relation of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its treatment to adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1995, 274 (6), 474-477.
12. DeMeester, T. Esophageal carcinoma: current controversies. Sem. Surg. Oncol. 1997, 13, 217-233.
13. Fein, M.; Fuchs, K.; Ritter, M.; Freys, S.M.; Heimbucher; Staab, C.; Thiede, A. Application of the new classification for cancer of the cardia. Surgery 1998, 124 (4), 707-713.
14. Siewert, J.; Stein, H. Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Br. J. Surg. 1998, 85 (11), 1457-1459.
15. Farrow, D.; Vaughan, T. Determinants of survival following the diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1996, 7, 322-327.
16. Reed, C. Surgical management of esophageal carcinoma. Oncologist 1999, 4, 95-105.
17. Fleming, I.; Cooper, J.; Henson, D. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, 5th Ed.; Lippincott-Raven: Philadelphia, PA, 1997.
18. Steup, W.; De Leyn, P.; Deneffe, G.; Van Raemdonck, D.; Coosemans, W.; Lerut, T. Tumors of the esophagogastric junction. Long-term survival in relation to the pattern of lymph node metastasis and critical analysis of the accuracy and inaccuracy of pTNM classification. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1996, 111 (1), 85-95.
19. Korst, R.; Rusch, V.; Venkatraman, E.; Bains, M.S.; Burt, M.E.; Downey, R.J.; Ginsberg, R.J. Proposed revision of the staging classification for esophageal carcinoma. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1998, 115 (3), 660-670.
20. Botet, J.; Lightdale, C.; Zauber, A.; Gerdes, H.; Urmacher, C.; Brennan, M.F. Preoperative staging of esophageal cancer: comparison of endoscopic US and dynamic CT. Radiology 1991, 181 (2), 419-425.
21. Vickers, J.; Anderson, D. Oesophageal cancer staging using endoscopic ultrasonography. Br. J. Surg. 1998, 85, 994-998.
22. Massari, M.; Cioffi, U.; De Simone, M.; Lattuada, E.; Montorsi, M.; Segalin, A.; Bonavina, L. Endoscopic ultrasonography for preoperative staging of esophageal carcinoma. Surg. Laparosc. Endosc. 1997, 7 (2), 162-165.
23. Laterza, E.; de Manzoni, G.; Guglielmi, A.; Rodella, L.; Tedesco, P.; Cordiano, C. Endoscopic ultrasonography in the staging of esophageal carcinoma after preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 1999, 67 (5), 1466-1469.
24. Meltzer, C.; Luketich, J.; Friedman, D.; Charron, M.; Strollo, D.; Meehan, M.; Urso, G.K.; Dachille, M.A.; Townsend, D.W. Whole-body FDG positron emission tomographic imaging for staging esophageal cancer comparison with computed tomography. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2000, 25 (11), 882-887.
25. Lerut, T.; Flarnen, P.; Ectors, N.; Van Cutsem, E.; Peeters, M.; Hiele, M.; De Wever, W.; Coosemans, W.; Decker, G.; De Leyn, P.; Deneffe, G.; Van Raemdonck, D.; Mortelmans, L. Histopathologic validation of lymph node staging with FDG-PET scan in cancer of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Ann. Surg. 2000, 232 (6), 743-752.
26. Kransa, M.; Jiao, X. Use of minimally invasive surgery in staging esophageal cancer. J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech. Part A 2000, 10, 161-164.
27. Krasna, M.; Reed, C.; Nedzwiecki, D.; Hollis, D.; Luketich, J.; DeCamp, M.; Mayer, R.; Sugarbaker, D. CALGB 9380: a prospective trial of the feasibility of thoracoscopy/laparoscopy in staging esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 71 (4), 1073-1079.
28. Akiyama, H.; Tsurumaru, M.; Kawamura, T.; Ono, Y. Principals of surgical treatment for carcinomas of the esophagus: analysis of lymph node involvement. Ann. Surg. 1981, 194 (4), 438-446.
