Pediatric spinal cord injury

Neurosurgery Quarterly

Volumn 14, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 184-197

  Di Martino, Alberto ^a   Madigan, Luke ^b   Silber, Jeff S ^c   Vaccaro, Alexander R ^b,d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY CAMPUS BIO MEDICO   (Italy)

^b THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LONG ISLAND JEWISH MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^d ROTHMAN INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Injury; Management; Pediatric; Spinal cord; Vertebral fracture

Indexed keywords

AGE DISTRIBUTION; BIOMECHANICS; CERVICAL SPINE; CHILD ABUSE; HUMAN; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD INJURY; THORACOLUMBAR SPINE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; X RAY;

EID: 10044294003     PISSN: 10506438     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00013414-200412000-00002     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Cramer KE. The pediatric polytrauma patient. Clin Orthop. 1995;318:125-135.
2. Kokoska ER, Keller MS, Rallo MC, et al. Characteristics of pediatric cervical spine injuries. J Pediatr Surg. 2001;36:100-105.
3. Vaccaro AR, Pizzutillo PD. Management of pediatric spinal cord injury patients. In: Levine AM, Eismont FJ, Garfin SR, et al, eds. Spine Trauma. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1998:544-559.
4. Haffner DL, Hoffer MM, Wiedbusch R. Etiology of children's spinal injuries at Ranches Los Amigos. Spine. 1993;18:679-684.
5. Ghatan S, Ellenbogen RG. Pediatric spine and spinal cord injury after inflicted trauma. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2002;13:227-233.
6. Crawford AH. Operative treatment of spine fractures in children. Orthop Clin N Am. 1990;21:325-339.
7. Durkin MS, Olsen S, Barlow B, et al. The epidemiology of urban pediatric neurologic trauma: evaluation of, and implications for, injury prevention programs. Neurosurgery. 1998;42:300-310.
8. Finch GD, Barnes MJ. Major cervical spine injuries in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop. 1998;18:811-814.
9. Kalfas I, Wilberger J, Goldberg A, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in acute spinal cord trauma. Neurosurgery. 1988;23:295-299.
10. McGrory BJ, Klassen RA, Chao EY, et al. Acute fractures and dislocations of the cervical spine in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75:988-995.
11. Osenbach RK, Menezes AH. Pediatric spinal cord and vertebral column injury. Neurosurgery. 1992;30:385-390.
12. Hamilton MG, Myles T. Pediatric spinal injury: review of 174 hospital admissions. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:700-704.
13. Hamilton MG, Myles T. Pediatric spinal injury: review of 61 deaths. J Neurosurg. 1992;77:705-708.
14. Abroms IF, Bresnan MJ, Zuckerman JB, et al. Cervical cord injuries secondary to hyperextension of the head in breech presentations. Obstet Gynecol. 1973;41:369-378.
15. Allen JP, Meyers GG, Condon VR. Laceration of the spinal cord related to breech delivery. JAMA. 1969;208:1019-1022.
16. Bresnan MJ, Abroms IF. Neonatal spinal cord transaction secondary to intrauterine hyperextension of the neck in breech presentation. J Pediatr. 1974;84:734-737.
17. Proctor MR. Spinal cord injury. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(Suppl 11):S489-S499.
18. Eleraky MA, Theodore N, Adams M, et al. Pediatric cervical spine injuries: report of 102 cases and review of the literature. J Neurosurg. 2000;92(Suppl 1):12-17.
19. Akbarnia BA. Pediatric spine fractures. Orthop Clin N Am. 1999;30:521-536.
20. Rekate HL, Theodore N, Sonntag VK, et al. Pediatric spine and spinal cord trauma. State of the art for the third millennium. Childs Nerv Syst. 1999;15:743-750.
21. Clark P, Letts M. Trauma to the thoracic and lumbar spine in the adolescent. Can J Surg. 2001;44:337-345.
22. Lustrin ES, Karakas SP, Ortiz AO, et al. Pediatric cervical spine: normal anatomy, variants, and trauma. Radiographics. 2003;23:539-560.
23. Aufdermaur M. Spinal injuries in juveniles. Necropsy findings in twelve cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56:513-519.
