How describing autobiographical events can affect autobiographical memories

Social Cognition

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 2004, Pages 555-590

  Skowronski, John J ^a   Walker, W Richard ^b  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WINSTON SALEM STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 10444270994     PISSN: 0278016X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1521/soco.22.5.555.50764     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Anderson, S.J., & Conway, M.A. (1993). Investigating the structure of autobiographical memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 19, 1178-1196.
2. Bahrick, H.P., Hall, L.K., & Berger, S.A. (1996). Accuracy and distortion in memory for high school grades. Psychological Sciences, 7, 265-271.
3. Barclay, C.R. (1996). Autobiographical remembering: Narrative constraints on objectified selves. In D.C. Rubin (Ed)., Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 94-125). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
4. Bartlett, F.C. (1923). Psychology and primitive culture. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
5. Bartlett, F.C. (1932). Remembering: A study in experimental and social psychology. New York: Macmillan.
6. Bergman, E.T., & Roediger, H.L., III. (1999) Can Bartlett's repeated reproduction experiments be replicated? Memory & Cognition, 27, 937-947.
7. Betz, A.L., & Skowronski, J.J. (1997). Self-events and other-events: Temporal dating and event memory. Memory and Cognition, 25, 701-714.
8. Betz, A.L., Skowronski, J.J., & Ostrom, T.M. (1996). Shared realities: Social influence and stimulus memory. Social Cognition, 14, 113-140.
9. Bluck, S. Alea, N., Habermas, T., & Rubin, D.C. (in press). A TALE of three functions: Self-reported uses of autobiographical memory. Social Cognition.
10. Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is autobiographical memory? In D. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 25-49). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
11. Brewer, W. F. (1988). Memory for randomly sampled autobiographical events. In U. Neisser & E. Winograd (Eds.), Remembering reconsidered: Ecological and traditional approaches to the study of memory (pp. 21-90). New York: Cambridge University Press.
12. Brewer, W. F. (1996). What is recollective memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 19-66). Cambridge, : Cambridge University Press.
13. Brown, N.R., & Schopflocher, D. (1998). Event clusters: An organization of personal events in autobiographical memory. Psychological Science, 9, 470-475.
14. Burt, C.D.B., Watt, S.C., Mitchell, D.A., & Conway, M. A. (1998). Retrieving the sequence of autobiographical event components. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12, 321-338.
15. Cason, H. (1932). The learning and retention of pleasant and unpleasant activities. Archives of Psychology, 134, 1-96.
16. Ceci, S. J., & Loftus, E. F. (1994). Memory work: The royal road to false memories? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 8, 351-364.
17. Clark, H. H. (1996). Using language. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
18. Clark, H. H., & Schober, M. F. (1992). Asking questions and influencing answers. In J. M. Tanur (Ed.), Questions about questions: Inquiries into the cognitive bases of surveys. New York: Russell Sage.
19. Colegrove, F. W. (1983/1899). The day they heard about Lincoln. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Memory observed: Remembering in natural contexts (pp. 41-42). New York: W. H. Freeman.
20. Conway, M.A. (1990). Autobiographical memory: An introduction. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press.
21. Conway, M. A. (1996). Autobiographical memories and autobiographical knowledge. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 67-93). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
22. Conway, M.A. (Ed). (1997). Recovered memories and false memories. New York: Oxford University Press.
23. Conway, M.A., & Bekerian, D.A. (1987). Organization in autobiographical memory. Memory and Cognition, (15)1, 145-191.
24. Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261-288.
25. Dodson, C.S., Johnson, M.K., & Schooler, J.W. (1997). The verbal overshadowing effect: Source confusion or strategy shift? Memory & Cognition, 25, 129-139.
26. Dritschel, B.H. (1991). Autobiographical memory in natural discourse: A methodological note. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 5, 319-330.
27. Durkheim, E. (1895/1982). The rules of sociological method. London: Macmillian Press.
28. Eagly, A.H., Kulesa, P., Brannon, L.A., Shaw, K., & Hutson-Comeaux, S. (2000). Why counterattitudinal messages are as memorable as proattitudinal messages: The importance of active defense against attack. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1392-1408.
