Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-successes, controversies and critical questions

AIDS Reviews

Volumn 6, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 131-143

  Abrams, Elaine J ^a  

^a Columbia University ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

HIV 1; Mother to child transmission; Nevirapine; Prevention; Vertical transmission

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; DIDANOSINE; EFAVIRENZ; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS VACCINE; LAMIVUDINE; LOPINAVIR PLUS RITONAVIR; NEVIRAPINE; PLACEBO; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; ZIDOVUDINE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ADULT; CHILD; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTRACEPTION; CULTURAL FACTOR; DIARRHEA; DRUG ABSORPTION; DRUG DESIGN; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG HALF LIFE; FAMILY HEALTH; FAMILY PLANNING; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE SYSTEM; HEALTH PROGRAM; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; LIVER TOXICITY; MULTIPLE PREGNANCY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT COUNSELING; PERINATAL PERIOD; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREGNANCY; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; TERATOGENICITY; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HIV-1; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MUTATION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS, INFECTIOUS; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 10044260909     PISSN: 11396121     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Connor E, Sperling R, Gelber R, et al. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of HIV type 1 with zidovudine treatment. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Public Health Service recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus counseling and voluntary testing for pregnant women. MMWR 1995;44:1-15.
3. Public Health Service Task Force. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant HIV-1-infected women for maternal health and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States (http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov). June 23, 2004.
4. Cooper E, Charurat M, Mofenson L, et al. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2002;29:484-9.
5. Mayaux M, Teglas J, Blanche S, for the French Pediatric HIV Infection Study Group. Characteristics of HIV-Infected women who do not receive preventive antiretroviral therapy in the French perinatal cohort. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2003;34:338-43.
6. Guay L, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomized trial. Lancet 1999;354:795-802.
7. Jackson J, Becker-Pergola G, Guay L, et al. Identification of the K103N resistance mutation in Ugandan women receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission. AIDS 2000;14:111-5.
8. Chaix M, Montcho C, Ekouevi D, et al. Genotypic resistance analysis in women who received intrapartum nevirapine associated to a short course of zidovudine to prevent perinatal HIV-1 transmission: the Ditrame Plus ANRS 1201/02 Study, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, February 8-11, 2004 [abstract 657].
9. Cunningham C, Chaix V, Rekacewicz C, et al. Development of resistance mutations in women receiving standard antiretroviral therapy who received intrapartum NVP to prevent perinatal HIV type 1 transmission: a substudy of Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 316. J Infect Dis 2002;186:181-8.
10. Sullivan J. South African Intrapartum NVP Trial: selection of resistance mutations. XIV Int AIDS Conf. Barcelona, Spain, July 7-12, 2002 [abstract LbPeB9024].
11. Martinson N, Morris L, Gray G, et al. HIV Resistance and transmission following single-dose nevirapine in a PMTCT cohort. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, February 8-11, 2004 [abstract 38].
12. Kourtis A, Bulterys M, Nesheim R, Lee F. Understanding the timing of HIV transmission from mother to infant. JAMA 2001;285:709-12.
13. Nduati R, John G, Mbori-Ngacha D, et al. Effect of breastfeeding and formula feeding on transmission of HIV-1: a randomized clinical trail. JAMA 2000;283:1167-74.
14. Thomas P, Weedon J, Krasinski K, et al. Maternal predictors of perinatal human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13;489-95.
15. Garcia P, Kalish L, Pitt J, et al. Maternal levels of plasma HIV type 1 RNA and the risk of perinatal transmission. N Engl J Med 1999;341:394-402.
16. Katzenstein D, Mbizvo M, Zijenah L, et al. Serum level of maternal HIV-RNA, infant mortality and vertical transmission in HIV in Zimbawe. J Infect Dis 1999;179:1382-5.
17. Mofenson L, Lambert J, Stiehm R, et al. Risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV type 1 in women treated with zidovudine. N Engl J Med 1999;341:385-93.
