Imaging in early rheumatoid arthritis: Roles of magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography, conventional radiography and computed tomography

Best Practice and Research: Clinical Rheumatology

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 91-116

  Østergaard, Mikkel ^a,b   Ejbjerg, Bo ^b   Szkudlarek, Marcin ^b  

^a GENTOFTE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^b HVIDOVRE HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Arthritis; Computed tomography; Imaging; Joint; Magnetic resonance imaging; Radiography; Rheumatoid arthritis; Synovitis; Ultrasonography

Indexed keywords

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE; BONE EROSION; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGING SYSTEM; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; JOINT RADIOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RELIABILITY; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STANDARDIZATION; SYNOVITIS; X RAY;

ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; HUMANS; JOINTS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; RHEUMATOLOGY; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

EID: 10844231022     PISSN: 15216942     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2004.08.006     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. J.R. O'Dell Treating rheumatoid arthritis early: A window of opportunity? Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 283-285
2. American college of Rheumatology subcommittee on Rheumatoid Arthritis Guidelines. Guidelines for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: 2002 update. Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 328-346.
3. P. Emery The optimal management of early rheumatoid disease: The key to preventing disability Br J Rheumatol 33 1994 765-768
4. A.C. Brower Use of the radiograph to measure the course of rheumatoid artrhitis. The gold standard versus fool's gold Arthritis Rheum 33 1990 316-324
5. F.M. McQueen N. Stewart J. Crabbe et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals a high prevalence of erosion at four months after symptom onset Ann Rheum Dis 57 1998 350-356
6. M. Backhaus T. Kamradt D. Sandrock et al. Arthritis of the finger joints. A comprehensive approach comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Arthritis Rheum 42 1999 1232-1245
7. M. Klarlund M. Østergaard K.E. Jensen et al. Magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and scintigraphy of the finger joints: One year follow up of patients with early arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 59 2000 521-528
8. H. Lindegaard J. Vallø K. Hørslev-Petersen et al. Low field dedicated magnetic resonance imaging in untreated rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset Ann Rheum Dis 60 2001 770-776
9. W. Grassi E. Tittarelli O. Pirani et al. Ultrasound examination of metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis Scand J Rheumatol 22 1993 243-247
10. I. Watt Basic differential diagnosis of arthritis Eur Radiol 7 1997 344-351
11. D.M.F.M. van der Heijde Plain X-rays in rheumatoid arthritis: Overview of scoring methods, their reliability and applicability Bailleres Clin Rheumatol 10 1996 435-453
12. F.C. Arnett S.M. Edworthy D.A. Bloch et al. The American Rheumatism Association 1987 revised criteria for the classification of rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 31 1988 315-324
13. F.M. McQueen N. Stewart J. Crabbe et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals progression of erosions despite clinical improvement Ann Rheum Dis 58 1999 156-163
14. M. Østergaard Magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis. Quantitative methods for assessment of the inflammatory process in peripheral joints Dan Med Bull 46 1999 313-344
15. M. Backhaus G.R. Burmester D. Sandrock et al. Prospective two year follow up study comparing novel and conventional imaging procedures in patients with arthritic finger joints Ann Rheum Dis 61 2002 895-904
16. K. Kaarela Prognostic factors and diagnostic criteria in early rheumatoid arthritis Scand J Rheumatol 14 supplement 57 1985 1-54
17. H. Visser S. le Cessie K. Vos et al. How to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis early: A prediction model for persistent (erosive) arthritis Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 357-365
18. M. Nissilä H. Isomaki K. et al. Kaarela Prognosis of inflammatory joint diseases. A three-year follow-up study Scand J Rheumatol 12 1983 33-38
19. T.T. Möttönen Prediction of erosiveness and rate of development of new erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 47 1988 648-653
20. D.M.F.M. van der Heijde M.A. van Leeuwen P.L.C.M. van Riel et al. Biannual radiographic assessments of hands and feet in a three-year prospective followup of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 35 1992 26-34
21. D.M.F.M. van der Heijde Joint erosions and patients with early rheumatoid arthritis Br J Rheumatol 34 supplement 2 1995 74-78
22. H.E. Paulus M. Oh J.T. Sharp Correlation of single time-point damage scores with observed progression of radiographic damage during the first 6 years of rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 30 2003 705-713
23. J.T. Sharp D.Y. Young G.B. Bluhm et al. How many joints in the hands and wrists should be included in a score of radiologic abnormalities used to assess rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 28 1985 1326-1335