29. Fivush, R. (1998). Gendered narratives: Elaboration, structure, and emotion in parent-child reminiscing across the preschool years. In C.P. Thompson, D.J. Herrmann, D. Bruce, J.D. Read, D.G. Payne, & M. Toglia (Eds.), Autobiographical memory: Theoretical and applied perspectives (pp. 79-104). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
30. Ford, T.E., & Stangor, C. (1992). The role of diagnosticity in stereotype formation: Perceiving group means and variances. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 356-367.
31. Greenwald, A.G. (1980). The totalitarian ego: The fabrication and revision of personal history. American Psychologist, 35, 603-618.
32. Grice, H.P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole & J.L. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and semantics 3: Speech acts. New York: Academic Press.
33. Halbwachs, M. (1951/1980). The collective memory. New York: Harper & Row.
34. Hartup, W. W., & Stevens, N. (1997). Friendship and adaptation in the life course. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 355-370.
35. Higgins, E.T. (1992). Achieving "shared reality" in the communication game: A social action that creates meaning. Journal of Language & Social Psychology, 11, 107-131.
36. Hinsz, V.B. (1990). Cognitive and consensus processes in group recognition memory performance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 5, 705-718.
37. Hirst, W., & Manier, D. (1996). Remembering as communication: A family recounts its past. In D.C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 271-290). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
38. Hirst, W., Manier, D., & Apetroaia, I. (1997). The social construction of the remembered self: Family recounting. In J.G. Snodgrass & R.L. Thompson, (Eds.), The self across psychology: Self-recognition, self-awareness, and the self concept. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 818, pp. 163-188). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
39. Hoffman, H.G., Granhag, P.A., Kwong See, S.T., & Loftus, E. F. (2001). Social influences on reality-monitoring decisions. Memory & Cognition, 29, 394-404.
40. Hollingshead, A.B. (1998). Communication, learning, and retrieval in transactive memory systems. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 34, 423-442.
41. Hollingshead, A.B. (2001). Cognitive interdependence and convergent expectations in transactive memory. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 81, 1080-1089.
42. Holmes, D. S. (1970). Differential change in affective intensity and the forgetting of unpleasant personal experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 234-239.
43. Huttenlocher, J., Hedges, L.V., & Prohaska, V. (1992). Memory for day of the week: A 5 + 2 day cycle. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 121, 313-325.
44. Johnson, M.K. (1988). Reality monitoring: An experimental phenomenological approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 390-394.
45. Jones, E.E., & Davis, K.E. (1965). From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 219-266). New York: Academic Press.
46. Kolanczyk, A. (2001). The role of affect and attention in preconscious and conscious processing. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 32, 27-37.
47. Krauss, R.M., & Fussell, S.R. (1991). Perspective-taking in communication: Representations of others' knowledge in reference. Social Cognition, 9, 2-24.
48. Kraut, R.E., Lewis, S.H., & Swezy, L.W. (1982). Listener responsiveness and the coordination of conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 718-731.
49. Leary, M.R. (1995). Self-presentation: Impression management and interpersonal behavior. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
50. Leichtman, M.D., Wang,Q., & Pillemer, D. (2003). Cultural variations in interdepedence and autobiographical memory: Lessons from Korea, China, India, and the United States. In R. Fivush, & C.A. Haden (Eds.), Autobiographical memory and the construction of the narrative self: Developmental and cultural perspectives (pp. 73-98). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
51. Linton, M. (1986). Ways of searching and the contents of memory. In D.C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 50-67). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
52. Loftus, E.F. (1975). Leading questions and the eyewitness report. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 560-572.
53. Loftus, E.F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537.
54. Loftus, E.F., & Loftus, G. R. (1980). On the permanence of stored information in the human brain. American Psychologist, 35, 409-420.
55. Mazzoni, G. A.L., Loftus, E. F., & Kirsch, I. (2001). Changing beliefs about implausible autobiographical events: A little plausibility goes a long way. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 7, 51-59.
