Seizures in the developing brain

Epilepsia

Volumn 45, Issue SUPPL. 8, 2004, Pages 6-12

  Velíšková, Jana ^a   Claudio, Olga I ^a   Galanopoulou, Aristea S ^a   Lado, Fred A ^a   Ravizza, Teresa ^a   Velíšek, Libor ^a   Moshé, Solomon L ^a  

^a ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Development; Epilepsy; GABA; Seizures; Sex; Substantia nigra; Testosterone

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID A RECEPTOR; 4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; ANDROSTANOLONE; BICUCULLINE; ESTROGEN; MUSCIMOL; VIGABATRIN; ZOLPIDEM;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; CASTRATION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FEMALE; GENE EXPRESSION; MALE; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NONHUMAN; PERINATAL PERIOD; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN QUATERNARY STRUCTURE; RAT; SEIZURE; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA;

AGE FACTORS; ANETHOLE TRITHIONE; ANIMALS; ANIMALS, NEWBORN; ANTICONVULSANTS; BRAIN; CONVULSANTS; FEMALE; GONADAL STEROID HORMONES; HUMANS; MALE; RATS; RECEPTORS, GABA-A; SEIZURES; SEX FACTORS; SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 10644270758     PISSN: 00139580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0013-9580.2004.458002.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (88)