24. A. Larsen K. Dale M. Eek Radiographic evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions by standard reference films Acta Radiol Diagn 18 1977 481-491
25. D.L. Scott K. Pugner K. Kaarela et al. The links between joint damage and disability in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology (Oxford) 39 2000 122-132
26. E. Alasaarela I. Suramo O. Tervonen et al. Evaluation of humoral head erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: A comparison of ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography and plain radiography Br J Rheumatol 37 1998 1152-1156
27. R. Ghozlan H. Vacher Where is imaging going in rheumatology? Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 14 2000 617-633
28. R. Goldbach-Mansky J. Woodburn L. Yao et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of bone damage in rheumatoid arthritis: A more precise image or just a more expensive one? Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 585-589
29. P.G. Conaghan M. Østergaard D. McGonagle et al. The validity and predictive value of magnetic resonance imaging erosions in rheumatoid arthritis: Comment on the article by Goldbach-Mansky et al Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 1009-1011
30. M.B. Rominger W.K. Bernreuter P.J. Kenneyet al. MR imaging of the hands in early rheumatoid arthritis: Preliminary results Radiographics 13 1993 37-46
31. H. Sugimoto A. Takeda K. Hyodoh Early stage rheumatoid arthritis: prospective study of the effectiveness of MR imaging for diagnosis Radiology 216 2000 569-575
32. D. McGonagle P. Conaghan P. O'Connor et al. The relationship between synovitis and bone changes in early untreated rheumatoid arthritis. A controlled magnetic resonance imaging study Arthritis Rheum 42 1999 1706-1711
33. J.L. Hoving R. Buchbinder S. Hall et al. A comparison of magnetic resonance imaging, sonography, and radiography of the hand in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 31 2004 663-675
34. H. König J. Sieper K.J. Wolf Rheumatoid arthritis: Evaluation of hypervascular and fibrous pannus with dynamic MR imaging enhanced with gd-DTPA Radiology 176 1990 473-477
35. M. Østergaard M. Stoltenberg O. Henriksen et al. Quantitative assessment of synovial inflammation by dynamic gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. A study of the effect of intra-articular methylprednisolone on the rate of early synovial enhancement Br J Rheumatol 35 1996 50-59
36. M. Østergaard M. Stoltenberg P. Løvgreen-Nielsen et al. Quantification of synovitis by MRI: Correlation between dynamic and static gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and microscopic and macroscopic signs of synovial inflammation Magn Reson Imaging 16 1998 743-754
37. M. Klarlund M. Østergaard E. Rostrup et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis, early unclassified polyarthritis, and healthy controls Scand J Rheumatol 29 2000 108-115
38. M. Østergaard P. Gideon O. Henriksen et al. Synovial volume - a marker of disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis? Quantification by MRI Scand J Rheumatol 23 1994 197-202
39. M. Østergaard M. Stoltenberg O. Henriksen et al. The accuracy of MRI-determined synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes in arthritis. A comparison of pre- and post-aspiration volumes Scand J Rheumatol 24 1995 305-311
40. M. Østergaard M. Hansen M. Stoltenberg Quantitative assessment of the synovial membrane in the rheumatoid wrist: An easily obtained MRI score reflects the synovial volume Br J Rheumatol 35 1996 965-971
41. M. Østergaard M. Stoltenberg P. Løvgreen-Nielsen et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-determined synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis: Comparison with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of the synovium Arthritis Rheum 40 1997 1856-1867
42. R.P. Polisson O.I. Schoenberg A. Fischman et al. Use of magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in the assessment of synovial volume and glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 819-825
43. W.E. Palmer D.I. Rosenthal O.I. Schoenberg et al. Quantification of inflammation in the wrist with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy- d -glucose Radiology 196 1995 647-655
44. M. Klarlund M. Østergaard I. Lorenzen Finger joint synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis: Quantitative assessment by magnetic resonance imaging Rheumatology (Oxford) 38 1999 66-72
45. P. Bird M. Lassere R. Shnier et al. Computerized measurement of magnetic resonance imaging erosion volumes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with existing magnetic resonance imaging scoring systems and standard clinical outcome measures Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 614-624
46. K. Gaffney K. Cookson S. Blades et al. Quantitative assessment of the rheumatoid synovial microvascular bed by gadolinium-DTPA enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Ann Rheum Dis 57 1998 152-157
47. M. Østergaard M. Stoltenberg P. Gideon et al. Changes in synovial membrane and joint effusion volumes after intraarticular methylprednisolone. Quantitative assessment of inflammatory and destructive changes in arthritis by MRI J Rheumatol 23 1996 1151-1161
48. J. Huang N. Stewart J. Crabbe et al. A 1-year follow-up study of dynamic magnetic resonance imaging in early rheumatoid arthritis reveals synovitis to be increased in shared-epitope patients and predictive of erosions at 1 year Rheumatology 39 2000 407-416