18. Chuachoowong R, Shaffer N, Siriwasin W, et al. Short-course antenatal zidovudine reduces both cervicovaginal HIV type 1 RNA levels and risk of perinatal transmission. J Infect Dis 2000;181:99-105.
19. John G, Nduati R, Mbori-Ngacha A, et al. Correlates of mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission: association with maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, genital HIV-1 DNA shedding, and breast infections. J Infect Dis 2001;183:206-12.
20. The European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective caesarean section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomized clinical trial. Lancet 1999;353: 1035-9.
21. International Perinatal HIV Group, the mode of delivery and the risk of vertical transmission of HIV type 1: a meta-analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. N Engl J Med 1999;340:977-87.
22. Landesman S, Kalish L, Burns D, et al. Obstetrical factors and the transmission of HIV type 1 from mother to child. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1617-23.
23. Breast Feeding and HIV International Transmission Study Group. Late postnatal transmission of HIV-1 in breast-fed children: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2004;189:2154-66.
24. Rousseau C, Nduati R, Richardson B, et al. Longitudinal analysis of HIV type 1 RNA in breast milk and of its relationship to infant infection and maternal disease. J Infect Dis 2003;187:741-7.
25. Coutsoudis A, Pillay K, Kuhn L, et al., for the South African Vitamin A Study Group. Method of feeding and transmission of HIV-1 from mothers to children by 15 months of age: prospective cohort study from Durban, South Africa. AIDS 2001;15:379-87.
26. Polycarpou A, Ntais C, Korber B, et al. Association between maternal and infant class I and II HLA alleles and of their concordance with the risk of perinatal HIV type 1 transmission. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002;18:741-6.
27. Winchester R, Pitt J, Charurat M, et al. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: strong association with certain maternal HLA-B alleles independent of viral load implicates innate immune mechanisms. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2004:36:659-70.
28. Abrams E, Matheson P, Thomas P, et al. Neonatal predictors of infection status and early death among 332 infants al risk of HIV-1 infection monitored prospectively from birth. Pediatrics 1995;96:451-8.
29. Spencer L, Ogino M, Dankner W, Spector S. Clinical significance of HIV type 1 phenotype in infected children. J Infect Dis 1994:169:491-5.
30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service Task Force on the use of zidovudine to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV. MMWR 1994;43:1-19.
31. Palella F, Delaney K, Moorman A, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1998;338:853-60.
32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prenatal HIV testing and antiretroviral prophylaxis at an urban hospital - Atlanta, Georgia, 1997-2000. MMWR 2004;52:1245-8.
33. Peters V, Liu K, Dominguez K, et al. Missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention among HIV-exposed infants born 1996-2000. Pediatrics 2003;111:1186-91.
34. Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock P, et al. Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomized controlled trial. Lancet 1999;353:773-80.
35. Wiktor S, Ekpini E, Karon J, et al. Short-course oral zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomized trial. Lancet 1999;353:781-5.
36. Dabis F, Msellati P, Meda N, et al. 6-month efficacy, tolerance, and acceptability of a short regimen of oral zidovudine to reduce vertical transmission of HIV in breastfed children in Côte d'Ivoire and Burkina Faso: a double-blind placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Lancet 1999;353:786-92.
37. Ditrame ANRS 049 Study Group. 15-month efficacy of maternal oral zidovudine to decrease vertical transmission of HIV-1 in breastfed African children. Lancet 1999;354:2050-1
38. Leroy V, Karon J, Alioum A, et al. Twenty-four month efficacy of a maternal short-course zidovudine regimen to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in West Africa. AIDS 2002;16:631-41.
39. Leroy V, Karon J, Alioum A, et al. Postnatal transmission of HIV-1 after a maternal short-course zidovudine peripartum regimen in West Africa. AIDS 2003;17:1493-501.