29. Dresner, S.; Lamb, P.; Bennett, M.; Hayes, N.; Griffin, S.M. The pattern of lymph node dissemination from adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. Surgery 2001, 129 (1), 103-109.
30. O'Sullivan, G.; Shanahan, F. Esophagogastric cancer-time to change the pardigm. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 95, 2153-2154.
31. Bonavina, L.; Soligo, D.; Quirici, N.; Bossolasco, P.; Cesana, B.; Lembertenghi Deliliers, G.; Peracchia, A. Bone marrow-disseminated tumor cells in patients with carcinoma of the esophagus or cardia. Surgery 2001, 129 (1), 15-22.
32. O'Sullivan, G.; Sheehan, D.; Clarke, A.; Stuart, R.; Kelly, J.; Kiely, M.D.; Walsh, T.; Collins, J.K.; Shanahan, F. Micrometastase in esophagogastric cancer: high detection rate in resected rib segments. Gastroenterology 1999, 116 (3), 543-548.
33. Thorban, S.; Rosenberg, R.; Busch, R.; Roder, R.J. Epithelial cells in bone marrow of oesophageal cancer patients: a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis. Br. J. Cancer 2000, 83 (1), 35-39.
34. Mansi, J.; Berger, U.; Easton, D.; McDonnell, T.; Redding, W.H.; Gazet, J.C.; McKinna, A.; Powles, T.J.; Coombes, R.C. Micrometastasis in bone marrow in patients with primary breast cancer: evaluation as an early predictor of bone metastasis. Br. Med. J. 1987, 295 (6606), 1093-1096.
35. Cote, R.; Rosen, P.; Lesser, M.; Old, L.J.; Osborne, M.P. Prediction of early relapse in patients with operable breast cancer by detection of occult bone marrow micrometastasis. J. Clin. Oncol. 1991, 9 (10), 1749-1756.
36. Cote, R.; Beattie, E.; Chaiwun, B.; Shi, S.R.; Harvey, J.; Chen, S.C.; Sherrod, A.E.; Groshen, S.; Taylor, C.R. Detection of occult bone marrow micrometastasis in patients with operable lung cancer. Ann. Surg. 1995, 222 (4), 415-425.
37. Lindemann, F.; Schlimok, G.; Drischedl, P.; Witte, J.; Riethmuller, G. Prognostic significance of micro metastatic tumor cells in bone marrow of colorectal cancer patients. Lancet 1992, 340 (8821), 685-689.
38. Braun, S.; Pantel, K. Micrometastatic bone marrow involvement: detection and prognostic significance. Med. Oncol. 1999, 16, 154-165.
39. Ellis, F.; Heatley, G.; Krasna, M.; Heatley, G.J.; Balogh, K. Esophagogastrectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus and cardia: a comparison of findings and results after standard resection in three consecutive eight-year intervals with improved staging criteria. J. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997, 113 (5), 836-848.
40. Sandick, J.; van Lanschot, J.; ten Kate, F.; Offerhaus, G.J.; Fockens, P.; Tytgat, G.N.; Obertop, H. Pathology of early invasive adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or esophagogastric junction. Cancer 2000, 88 (11), 2429-2437.
41. Nijhawan, P.; Wang, K. Endoscopic mucosal resection for lesions with endoscopic features suggestive of malignancy and high-grade dysplasia within Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterol. Endosc. 2000, 52, 328-332.
42. Ell, C.; May, A.; Gossner, L.; Pech, O.; Gunter, E.; Mayer, G.; Henrich, R.; Vieth, M.; Muller, H.; Seitz, G.; Stolte, M. Endoscopic mucosal resection of early cancer and high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology 2000, 118 (4), 670-677.
43. Noguchi, H.; Naomoto, Y.; Kondo, H.; Haisa, M.; Yamatsuji, T.; Shigemitsu, K.; Aoki, H.; Isozaki, H.; Tanaka, N. Evaluation of endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal carcinoma. Surg. Laporosc. Percutan. Tech. 2000, 10 (6), 343-350.