49. R.J. Reece M.C. Kraan A. Radjenovic et al. Comparative assessment of leflunomide and methotrexate for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, by dynamic enhanced magnetic resonance imaging Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 366-372
50. K. Bruynesteyn H.D. Van Der M. Boers et al. Determination of the minimal clinically important difference in rheumatoid arthritis joint damage of the Sharp/van der Heijde and Larsen/Scott scoring methods by clinical experts and comparison with the smallest detectable difference Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 913-920
51. B. Ostendorf R. Peters P. Dann et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and miniarthroscopy of metacarpophalangeal joints: Sensitive detection of morphologic changes in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 44 2001 2492-2502
52. B. Ejbjerg E. Narvestad E. Rostrup et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of wrist and finger joints in healthy subjects occasionally shows changes resembling erosions and synovitis as seen in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 1097-1106
53. M. Østergaard P. Conaghan P. O'Connor et al. Reducing costs, duration and invasiveness of magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis by omitting intravenous gadolinium injection-does it affect assessments of synovitis, bone erosions and bone edema? Ann Rheum Dis 62 supplement I 2003 67
54. A. Corvetta A. Giovagnoni S. Baldelli et al. MR imaging of rheumatoid hand lesions: Comparison with conventional radiology in 31 patients Clin Exp Rheumatol 10 1992 217-222
55. M. Østergaard M. Hansen M. Stoltenberg et al. New radiographic bone erosions in the wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are detectable with magnetic resonance imaging a median of two years earlier Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 2128-2131
56. A.D. Woolf N.D. Hall N.J. Goulding et al. Predictors of the long-term outcome of early synovitis: A 5-year follow-up study Br J Rheumatol 30 1991 251-254
57. A. van der Heide C.A. Remme D.M. Hofman et al. Prediction of progression of radiologic damage in newly diagnosed rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 1466-1474
58. F.M. McQueen N. Benton J. Crabbe et al. What is the fate of erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis? Tracking individual lesions using X rays and magnetic resonance imaging over the first two years of disease Ann Rheum Dis 60 2001 859-868
59. H. Lindegaard K. Hørslev-Petersen J. Valløet al. Baseline MRI erosions in early rheumatoid arthritis MCP and wrist joint bones markedly increase the risk of radiographic erosions at 1 year follow-up Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 S521
60. H.E. Paulus D.M. van der Heijde K.J. Bulpitt et al. Monitoring radiographic changes in early rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 23 1996 801-805
61. P. Bird B. Kirkham I. Portek et al. Documenting damage progression in a two-year longitudinal study of rheumatoid arthritis patients with established disease (the DAMAGE study cohort): Is there an advantage in the use of magnetic resonance imaging as compared with plain radiography? Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 1383-1389
62. A. Savnik H. Malmskov H.S. Thomsen et al. MRI of the wrist and finger joints in inflammatory joint diseases at 1-year interval: MRI features to predict bone erosions Eur Radiol 12 2002 1203-1210
63. F.M. McQueen N. Benton D. Perry et al. Bone edema scored on magnetic resonance imaging scans of the dominant carpus at presentation predicts radiographic joint damage of the hands and feet six years later in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 1814-1827
64. G.E. Gold C.F. Beaulieu Future of MR imaging of articular cartilage Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 5 2001 313-327
65. D. Burstein A. Bashir M.L. Gray MRI techniques in early stages of cartilage disease Invest Radiol 35 2000 622-638
66. C.G. Peterfy C.F. van Dijke Y. Lu et al. Quantification of the volume of articular cartilage in the metacarpophalangeal joints of the hand: accuracy and precision of three-dimensional MR imaging Am J Roentgenol 165 1995 371-375
67. C.G. Peterfy MRI in rheumatoid artrhitis: Current status and future directions J Rheumatol 28 2001 1134-1142
68. V. Jevtic I. Watt B. Rozman et al. Distinctive radiological features of small hand joints in rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthritis by contrast-enhanced (Gd-DTPA) magnetic resonance imaging Skeletal Radiol 24 1995 351-355
69. A. Giovagnoni W. Grassi F. Terelli et al. MRI of the hand in psoriatic and rheumatical arthritis Eur Radiol 5 1995 590-595
70. M. Østergaard M. Hansen M. Stoltenberg et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-determined synovial membrane volume as a marker of disease activity and a predictor of progressive joint destruction in the wrists of patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 42 1999 918-929
71. P.G. Conaghan P. O'Connor D. McGonagle et al. Elucidation of the relationship between synovitis and bone damage: A randomized magnetic resonance imaging study of individual joints in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 64-71
72. published online N. Tanaka H. Sakahashi S. et al. Ishii Synovial membrane enhancement and bone erosion by magnetic resonance imaging for prediction of radiologic progression in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatol Int 2003 published online