1. Morrell MJ. Hormones and epilepsy through the lifetime. Epilepsia 1992;33:S49-61.
2. Morrell MJ. Epilepsy in women: the science of why it is special. Neurology 1999;53(suppl 1):S42-8.
3. Mizrahi EM. Acute and chronic effects of seizures in the developing brain: lessons from clinical experience. Epilepsia 1999;40:S42-50.
4. Holmes GL. Epilepsy in the developing brain: lessons from the laboratory and clinic. Epilepsia 1997;38:12-30.
5. Moshé SL, Koszer S, Wolf SM, et al. Developmental aspects of epileptogenesis. In: Wyllie E, ed. The treatment of epilepsy: principles and practice. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1997:139-50.
6. Hauser WA. Incidence and prevalence. In: Engel J Jr, Pedley T A, eds. Epilepsy: a comprehensive textbook, Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997:47-57.
7. Hauser WA, Kurland LT. The epidemiology of epilepsy in Rochester, Minnesota, 1935-1967. Epilepsia 1975;16:1-66.
8. Hauser WA, Hesdorfer DC. Epilepsy: frequency, causes and consequences. New York: Demos, 1990.
9. Moshé SL, Shinnar S, Swann JW. Partial (focal) seizures in developing brain. In: Schwarzkroin PA, Moshe SL, Noebels JL et al, eds. Brain development and epilepsy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995:34-65.
10. Cavalheiro EA, Silva DF, Turski WA, et al. The susceptibility of rats to pilocarpine-induced seizures is age-dependent. Dev Brain Res 1987;465:43-58.
11. Moshé SL, Albala BJ, Ackermann RF, et al. Increased seizure susceptibility of the immature brain. Dev Brain Res 1983;7:81-5.
12. Moshé SL. Ontogeny of seizures and substantia nigra modulation. In: Kellaway P, Noebels JF, eds. Problems and concepts in developmental neurophysiology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1989:247-62.
13. Schwartzkroin PA. Epileptogenesis in the immature CNS. In: Schwartzkroin PA, Wheal HV, eds. Electrophysiology of epilepsy. London: Academic Press, 1984:389-412.
14. Hauser WA. The natural history of febrile seizures. In: Ellenberger JH, Nelson KB, eds. Febrile seizures. New York: Raven Press, 1981:5-17.
15. Dravet C, Bureau M, Roger J. Benign myoclonic epilepsy in infants. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet Cet al, eds. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. London: John Libbey, 1992:67-74.
16. Doose H. Myoclonic astatic epilepsy of early childhood. In: Roger J, Bureau M, Dravet C et al, eds. Epileptic syndromes in infancy, childhood and adolescence. London: John Libbey, 1992:103-14.
17. Timiras PS, Hill HF. Antiepileptic drugs. In: Glaser GH, Penry PK, Woodberry DM, eds. Hormones and epilepsy: antiepileptic drugs: mechanisms of action. New York: Raven Press, 1980:655-66.
18. Mattson R, Cramer JA. Epilepsy, sex hormones, and antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsia 1985;26(suppl 1):S40-51.
19. McEwen BS, Alves SE. Estrogen actions in the central nervous system. Endocrine Rev 1999;20:279-307.
20. Herzog AG. Psychoneuroendocrine aspects of temporolimbic epilepsy, Part I: brain, reproductive steroids, and emotions. Psychosomatics 1999;40:95-101.
21. Moshé SL. Sex and the substantia nigra: administration, teaching, patient care, and research. J Clin Neurophysiol 1997;14:484-94.
22. Boda B, Szente MB. Stimulation of substantia nigra pars reticulata suppresses neocortical seizures. Brain Res 1992;574:237-43.
23. Bonhaus DW, Walters JR, McNamara JO. Activation of substantia nigra neurons: role in the propagation of seizures in kindled rats. J Neurosci 1986;6:3024-30.
24. Depaulis A, Snead OCI, Marescaux C, et al. Suppressive effects of intranigral injection of muscimol in three models of generalized nonconvulsive epilepsy induced by chemical agents. Brain Res 1989;498:64-72.
25. De Sarro G, Patel S, Meldrum BS. Anticonvulsant action of a kainate antagonist γ-D-glutamyl aminomethylsulphonic acid injected focally into the substantia nigra and entopeduncular nucleus. Eur J Pharmacol 1986;132:229-36.
26. De Sarro G, Meldrum B, Reavill C. Anticonvulsant action of 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid in the substantia nigra. Eur J Pharmacol 1984;106:175-9.
27. De Sarro G, De Sarro A, Meldrum BS. Anticonvulsant action of 2- chloroadenosine injected focally into the inferior colliculus and substantia nigra. Eur J Pharmacol 1991;194:145-52.
28. Gale K. Mechanisms of seizure control mediated by gamma-aminobutyric acid: role of the substantia nigra. Fed Proc Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 1985;44:2414-24.
29. Gale K. Subcortical structures and pathways involved in convulsive seizure generalization. J Clin Neurophysiol 1992;9:264-77.
30. Gale K, Pazos A, Maggio R, et al. Blockade of GABA receptors in superior colliculus protects against focally evoked limbic motor seizures. Brain Res 1993;603:279-83.
31. Garant D, Gale K. Lesions of substantia nigra protect against exper-imentally induced seizures. Brain Res 1983;273:156-61.