56. McAdams, D.P. (1993). Stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self. New York: Morrow.
57. McAdams, D.P. (2001). The psychology of life stories. Review of General Psychology, 5, 100-122.
58. McCann, C. D., & Higgins, E. T. (1990). Social cognition and communication. In H. Giles & W. P. Robinson (Eds.), Handbook of language and social psychology (pp. 13-32). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
59. McDermott, K.B., & Roediger, H.L. (1998). Attempting to avoid illusory memories: Robust false recognition of associates persists under conditions of explicit warnings and immediate testing. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 508-520.
60. Mead, G.H. (1934). Mind, self and society from the standpoint of a social behaviourist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61. Middleton, D., & Edwards, D. (Eds.) (1990). Collective remembering: Inquiries in social construction. London: Sage Publications.
62. Middleton, D., & Edwards, D. (1990). Introduction. In D. Middleton & D. Edwards (Eds.), Collective remembering: Inquiries in social construction (pp. 1-22). London: Sage Publications.
63. Nadel, L., & Jacobs, W. J. (1998). Traumatic memory is special. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 154-157.
64. Neisser, U. (1978). Memory: What are the important questions? In M. M. Gruneberg, P.E. Morris, & R. N. Sykes (Eds.), Practical aspects of memory (pp. 3-14). London: Academic Press.
65. Neisser, U. (1981). John Dean's memory: A case study. Cognition, 9, 1-22.
66. Nelson, K., & Fivush, R. (2000). Socialization of memory. In E. Tulving, & F.I.M. Craik (Eds), The Oxford handbook of memory (pp. 283-295). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
67. Niederhoffer, K.G., & Pennebaker, J.W. (2002). Linguistic style matching in social interaction. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 21, 337-360.
68. Pasupathi, M. (2001). The social construction of the personal past and its implications for adult development. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 651-672.
69. Pennebaker, J.W. (1997a). Opening up: The healing power of expressing emotions. New York: Guilford Press.
70. Pennebaker, J. W. (1997b). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science, 8, 162-166.
71. Pennebaker, J.W., & Harber, K.D. (1993). A social stage model of collective coping: The Loma Prieta earthquake and the Persian Gulf War. Journal of Social Issues, 49, 125-145.
72. Pushkar, D., Basevitz, P., Arbuckle, T., Nohara-LeClair, M., Lapidus, S., & Peled, M. (2000). Social behavior and off-target verbosity in elderly people. Psychology and Aging, 15, 361-374.
73. Reese, E. (2002). Social factors in the development of autobiographical memory: The state of the art. Social Development, 11, 124-142.
74. Roediger, H.L., & McDermott, K.B. (1995). Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 21, 803-814.
75. Roediger, H. L., III, Meade, M.L., & Bergman, E.T. (2001). Social contagion of memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8, 365-371.
76. Rook, K. S. (1984). The negative side of social interaction: Impact on psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1156-1166.
77. Ross, M., McFarland, C., & Fletcher, G.J. (1981). The effect of attitude on recall of personal histories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 627-634.
78. Ross, M., & Wilson, A.E. (2002). It feels like yesterday: Self-esteem, valence of personal past experiences, and judgments of subjective distance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 82, 792-803.
79. Rubin, D.C., & Schulkind, M.D. (1997) The distribution of autobiographical memories across the lifespan. Memory & Cognition, 25, 859-866.
80. Ruscher, J. B., & Hammer, E.D. (1994). Revising disrupted impressions through conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 530-541.
81. Russell, A.W., & Schober, M.F. (1999). How beliefs about a partner's goals affect referring in goal-discrepant conversations. Discourse Processes, 27, 1-33.
82. Sherman, J.W. (1996). Development and mental representation of stereotypes. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 70, 1126-1141.
83. Shimamura, A.P., Janowsky, J.S., & Squire, L.R. (1990). Memory for temporal order of events in patients with frontal lobe and amnesiac lesions. Neuropsychologica, 28, 803-813.
84. Singer, J.A., & Bluck, S. (2001). New perspectives on autobiographical memory: The integration of narrative processing and autobiographical reasoning. Review of General Psychology, 5, 91-99.
85. Skowronski, J.J., Betz, A.L., Thompson, C.P., & Shannon, L. (1991). Social memory in everyday life: Recall of self-events and other-events. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60, 831-843.