73. N. Benton N. Stewart J. Crabbe et al. MRI of the wrist in early rheumatoid arthritis can be used to predict functional outcome at 6 years Ann Rheum Dis 63 2004 555-561
74. M. Østergaard M. Klarlund M. Lassere et al. Interreader agreement in the assessment of magnetic resonance images of rheumatoid arthritis wrist and finger joints-an international multicenter study J Rheumatol 28 2001 1143-1150
75. P. Conaghan M. Lassere M. Østergaard et al. OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging studies. Exercise 4: An international multicenter longitudinal study using the RA-MRI score J Rheumatol 30 2003 1376-1379
76. M. Lassere F. McQueen M. Østergaard et al. OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging studies. Exercise 3: An international multicenter reliability study using the RA-MRI Score J Rheumatol 30 2003 1366-1375
77. M. Østergaard C. Peterfy P. Conaghanet al. OMERACT rheumatoid arthritis magnetic resonance imaging studies. Core set of MRI acquisitions, joint pathology definitions, and the OMERACT RA-MRI scoring system J Rheumatol 30 2003 1385-1386
78. M. Østergaard P. Bird F. McQueen et al. The EULAR-OMERACT magnetic resonance imaging in rheumatoid arthritis reference film atlas - a new tool for standardized assessment of rheumatoid joint inflammation and destruction Ann Rheum Dis 63 supplement 1 2004 81-82
79. A. Savnik H. Malmskov H.S. Thomsen et al. MRI of the arthritic small joints: Comparison of extremity MRI (0.2 T) vs. high-field MRI (1.5 T) Eur Radiol 11 2001 1030-1038
80. B. Taouli S. Zaim C.G. Peterfy et al. Rheumatoid arthritis of the hand and wrist: Comparison of three imaging techniques AJR Am J Roentgenol 182 2004 937-943
81. J.V. Crues F.G. Shellock S. Dardashti et al. Identification of wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint erosions using a portable magnetic resonance imaging system compared to conventional radiographs J Rheumatol 31 2004 676-685
82. W. Grassi C. Cervini Ultrasonography in rheumatology: An evolving technique Ann Rheum Dis 57 1998 268-271
83. R.J. Wakefield W.W. Gibbon P.G. Conaghan et al. The value of sonography in the detection of bone erosions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 43 2000 2762-2770
84. W. Schmidt Value of sonography in diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis Lancet 357 2001 1056-1057
85. M. Szkudlarek Court-Payen M C. Strandberg et al. Power Doppler ultrasonography for assessment of synovitis in the metacarpophalangeal joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A comparison with dynamic magnetic resonance imaging Arthritis Rheum 44 2001 2018-2023
86. W. Grassi E. Tittarelli P. Blasetti et al. Finger tendon involvement in rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation with high-frequency ultrasound Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 786-794
87. W.A.A. Swen J.W.G. Jacobs P.C.G. Hubach et al. Comparison of sonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of partial tears of finger extensor tendons in rheumatoid arthritis Rheumatology 39 2000 55-62
88. W. Grassi E. Filippucci A. Farina et al. Sonographic imaging of tendons Arthritis Rheum 43 2000 969-976
89. J.S. Newman T.J. Laing T.J. McCarthy et al. Power Doppler sonography of synovitis: Assessment of therapeutic response. Preliminary observations Radiology 198 1996 582-584
90. M. Hau H. Schultz H-P. Tony et al. Evaluation of pannus and vascularization of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis by high-resolution ultrasound (multidimensional linear array) Arthritis Rheum 42 1999 2303-2308
91. W.R. Ferrell P.V. Balint C.G. Egan et al. Metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis: Laser Doppler imaging - initial experience Radiology 220 2001 257-262
92. E. Qvistgaard H. Rogind S. Torp-Pedersen et al. Quantitative ultrasonography in rheumatoid arthritis: Evaluation of inflammation by Doppler technique Ann Rheum Dis 60 2001 690-693
93. P.C. Taylor VEGF and imaging of vessels in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Res 4 supplement 3 2002 S99-S107
94. M. Hau C. Kneitz H.P. Tony et al. High resolution ultrasound detects a decrease in pannus vascularisation of small finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving treatment with soluble tumour necrosis factor alpha receptor (etanercept) Ann Rheum Dis 61 2002 55-58
95. L. Terslev S. Torp-Pedersen E. Qvistgaard et al. Estimation of inflammation by Doppler ultrasound: Quantitative changes after intra-articular treatment in rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 62 2003 1049-1053
96. M. Walther H. Harms V. Krenn Correlation of power Doppler sonography with vascularity of synovial tissue of the knee joint in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 44 2001 331-338
97. M. Walther H. Harms V. Krenn et al. Synovial tissue of the hip at power Doppler US: Correlation between vascularity and power Doppler US signal Radiology 225 2002 225-231
98. L. Terslev S. Torp-Pedersen A. Savnik et al. Doppler ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging of synovial inflammation of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis: A comparative study Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 2434-2441
99. Szkudlarek M. Ultrasonography of the finger and toe joints in rheumatoid arthritis. PhD Dissertation. University of Copenhagen; 2003.