32. McNamara JO, Galloway MT, Rigsbee LC, et al. Evidence implicating substantia nigra in regulation of kindled seizure threshold. J Neurosci 1984;4:2410-7.
33. McNamara JO, Rigsbee LC, Galloway MT. Evidence that the substantia nigra is crucial to the network of kindled seizures. Eur J Pharmacol 1983;86:485-6.
34. Moshé SL, Sperber EF. Substantia nigra-mediated control of generalized seizures. In: Gloor G, Kostopoulos R, Naquet M et al, eds. Generalized epilepsy: cellular, molecular and pharmacological approaches. Boston: Birkhauser, 1990:355-67.
35. Moshé SL, Sperber EF, Haas K, et al. Effects of the maturational process on epileptogenesis. In: Lüders H, ed. Epilepsy surgery. New York: Raven Press, 1992:741-7.
36. Xie XH, Tietz EI, Rosenberg HC. Anti-pentylenetetrazol effect of intranigral 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate attenuated by muscimol. Brain Res 1991;544:331-4.
37. Zhang H, Rosenberg H. Injection of benzodiazepines but not GABA or muscimol into pars reticulata substantia nigra suppresses pentylenetetrazol seizures. Brain Res 1989;488:73-9.
38. Gale K. Animal models of generalized convulsive seizures: some neuroanatomical differentiation of seizure types. In: Avoli M, Gloor P, Kostopoulos Get al, eds. Generalized epilepsy: neurobiological approaches. Boston: Birkhauser, 1990:329-43.
39. Bonhaus DW, McNamara JO. Anticonvulsant action of intranigral γ-vinyl-GABA: role of noradrenergic neurotransmission. Brain Res 1988;438:89-95.
40. Zhang H, Rosenberg HC, Tietz EI. Anticonvulsant actions and interaction of GABA agonists and a benzodiazepine in pars reticulata of substantia nigra. Epilepsy Res 1991;8:11-20.
41. Moshé SL, Brown LL, Kubovâ H, et al. Maturation and segregation of brain networks that modify seizures. Brain Res 1994;665:141-6.
42. Fan XD, Zhang X, Yu PH, et al. Induction of preconvulsive behavior and Fos expression by dopamine-induced nigral lesion in the rat. Brain Res 1997;751:31-6.
43. Shehab S, Simkins M, Dean P, et al. Regional distribution of the anticonvulsant and behavioural effects of muscimol injected into the substantia nigra of rats. Eur J Neurosci 1996;8:749-57.
44. Thompson K, Anantharam V, Behrstock S, et al. Conditionally immortalized cell lines, engineered to produce and release GABA, modulate the development of behavioral seizures. Exp Neurol 2000;161:481-9.
45. James TA, Starr MS. The role of GABA in the substantia nigra. Nature 1978;275:229-30.
46. Arnt J, Scheel-Kruger J. GABAergic and glycinergic mechanisms within substantia nigra: pharmacological specificity of dopamine-independent contralateral turning behavior an interactions with other neurotransmitters. Psychopharmacology 1979;62:267-77.
47. Velísková J, Löscher W, Moshé SL. Regional and age specific effects of zolpidem microinfusions in the substantia nigra on seizures. Epilepsy Res 1998;30:107-14.
48. Velísková J, Velísek L, Nunes M, et al. Developmental regulation of regional functionality of substantia nigra GABAA receptors involved in seizures. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;309:167-73.
49. Levitan ES, Schofield PR, Burt DR, et al. Structural and functional basis for GABAA receptor heterogeneity. Nature 1988;335:76-9.
50. Puia G, Vicini S, Seeburg PH, et al. Influence of recombinant γ-aminobutyric acidA receptor subunit composition on the action of allosteric modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid-gated Cl- currents. Mol Pharmacol 1991;39:691-6.
51. Barnard EA, Darlison MG, Seeburg P. Molecular biology of the GABAA receptor: the receptor/channel superfamily. TINS 1987;10:502-9.
52. Vicini S, Ferguson C, Prybylowski K, et al. GABAA receptor alpha1 subunit deletion prevents developmental changes of inhibitory synaptic currents in cerebellar neurons. J Neurosci 2001;21:3009-16.
53. Velískova J, Kubová H, Friedman LK, et al. The expression of GABAA receptor subunits in the substantia nigra is developmentally regulated and region-specific. Ital J Neurol Sci 1998;19:205-10.
54. Nicholson LFB, Faull RLM, Waldvogel HJ, et al. The regional, cellular and subcellular localization of GABAA/benzodiazepine receptors in the substantia nigra of the rat. Neuroscience 1992;50:355-70.
55. Schwarzer C, Berresheim U, Pirker S, et al. Distribution of the major gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor subunits in the basal ganglia and associated limbic brain areas of the adult rat. J Comp Neurol 2001;433:526-49.
56. Ben-Ari Y, Khazipov R, Leinekugel X, et al. GABAA, NMDA and AMPA receptors: a developmentally regulated "ménage à trois." TINS 1997;20:523-9.
57. Cherubini E, Gaiarsa JL, Ben-Ari Y. GABA: an excitatory transmit-ter in early postnatal life. TINS 1991;14:515-9.