86. Skowronski, J.J., Gibbons, J.A., Vogl, R.J., & Walker, W.R. (in press). Relations be-tween social discourse and the intensity of affect provoked by autobiographical memories. Self & Identity.
87. Skowronski, J.J., & Thompson, C.P. (1990). Reconstructing the dates of personal events: Gender differences in accuracy. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 4, 371-381.
88. Skowronski, J.J., Walker, W.R., & Betz, A.L. (2003). Ordering our world: An examination of time in autobiographical memory. Memory, 11, 247-260.
89. Skowronski, J.J., Walker, W.R., & Betz, A.L. (2004). Who was I when that happened? The timekeeping self in autobiographical memory. In D.R. Beike, J.M. Lampien, & D.A. Behrand (Eds.). The self and memory (pp. 183-206). New York: Psychology Press.
90. Sperber, D. & Wilson, D. (1986). Relevance: Communication and Cognition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
91. Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: The mobilization-minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 67-85.
92. Thompson, C.P. (1982). Memory for unique personal events: The roommate study. Memory & Cognition, 10, 324-332.
93. Thompson, C.P., Skowronski, J.J., & Betz, A.L. (1993). The use of partial temporal information in dating personal events. Memory & Cognition, 21, 352-360.
94. Thompson, C. P., Skowronski, J.J., Larsen, S. F., & Betz, A.L. (1996). Autobiographical memory: Remembering what and remembering when. New York: Erlbaum.
95. Tindale, R.S., & Sheffey, S. (2002). Shared information, cognitive load, and group memory. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 5, 5-18.
96. Underwood, B. J. (1977). Temporal codes for memories: Issues and problems. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
97. Vogl, R.J. (2001). Memory for lies. Paper presented at the 2001 meeting of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, Kingston, ON.
98. Vygotsky, L.S. (1962). Thought and language. New York: Wiley.
99. Wagenaar, W. A. (1986). My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 225-252.
100. Waldfogel, S. (1948). The frequency and affective character of childhood memories. Psychological Monographs, 62, Whole No. 291.
101. Walker, W.R., Skowronski, J.J., Gibbons, J.A., & Vogl, R.J. (2004). Why people rehearse their memories: Frequency of use and effects on the intensity of emotions associated with autobiographical memories. Manuscript submitted for publication.
102. Walker, W. R., Skowronski, J. J., Gibbons, J. A., Vogl, R. J., & Thompson, C. P. (in press). On the emotions that accompany autobiographical memories: Dysphoria disrupts the fading affect bias. Cognition and Emotion.
103. Walker, W.R., Skowronski, J.J., & Thompson, C.P. (2003). Life is pleasant and memory makes it better! Review of General Psychology, 7, 203-210.
104. Walker, W. R., Vogl, R. J., & Thompson, C. P. (1997). Autobiographical memory: Unpleasantness fades faster than pleasantness over time. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 11, 399-413.
105. Wang, Q. (2001). Culture effects on adults' earliest childhood recollection and self-description: Implications for the relation between memory and the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 220-233.
106. Wegner, D.M., Erber, R., & Raymond, P. (1991). Transactive memory in close relationships. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 61, 923-929.
107. White, C.H., & Burgoon, J.K. (2001). Adaptation and communicative design: Patterns of interaction in truthful and deceptive interactions. Human Communication Research, 27, 9-37.
108. Woike, B., Gershkovich, I., Piorkowski, R., & Polo, M. (1999). The role of motives in the content and structure of autobiographical memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 600-612.
109. Woike, B., Lavezzary, E., & Barsky, J. (2001). The influence of implicit motives on memory processes. Journal of Personality Psychology, 81, 935-945.
110. Woll, S. (2002). Everyday thinking: Memory, reasoning and judgment in the real world. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
111. Ybarra, O., Stephan, W. G., & Schaberg, L. (2000). Misanthropic memory for the behavior of group members. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1515-1525.
112. Zaragoza, M.S., & Koshmider, J.W. (1989). Misled subjects may know more than their performance implies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 15, 246-255.