44. Fujita, H.; Sueyoshi, S.; Yamana, H. Optimum treatment strategy for superficial esophageal cancer: endoscopic mucosal resection versus radical esophagectomy. World J. Surg. 2001, 25, 424-431.
45. Stein, H.; Feith, M.; Mueller, J.; Werner, M.; Siewert, J.R. Limited resection for early adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus. Ann. Surg. 2000, 232 (6), 733-742.
46. Luketich, J.; Schauer, P.; Urso, K.; Kassis, E.; Ferson, P.; Keenan, R.; Landreneau, R. Future direction in esophageal cancer. Chest 1998, 113 (1 Suppl), 120-122.
47. Swanstrom, L.; Hanses, P. Laparoscopic total esophagectomy. Arch. Surg. 1997, 132, 943-949.
48. Nguyen, N.; Luketich, J. Minimal access approach to esophagectomy. In Minimal Access Cardiothoracic Surgery; Yim, A., Ed.; WB Saunders: Orlando, 1999; 277-280.
49. Luketich, J.; Schauer, P.; Christie, N.; Weigel, T.L.; Raja, S.; Fernando, H.C.; Keenan, R.J.; Nguyen, N.T. Minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2000, 70 (3), 906-912.
50. Fernando, H.; Christie, N.; Luketich, J. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic esophagectomy. Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2000, 12, 195-200.
51. Law, S.; Fok, M.; Chu, K.; Wong, J. Thoracoscopic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Surgery 1997, 122 (1), 8-14.
52. Daly, J.; Fry, W.; Little, A.; Winchester, D.P.; McKee, R.F.; Stewart, A.K.; Fremgen, A.M. Esophageal cancer: results of an American college of surgeon patient care evaluation study. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2000, 190 (5), 562-573.
53. Muller, J.; Erasmi, H.; Stelzner, M.; Zieren, U.; Pichlmaier, H. Surgical therapy of oesophageal cancer. Br. J. Surg. 1990, 77 (8), 845-857.
54. Newaishy, G.; Read, G.; Duncan, W.; Kerr, G.R. Results of radical radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Clin. Radiol. 1982, 33 (3), 347-352.
55. Stewart, J.; Hoff, S.; Johnson, D.; Murray, M.J.; Butler, D.R.; Elkins, C.C.; Sharp, K.W.; Merrill, W.H.; Sawyers, J.L. Improved survival with neoadjuvant therapy and resection for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Ann. Surg. 1993, 218 (4), 571-576.
56. Vogel, S.; Mendenhall, W.; Sombeck, M.; Marsh, R.; Woodward, E.R. Downstaging esophageal cancer after preoperative radiation and chemotherapy. Ann. Surg. 1995, 221 (6), 685-695.
57. Nakayama, K.; Kinoshita, Y. Surgical treatment combined with preoperative concentrated radiation. JAMA 1974, 227, 178-181.
58. Launois, B.; Delarue, D.; Campion, J.; Kerbaol, M. Preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1981, 153 (5), 690-692.
59. Arnott, S.; Duncan, W.; Kerr, G.; Walbaum, P.R.; Cameron, E.; Jack, W.J.; Mackillop, W.J. Low dose preoperative radiotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: results of a randomized clinical trial. Radiother. Oncol. 1992, 24 (2), 108-113.
60. Gignoux, M.; Roussel, A.; Paillot, B.; Gillet, M.; Schlag, P.; Dalesio, O.; Buyse, M.; Duez, N. The value of preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal cancer: results of the study of the EORTC. World J. Surg. 1987, 110, 426-432.
61. Nygaard, K.; Hagen, S.; Hansen, H.S.; Hatlevoll, R.; Hultborn, R.; Jakobsen, A.; Mantyla, M.; Modig, H.; Munck-Wikland, E.; Rosengren, B. Preoperative radiotherapy prolongs survival in operable esophageal carcinoma: a randomized, multicenter study of preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The second Scandinavian trial in esophageal cancer. World J. Surg. 1992, 16 (6), 1104-1110.