40. Jackson J, Musoke P, Fleming T, et al. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala Uganda: 18 month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomized trial. Lancet 2003;362:859-68.
41. Ayouba A, Tene G, Cunin P, et al. Low rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 after nevirapine intervention in a pilot public health program in Yaounde, Cameroon. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2003;34:274-80.
42. Stringer E, Sinkala M, Stringer J, et al. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Africa: successes and challenges in scaling-up a nevirapine-based program in Lusaka, Zambia. AIDS 2003;17:1377-82.
43. Boehringer-Ingelheim. VIRAMMUNE Donation Programme for the Prevention of Mother-to-Child transmission of HIV-1 http://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/corporate/news/photo_mtct.htm).
44. Petra Study Team. Efficacy of three short-course regimens of zidovudine and lamivudine in preventing early and late transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child in Tanzania, South Africa, and Uganda (Petra study): a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;359:1178-86.
45. Moodley D, Moodley J, Coovadia H, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of nevirapine versus a combination of zidovudine and lamivudine to reduce intrapartum and early postpartum mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2003;187:725-35.
46. Dorenbaum A, Cunningham C, Gelber R, et al. Two-dose Intrapartum/newborn nevirapine and standard antiretroviral therapy to reduce perinatal HIV transmission: a randomized trial. JAMA 2002;288:189-98.
47. Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, et al. Single-dose perinatal nevirapine plus standard zidovudine to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Thailand. N Engl J Med 2004;351:217-28.
48. Dabis F, Bequet L, Rouet F, Horo A, Fassinou P. A short course of zidovudine + peripartum nevirapine is highly efficacious in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: the ARNS 1201 DITRAME Plus study. 10th Conference on Retrovirus and Opportunistic Infections Boston, MA, February 10-14, 2003 [abstract 854].
49. Dabis F, Rouet F, Bequet L, Viho I, Horo A. Effectiveness of a short course of zidovudine + lamivudine and peripartum nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission. The ANRS DITRAME Plus trial, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Antiviral Therapy 2003;8(Suppl 1): 236-7[abstract 219].
50. Wade N, Birkhead G, Warren B, et al. Abbreviated regimens of zidovudine prophylaxis and perinatal transmission of the HIV. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1409-14.
51. Taha E, Kumwenda N, Gibbons A, et al. Short post-exposure prophylaxis in newborn babies to reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1: NVAZ randomized clinical trial. Lancet 2003;362:1171-7.
52. Taha T, Kumwenda N, Hoover D, et al. Nevirapine and zidovudine at birth to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV in an African setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:202-9.
53. Vyankandondera J, Luchters S, Hassink E, et al. Reducing risk of HIV-1 transmission from mother to infant through breastfeeding using antiretroviral prophylaxis in infants (SIMBA-study). The 13th International Conference on AIDS & STIs in Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, September 21-26, 2003 [abstract 11061].
54. Fawzi W, Msamanga D, Huner D, et al. Randomized trial of vitamin supplements in relation to transmission of HIV-1 through breastfeeding and early child mortality. AIDS 2002;16:1935-44.
55. Coutsoudis A, Pillary K, Spooner E, Kuhn L, Coovadia H. Randomized trial testing the effect of vitamin A supplementation on pregnancy outcomes and early mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in Durban, South Africa. South African Vitamin A study Group. AIDS 1999;13:1517-24.
56. Biggar R, Miotti P, Taha T, et al. Perinatal Intervention trial in Africa: effect of a birth canal cleansing intervention to prevent HIV transmission. Lancet 1996;347:1647-50.
57. Gaillard P, Mwanyumba F, Verhofstede C, et al. Vaginal lavage with chlorhexidine during labor to reduce mother-to-child HIV transmission: clinical trial in Mombasa, Kenya. AIDS 2001;15:389-96.
58. Eshelman S, Mracna M, Guay L, et al. Selection and fading of resistance mutations in women and infants receiving nevirapine to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIVNET 012). AIDS 2001; 15:1951-7.