24. Lawson JP, Ogden JA, Buchoiz RW, et al. Physeal injuries of the cervical spine. J Pediatr Orthop. 1987;7:428-435.
25. Caffey J. The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash induced intracranial and intraocular bleeding, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation. Pediatrics. 1974;54:396-403.
26. Herzenberg JE, Hensinger RN, Dedrick DK, et al. Emergency transport and positioning of youth children who have an injury of the cervical spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:15-22.
27. Dormans JP. Evaluation of children with suspected cervical spine injury. Instr Course Lect. 2002;51:401-410.
28. Sneed RC, Stover SL. Undiagnosed spinal cord injuries in brain-injured children. Am J Dis Child. 1988;142:965-967.
29. Chiles BW III, Cooper PR. Acute spinal injury. N Engl J Med. 1996;334:514-520.
30. Luerssen TG. Neurological injuries in infants and children: an overview of current management strategies. Clin Neurosurg. 2000;46:170-184.
31. Viccellio P, Simon H, Pressman BD, et al. A prospective multicenter study of cervical spine injury in children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:E20.
32. Hadley MN, Walters BC, Grabb PA, et al. Guidelines for management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 2002;49:407-498.
33. Sledge JB, Allred D, Hyman J. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating injuries to the pediatric thoracolumbar spine. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21:288-293.
34. Felsberg GJ, Tien RD, Osumi AK, et al. Utility of MR imaging in pediatric spinal cord injury. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25:131-135.
35. Dare AO, Dias MS, Li V. Magnetic resonance imaging correlation in pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality. J Neurosurg. 2002;97(Suppl 1):33-39.
36. Bosch PP, Vogt MT, Ward WT. Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality (SCIWORA): the absence of occult instability and lack of indication for bracing. Spine. 2002;27:2788-2800.
37. Hallock H, Francis KC, Jones J. Spine fusion in young children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1957;39:481-491.
38. McGrory BJ, Klassen RA. Arthrodesis of the cervical spine for fractures and dislocations in children and adolescents. A long-term follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1994;76:1606-1616.
39. Dormans JP, Criscitiello AA, Drammond DS, et al. Complications in children managed with immobilization in a halo vest. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995;77:1370-1373.
40. Buchoiz RW, Burkhead WZ, Graham W, et al. Occult cervical spine injuries in fatal traffic accidents. J Trauma. 1979;19:768-771.
41. Buchoiz RW, Burkhead WZ. The pathological anatomy of fatal atlantooccipital dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:248-250.
42. Powers B, Miller MD, Kramer RS, et al. Traumatic anterior atlantooccipital dislocation. Neurosurgery. 1979;4:12-17.
43. Sun PP, Poffenbarger GJ, Durham S, et al. Spectrum of occipitoatlantoaxial injury in young children. J Neurosurg Spine. 2000;93:28-39.
44. Houle P, McDonnell DE, Vender J. Traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation in children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2001;34:193-197.
45. Kenter K, Worley G, Griffin T, et al. Pediatric traumatic atlanto-occipital dislocation: five cases and a review. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001;21:585-589.
46. Schultz KD, Petronio J, Haid RW, et al. Pediatric occipitocervical arthrodesis. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2000;33:169-181.
47. Price AE. Unique aspects of pediatric spine injuries In: Errico TJ, Bauer RD, Waugh TR, eds. Spine Trauma. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1991:581-625.
48. Odent T, Langlais J, Glorion C, et al. Fractures of the odontoid process: a report of 15 cases in children younger than 6 years. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999;19:51-54.
49. Hukuda S, Ota H, Okabe N. et al. Traumatic atlantoaxial dislocation causing os odontoideum in infants. Spine. 1980;5:207-210.