62. Wang, M.; Gu, X.; Yin, W.; Huang, G.J.; Wang, L.J.; Zhang, D.W. Randomized clinical trial on the combination of preoperative irradiation and surgery in the treatment of esophageal carcinoma: report on 206 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1989, 16 (2), 325-327.
63. Arnott, S.J.; Duncan, W.; Gignoux, M.; Girling, D.J.; Hansen, H.S.; Launois, B.; Nygaard, K.; Parmar, M.K.; Roussel, A.; Spiliopoulos, G.; Stewart, L.A.; Tierney, J.F.; Mei, W.; Rugang, Z. Preoperative radiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma: a meta analysis using individual patient data (oesophageal cancer collaborative group). Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1998, 41 (3), 579-583.
64. Fok, M.; Sham, J.; Choy, D.; Cheng, S.W.; Wong, J. Postoprerative radiotherapy for cancer of the esophagus: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Surgery 1993, 113 (2), 138-147.
65. Zieren, H.; Muller, J.; Jacobi, C.; Pichlmaier, H.; Muller, R.P.; Staar, S. Adjuvant postoperative radiation therapy after curative resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. World J. Surg. 1995, 19 (3), 444-449.
66. Teniere, P.; Hay, J.; Fingerhut, A.; Fagniez, P.L. Postoperative radiation therapy does not increase survival after curative resection for squamous cell carcinoma of the middle and lower esophagus as shown by a multicenter controlled trial. French university association for surgical research. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 1991, 173 (2), 123-130.
67. Kelsen, D.; Ginsberg, R.; Pajak, T.; Sheahan, D.G.; Gunderson, L.; Mortimer, J.; Estes, N.; Haller, D.G.; Ajani, J.; Kocha, W.; Minsky, B.D.; Roth, J.A. Chemotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone for localized esophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339 (27), 1979-1984.
68. Roth, J.; Pass, H.; Flanagan, M.; Graeber, G.M.; Rosenberg, J.C.; Steinberg, S. Randomized clinical trial of preoperative and postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin, vindesine, and bleomycin for carcinoma of the esophagus. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1988, 96 (2), 242-248.
69. Law, S.; Fok, M.; Chow, S.; Chu, K.M.; Wong, J. Preoperative chemotherapy versus surgical therapy alone for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a prospective randomized trial. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997, 114 (2), 210-217.
70. Schlag, P. Randomized study of preoperative chemotherapy in squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. CAO esophageal cancer study group. Chirurg 1992, 63, 709-714.
71. Maipang, T.; Vasinanukorn, P.; Petpichetchian, C.; Chamroonkul, S.; Geater, A.; Chansawwaang, S.; Kuapanich, R.; Panjapiyakul, C.; Watanaarepornchai, S.; Punperk, S. Induction chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. J. Surg. Oncol. 1994, 56 (3), 191-197.
72. Kok, T.; Lanscho, J.; Siersema, P. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy in operable esophageal squamous cell cancer: final report of a phase III multicenter randomized controlled trial. Proc. Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 1997, 16, 894 (abstract).
73. Clark, P. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: an updated analysis of a randomized controlled trial conducted by the UK Medical Research Council Upper al Tract Cancer Group. Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 20, 126 (abstract).
74. Ando, N.; Iizuka, T.; Kakegawa, T.; Isono, K.; Watanabe, H.; Ide, H.; Tanaka, O.; Shinoda, M.; Takiyama, W.; Arimori, M.; Ishida, K.; Tsugane, S. A randomized trial of surgery with and without chemotherapy for localized squamous carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus: the Japan clinical oncology group study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997, 114 (2), 205-209.
75. Pouliquen, X.; Levard, H.; Hay, J.; McGee, K.; Fingerhut, A.; Langlois-Zantin, O. 5-Fluorouricil and cisplatin therapy after palliative surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: a multicenter randomized trial. French associations for surgical research. Ann. Surg. 1996, 223 (2), 127-133.