58. Cherubini E, Rovira C, Gaiarsa JL, et al. GABA mediated excitation in immature rat CA3 hippocampal neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci 1990;8:481-90.
59. Michelson HB, Wong RKS. Excitatory synaptic responses mediated by GABA(A) receptors in the hippocampus. Science 1991;253:1420-3.
60. Alger BE, Nicoll RA. Pharmacological evidence for two kinds of GABA receptors on rat hippocampal pyramidal cells studies in vitro. J Physiol 1982;328:125-41.
61. Staley KJ, Soldo BL, Proctor WR. Ionic mechanism of neuronal excitation by inhibitory GABAA receptors. Science 1995;269:977-81.
62. Barnard E.A. The molecular biology of GABAA receptors and their structural determinants. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol 1995;48:1-16.
63. Bernard C, Cossart R, Hirsch JC, et al. What is GABAergic inhibition How is it modified in epilepsy Epilepsia 2000;41:S90-5.
64. Garant DS, Xu SG, Sperber EF, et al. Age-related differences in the effects of GABAA agonists microinjected into rat substantia nigra: pro- and anticonvulsant actions. Epilepsia 1995;36:960-5.
65. Rivera C, Voipio J, Payne JA, et al. The K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2 renders GABA hyperpolarizing during neuronal maturation. Nature 1999;397:251-5.
66. Lu J, Karadsheh M, Delpire E. Developmental regulation of the neuronal-specific isoform of K-Cl cotransporter KCC2 in postnatal rat brains. J Neurobiol 1999;39:558-68.
67. Galanopoulou AS, Kyrozis A, Claudio OI, et al. Sex-specific KCC2 expression and GABA(A) receptor function in rat substantia nigra. Exp Neurol 2003;183:628-37.
68. Claudio OI, Kyrozis A, Moshé SL. Muscimol depolarizes male and hyperpolarizes female substantia nigra pars reticulata neurons. Epilepsia 2001;42:12.
69. Velísková J, Moshé SL. Sexual dimorphism and developmental regulation of substantia nigra function. Ann Neurol 2001;50:596-601.
70. McEwen BS. Permanence of brain sex differences and structural plasticity of the adult brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:7128-30.
71. Pfaff DW. Morphological changes in the brains of adult male rats after neonatal castration. J Endocrinol 1966;6:415-6.
72. Jost A. Problems of fetal endocrinology: the gonadal and hypophyseal hormones. Recent Progr Horm Res 1953;8:379-418.
73. Weisz J, Ward IL. Plasma testosterone and progesterone titers of pregnant rats, their male and female fetuses, and neonatal offspring. Endocrinology 1980;106:306-16.
74. Nicoletti F, Patti F, Ferrara N, et al. Comparative effects of estrogens and prolactin on nigral and striatal GAD activity. Brain Res 1982;232:238-41.
75. Ravizza T, Friedman LK, Moshé SL, et al. Sex differences in GABA(A)ergic system in rat substantia nigra pars reticulata. Int J Dev Neurosci 2003;21:245-54.
76. Gorski RA. Sexual differentiation of brain structure in rodents. In: Sergio Mea, ed. Sexual differentiation: basic and clinical aspects. New York: Raven Press, 1984:65-77.
77. George FW, Ojeda SR. Changes in aromatase activity in the rat brain during embryonic, neonatal, and infantile development. Endocrinology 1982;111:522-9.
78. George FW, Wilson JD. Sex determination and differentiation. In: Nobil E, Neill J, eds. The physiology of reproduction. New York: Raven Press, 1994:3-28.
79. McCarthy MM, Albrecht EA. Steroid regulation of sexual behavior. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1996;7:324-6.
80. Lauber ME, Lichtensteiger W. Pre- and postnatal ontogeny of aromatase cytochrome P450 messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the male rat brain studied by in situ hybridization. Endocrinology 1994;135:1661-8.
81. Ravizza T, Galanopoulou AS, Velískovǎ J, et al. Sex differences in androgen and estrogen receptor expression in rat substantia nigra during development: an immunohistochemical study. Neuroscience 2002;115:685-96.
82. Ravizza T, Velísková J, Moshé SL, et al. Testosterone regulates androgen and estrogen receptor immunoreactivity in rat substantia nigra pars reticulata. Neurosci Lett 2003;338:57-61.
83. NINDS. Curing Epilepsy: focus on the future, White House-initiated conference: Benchmarks for Epilepsy Research. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/ about_ninds/epilepsybenchmarks.htm, January 30, 2001.
84. Morrell MJ. Maximizing the health in women with epilepsy: science and ethics in new drug development. Epilepsia 1997;38(suppl 4):S32-41.
85. Sperber EF, Wurpel JND, Moshé SL. Evidence for the involvement of nigral GABAB receptors in seizures in rat pups. Dev Brain Res 1989;47:143-6.
86. Velísek L, Velísková J, Ptachewich Y, et al. Age-dependent effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid agents on flurothyl seizures. Epilepsia 1995;36:636-43.
87. Wurpel JND, Sperber EF, Moshé SL. Baclofen inhibits amygdala kindling in immature rats. Epilepsy Res 1990;5:1-7.
88. Paxinos G, Watson C. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. New York: Academic Press, 1988.