100. M. Szkudlarek E. Narvestad M. Klarlundet al. Ultrasonography of the metatarsophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis, compared with magnetic resonance imaging, conventional radiography and clinical examination Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 2103-2112
101. A. Klauser F. Frauscher M. Schirmer et al. The value of contrast-enhanced color Doppler ultrasound in the detection of vascularization of finger joints in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 647-653
102. M. Szkudlarek Court-Payen M C. et al. Strandberg Contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography of the metacarpophalangeal joints in rheumatoid arthritis Eur Radiol 13 2003 163-168
103. R.J. Wakefield A.K. Brown P.J. O'Connor et al. Power Doppler sonography: improving disease activity assessment in inflammatory musculoskeletal disease Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 285-288
104. L. Terslev S. Torp-Pedersen E. Qvistgaard et al. Doppler ultrasound findings in healthy wrists and finger joints Ann Rheum Dis 63 2004 644-648
105. L. Terslev S. Torp-Pedersen E. Qvistgaard et al. Effects of treatment with etanercept (Enbrel, TNRF: Fc) on rheumatoid arthritis evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography Ann Rheum Dis 62 2003 178-181
106. C. Ribbens B. Andre S. Marcelis et al. Rheumatoid hand joint synovitis: gray-scale and power Doppler US quantifications following anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment: Pilot study Radiology 229 2003 562-569
107. P.C. Taylor A. Steuer J. Gruber et al. Comparison of ultrasonographic assessment of synovitis and joint vascularity with radiographic evaluation in a randomized, placebo-controlled study of infliximab therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 50 2004 1107-1116
108. G.S. Alarcon R. Lopez-Ben L.W. Moreland High-resolution ultrasound for the study of target joints in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 46 2002 1969-1970
109. W. Grassi G. Lamanna A. Farina et al. Sonographic imaging of normal and osteoarthritic cartilage Semin Arthritis Rheum 28 1999 398-403
110. B. Frediani P. Falsetti L. Storri et al. Ultrasound and clinical evaluation of quadricipital tendon enthesitis in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis Clin Rheumatol 21 2002 294-298
111. P.V. Balint D. Kane H. Wilson et al. Ultrasonography of entheseal insertions in the lower limb in spondyloarthropathy Ann Rheum Dis 61 2002 905-910
112. M.A. d'Agostino R. Said-Nahal C. Hacquard-Bouder et al. Assessment of peripheral enthesitis in the spondylarthropathies by ultrasonography combined with power Doppler: A cross-sectional study Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 523-533
113. M. Szkudlarek Court-Payen M S. Jacobsen et al. Interobserver agreement in ultrasonography of the finger and toe joints in rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 48 2003 955-962
114. M. Backhaus G.R. Burmester T. Gerber et al. Guidelines for musculoskeletal ultrasound in rheumatology Ann Rheum Dis 60 2001 641-649
115. E. Filippucci Z. Unlu A. Farina et al. Sonographic training in rheumatology: A self teaching approach Ann Rheum Dis 62 2003 565-567
116. B. Manger J.R. Kalden Joint and connective tissue ultrasonography - a rheumatologic bedside procedure? Arthritis Rheum 38 1995 736-742
117. W. Grassi A. Farina E. Filippucci et al. Sonographically guided procedures in rheumatology Semin Arthritis Rheum 30 2001 347-353
118. P.V. Balint D. Kane J. Hunter et al. Ultrasound guided versus conventional joint and soft tissue fluid aspiration in rheumatology practice: A pilot study J Rheumatol 29 2002 2209-2213
119. Grassi W. Lamanna G. Farina A. et al. Synovitis of small joints: Sonographic guided diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Ann Rheum Dis 1999 58 595-597