76. Franklin, R.; Steiger, Z.; Vaishampayan, G.; Asfaw, I.; Rosenberg, J.; Loh, J.; Hoschner, J.; Miller, P. Combined modality therapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 1983, 51 (6), 1062-1071.
77. Wong, R.; Malthaner, R. Esophageal cancer: a systematic review. Curr. Probl. Cancer 2000, 24, 298-367.
78. Bhansali, M.; Vaidya, J.; Bhatt, R.; Patil, P.K.; Badwe, R.A.; Desai, P.B. Chemotherapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a comparison of evidence from meta-analysis of randomized and of historical control studies. Ann. Oncol. 1996, 7 (4), 355-359.
79. Bosset, J.; Gignoux, M.; Triboulet, J.; Tiret, E.; Mantion, G.; Elias, D.; Lozach, P.; Ollier, J.C.; Pavy, J.J.; Mercier, M.; Sahmoud, T. Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery compared with surgery alone in squamous-cell cancer of the esophagus. N. Engl. J. Med. 1997, 337 (3), 161-167.
80. Walsh, T.; Noonan, N.; Hollywood, D.; Kelly, A.; Keeling, N.; Hennessy, T.P. A comparison of multimodal therapy and surgery for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996, 337 (7), 161-167.
81. Urba, S.; Orringer, M.; Turrisi, A.; Iannettoni, M.; Forastiere, A.; Strawderman, M. A randomized trial comparing transhiatal esophagectomy (THE) to preoperative concurrent chemoradiation (CT/ XRT) followed by esophagectomy in locoregional esophageal carcinoma (CA). J. Clin. Oncol. 2001, 19 (2), 283-285.
82. Le Prise, E.; Etienne, P.; Meunier, B.; Maddern, G.; Ben Hassel, M.; Gedouin, D.; Boutin, D.; Campion, J.P.; Launois, B. A randomized study of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery versus surgery alone for localized squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 1994, 73 (7), 1779-1784.
83. Bellon, J.R.; Lindsley, K.L.; Ellis, G.K.; Gralow, J.R.; Livingston, R.B.; Austin, M.M. Seymour, Concurrent radiation therapy and paclitaxel or docetaxel chemotherapy in high-risk breast cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2000, 48 (2), 393-397.
84. Koukourakis, M.I.; Giatromanolaki, A.; Schiza, S.; Kakolyris, S.; Georgoulias, V. Concurrent twice-a-week docetaxel and radiotherapy: a dose escalation trial with immunological toxicity evaluation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1999, 43 (1), 107-114.
85. Tachibana, M.; Shibakita, M.; Ohno, S.; Kinugasa, S.; Yoshimura, H.; Ueda, S.; Fujii, T.; Rahman, M.A.; Dhar, D.K.; Nagasue, N. Expression and prognostic significance of PTEN product protein in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2002, 94 (7), 1955-1960.
86. Shimada, H.; Takeda, A.; Shiratori, T.; Nabeya, Y.; Okazumi, S.; Matsubara, H.; Funami, Y.; Hayashi, H.; Gunji, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Suzuki, T.; Ochiai, T. Prognostic significance of serum thymidine phosphorylase concentration in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer 2002, 94 (7), 1947-1954.
87. Kato, H.; Miyazaki, T.; Yoshikawa, M.; Nakajima, M.; Fukai, Y.; Masuda, N.; Ojima, H.; Tsukada, K.; Nishida, Y.; Kuwano, H. Expression of nitrotyrosine is associated with angiogenesis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2001, 21 (5), 3323-3329.
88. Aloia, T.A.; Harpole, D.H., Jr.; Reed, C.E.; Allegra, C.; Moore, M.B.; Herndon, J.E., II; D'Amico, T.A. Tumor marker expression is predictive of survival in patients with esophageal cancer. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2001, 72 (3), 859-866.
89. Apinop, C.; Puttisak, P.; Preecha, N. A prospective study of combined therapy in esophageal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology 1994, 41, 391-393.