50. Swischuk LE. Anterior displacement of C2 in children: physiologic or pathologic. Radiology. 1977;122:759-763.
51. Lebwohl NH, Eismont FJ. Cervical spine injuries in children. In: Weinstein SL, ed. The Pediatric Spine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:553-568.
52. Fielding JW, Hawkins RJ. Atlanto-axial rotatory fixation. (Fixed rotatory subluxation of the atlanto-axial joint). J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1977;59:37-44.
53. Phillips WA, Hensinger RN. The management of rotatory atlanto-axial subluxation in children. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1989;71:664-668.
54. Evans DL, Bethem D. Cervical spine injuries in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9:563-568.
55. Dubousset J, Herring JA, Shufflebarger H. The crankshaft phenomenon. J Pediatr Orthop. 1989;9:541-550.
56. Hubbard DD. Injuries of the spine in children and adolescents. Clin Orthop. 1974;100:56-65.
57. McPhee IB. Spinal fractures and dislocations in children and adolescents. Spine. 1981;6:533-537.
58. Horal J, Nachemson A, Scheller S. Clinical and radiological long term follow-up of vertebral fractures in children. Acta Orthop Scand. 1972;43:491-503.
59. Johnson DL, Falci S. The diagnosis and treatment of pediatric lumbar spine injuries caused by rear seat lap belts. Neurosurgery. 1990;26:434-441.
60. Lalonde F, Lets M, Yang JP, et al. An analysis of burst fractures of the spine in adolescents. Am J Orthop. 2001;30:115-120.
61. Pang D, Pollack IF. Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality in children - the SCIWORA syndrome. J Trauma. 1989;29:654-664.
62. Pang D, Wilberger JB. Spinal cord injury without abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg. 1982;57:114-129.
63. Renshaw TS. Spinal cord injury and posttraumatic deformities. In: Weinstein SL, ed. The Pediatric Spine: Principles and Practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001:585-600.
64. Crothers B. The effect of breech extraction upon the central nervous system of the fetus. Med Clin N Am. 1922;5:1287-1304.
65. Dickman CA, Zabramski JM, Hadley MN, et al. Pediatric spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities; report of 26 cases and review of the literature. J Spinal Disord. 1991;4:296-305.
66. Pollack IF, Pang D, Sclabassi R. Recurrent spinal cord injury without radiographie abnormalities in children. J Neurosurg. 1988;69:177-182.
67. Vogel LC. Unique management needs of pediatric spinal cord injury patients: etiology and pathophysiology. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997;20:10-13.
68. Vaccaro AR, Kim DH, Brodke DS, et al. Diagnosis and management of thoracolumbar spine fractures. Instr Course Lect. 2004;53:359-373.
69. Betz RR. Unique management needs of pediatric spinal cord injury patients: orthopaedic problems in the child with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997;20:14-16.
70. Dearolf WW III, Betz RR, Vogel LC, et al. Scoliosis in pediatric spinal cord-injured patients. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990;10:214-218.
71. Mayfield JK, Erkkila JC, Winter RB. Spine deformity subsequent to acquired childhood spinal cord injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1981;63:1401-1411.
72. Bergstrom EM, Henderson NJ, Short DJ, et al. The relation of thoracic and lumbar fracture configuration to the development of late deformity in childhood spinal cord injury. Spine. 2003;28:171-176.
73. Parisini P, Di Silvestre M, Greggi T. Treatment of spinal fractures in children and adolescents: long-term results in 44 patients. Spine. 2002;27:1989-1994.
74. Vaccaro AR, Silber JS. Post-traumatic spinal deformity. Spine. 2001;26(Suppl):S111-S118.
75. Vogel LC. Unique management needs of pediatric spinal cord injury patients: medical issues. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997;20:17-20.
76. Ditunno JF, Jr, Formal CS. Chronic spinal cord injury. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:550-556.
77. Vogel LC, Krajci KA, Anderson CJ. Adults with pediatric-onset spinal cord injury: part 2: musculoskeletal and neurological complications. J Spinal Cord Med. 2002;25:117-123.