59. Eshleman S, Guay L, Mwatha A, et al. Characterization of nevirapine resistance mutations in women with subtype A vs. D HIV-1 6-8 weeks after single-dose nevirapine (HIVNET 012) J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2004;35:126-30.
60. Eshleman S, Becker-Pergola G, Desyve M, et al. Impact of HIV-1 subtype on women receiving single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis to prevent HIV-1 vertical transmission (HIV Network for Prevention Trials 012 Study). J Infect Dis 2001;184:914-7.
61. Eshleman S, Guay L, Mwatha G, et al. Comparison of nevirapine (NVP) resistance in Ugandan women 7 days vs, 6-8 weeks after single-dose NVP prophylaxis: HIVNET 012. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004;20:595-9.
62. Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Le Coeur S, et al. Intrapartum exposure to nevirapine and subsequent maternal response to nevirapine-based antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2004; 351:229-40.
63. Giuliano M, Palmisano L, Galluzzo C, et al. Selection of resistance mutations in pregnant women receiving zidovudine and lamivudine to prevent HIV perinatal transmission. AIDS 2003;17:1570-2.
64. Mandelbrot L, Landreau-Macaro A, Rekacewicz O, et al. Lamivudine-zidovudine combination for prevention of maternal-infant transmission of HIV-1. JAMA 2001;285:2083-93.
65. Eastman P, Shapire D, Coombs R, et al. Maternal viral genotypic zidovudine resistance and infrequent failure of zidovudine therapy to prevent perinatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in pediatric AIDS clinical Trials Group protocol 076. J Infect Dis 1998;177:557-63.
66. McSherry G, Shapire D, Coombs R, et al. The effects of zidovudine in the subset of infants infected with HIV type 1 (Pediatric AIDS clinical trials group protocol 076). J Pediatr 1999;134:717-24.
67. World Health Organization, Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: treatment guidelines for a public health approach (http://www.who.int/3by5/publications/documents/arv_guidelines/en/). Accessed 8/04.
68. Fowler M, Mofenson L. McConnell M. The interface of perinatal HIV prevention, antiretroviral drug resistance and antiretroviral treatment. What do we know? J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2003; 34:308-11.
69. Casado J, Moreno A, Hertogs K, et al. Extent and Importance of cross-resistance to efavirenz after nevirapine failure. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002;18:771-5.
70. Fowler M, Moorman A, Tong T, Holmberg S, Greenberg A. Does prior short-course nevirapine reduce the effectiveness of subsequent combination treatment with efavirenz? J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2003;34:348-50.
71. Mellors J Palmer S, Nissley D, et al. Low-frequency NNRTI-resistant variants contribute to failure of efavirenz-containing regimens. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, February 8-11, 2004 [abstract 39].
72. McIntyre J, Martinson N, investigators for the Trial 1413, et al. Addition of short course combivir (CBC) to single dose viramune (sdNVP) for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 can significantly decrease the subsequent development of maternal NNRTI-resistant virus. XV Int AIDS Cont. Bangkok, Thailand, July 11-16, 2004 [abstract LbOrB09].
73. Lyons F, Coughlan S, Byrne C, et al. Emergence of genotypic resistance in HIV-2 infected pregnant women taking HAART to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV-1. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA, February 8-11, 2004 [abstract 892].
74. Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc. Viramune drug label. Revised 1/23/04.
75. Stern J, Robinson P, Love J, et al. A comprehensive hepatic safety analysis of nevirapine in different populations of HIV infected patients, J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr 2003;34(Suppl 1):21-33.
76. Stek A, Mirochnick M, Capparelli E, et al. Reduced lopinavir exposure during pregnancy: preliminary pharmacokinetic results from PACTG 1026. XV Int AIDS Conf. Bangkok, Thailand, July 12-17, 2004 [abstract LbOrB08].