Gymnosperms from the Middle Triassic of Antarctica: The first structurally preserved cycad pollen cone

International Journal of Plant Sciences

Volumn 164, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 1007-1020

  Klavins, Sharon D ^a   Taylor, Edith L ^a   Krings, Michael ^b   Taylor, Thomas N ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS   (United States)

^b Staatssammlung F Anthropologie P   (Germany)

Author keywords

Cycadales; Delemaya; Gymnosperms; Microsporophylls; Pollen cone

Indexed keywords

FOSSIL; GYMNOSPERM; TRIASSIC;

ANTARCTICA;

CYCADALES; CYCADOPSIDA; CYCAS; GYMNOSPERMAE;

EID: 0842323719     PISSN: 10585893     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/378662     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Audran JC, E Masure 1977 Contribution a la connaissance de la composition des sporoderms chez les Cycadales (Prespermaphytes): etude en microscopie electronique a transmission (M.E.T.) et a balayage (M.E.B.). Palaeontogr Abt B 162:115-158.
2. Aulenback KR, BA LePage 1998 Taxodium wallissii sp. nov.: first occurrence of Taxodium in the Upper Cretaceous. Int J Plant Sci 159:367-390.
3. Axsmith BJ, TN Taylor, EL Taylor 1998 Anatomically preserved leaves of the conifer Notophytum krauselii (Podocarpaceae) from the Triassic of Antarctica. Am J Bot 85:704-713.
4. Barrett PJ, DH Elliott 1973 Reconnaissance geologic map of the Buckley Island Quadrangle, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica: Antarctic geological map (U.S. Geological Survey) A-3. U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C.
5. Bierhorst DW 1971 Morphology of vascular plants. Macmillan, New York. 560 pp.
6. Bogler D, J Francisco-Ortega In press Molecular systematic studies in cycads: evidence from trnL intron and ITS2 rDNA sequences. Mem N Y Bot Gard.
7. Caputo P, DW Stevenson, ET Wurtzel 1991 A phylogenetic analysis of American Zamiaceae (Cycadales), using chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Brittonia 43:135-145.
8. Chamberlain CJ 1935 Gymnosperms: structure and evolution. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 484 pp.
9. Coulter JM, CJ Chamberlain 1917 Morphology of gymnosperms. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 466 pp.
10. Crane PR 1985 Phylogenetic analysis of seed plants and the origin of angiosperms. Ann Mo Bot Gard 72:716-793.
11. _ 1988 Major clades and relationships in the "higher" gymnosperms. Pages 218-272 in CB Beck, ed. Origin and evolution of gymnosperms. Columbia University Press, New York.
12. Crepet WL 1979 Insect pollination: a paleontological perspective. BioScience 29:102-108.
13. Dehgan B, NB Dehgan 1988 Comparative pollen morphology and taxonomic affinities in Cycadales. Am J Bot 75:1501-1516.
14. Delevoryas T, RC Hope 1971 A new Triassic cycad and its phyletic implications. Postilla 150:1-14.
15. Donaldson JS 1997 Is there a floral parasite mutualism in cycad pollination? the pollination biology of Encephalartos villosus (Zamiaceae). Am J Bot 84:1398-1406.
16. Donoghue MJ, JA Doyle 2000 Seed plant phylogeny: demise of the anthophyte hypothesis? Curr Biol 10:R106-R109.
17. Doyle JA 1996 Seed plant phylogeny and the relationships of Gnetales. Int J Plant Sci 157(suppl):S3-S39.
18. _ 1998 Phylogeny of vascular plants. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 29: 567-599.
19. Doyle JA, MJ Donoghue 1986 Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of angiosperms: an experimental cladistic approach. Bot Rev 52: 321-431.
20. _ 1992 Fossils and seed plant phylogeny reanalyzed. Brittonia 44:89-106.
21. Farabee MJ, EL Taylor, TN Taylor 1990 Correlation of Permian and Triassic palynomorph assemblages from the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 65:257-265.
22. Galtier J, TL Phillips 1999 The acetate peel technique. Pages 67-70 in TP Jones, NP Rowe, eds. Fossil plants and spores: modern techniques. Geological Society, London.
23. Gao Z, BA Thomas 1989 A review of cycad megasporophylls, with new evidence of Crossozamia Pomel and its associated leaves from the Lower Permian of Taiyuan, China. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 60: 205-223.
24. Gifford EM, AS Foster 1989 Morphology and evolution of vascular plants. 3d ed. WH Freeman, New York. 626 pp.
25. Grauvogel-Stamm L 1969 Nouveaux types d'organses reproducteurs mâles de conifères du grès a Voltzia (Trias inférieur) des Vosges. Bull Serv Carte Geol Als Lorr 22:93-120.
26. Hammer WR, JW Collinson, WJ Ryan III 1990 A new Triassic vertebrate fauna from Antarctica and its depositional setting. Antarct Sci 2:63-167.
27. Harris TM 1941 Cones of extinct Cycadales from the Jurassic rocks of Yorkshire. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 231:75-98.
28. _ 1964 The Yorkshire Jurassic flora: Caytoniales, Cycadales and pteridosperms. Vol 2. British Museum (Natural History), London. 191 pp.
29. Heer O 1876 Beiträge zur Jura-Flora Ostsiberiens und des Amurlandes: flora fossilis arctica. Band 4, heft 2. Acad Imp Sci St-Pétersbourg Mem 22:1-122.
30. Hill CJ 1990 Ultrastructure of in situ fossil cycad pollen from the English Jurassic, with a description of the male cone Androstrobus balmei sp. nov. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 65:165-174.
31. Hu YF, ZD Chen, CJ Chen, BY Geng 1999a Discoveries of some fossils of cycad reproductive organs from China and their significance to the origin of cycads. Pages 135-141 in CJ Chen, ed. Biology and conservation of cycads: proceedings of the fourth international conference on cycad biology. International Academic, Beijing.
32. Hu YF, YS Lu, J Ma 1999b First discovery of Androstrobus Schimper in Panzhihua, China and its paleobiological and geographical significance. Pages 129-134 in CJ Chen, ed. Biology and conservation of cycads: proceedings of the fourth international conference on cycad biology. International Academic, Beijing.
33. Jones DL 2002 Cycads of the world: ancient plants in today's landscape. 2d ed. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 456 pp.
34. Kokubugata G, KD Hill, K Katsuhiko 2002 Ribosomal DNA distribution in somatic chromosomes of Stangeria eriopus (Stangeriaceae, Cycadales) and molecular-cytotaxonomic relationships to some other cycad genera. Brittonia 54:1-5.
35. Krassilov VA, EV Bugdaeva 1988 Protocycadopsid pteridosperms from the Lower Cretaceous of Transbaikalie and the origin of cycads. Palaeontogr Abt B 208:27-32.
36. Krassilov VA, GV Delle, HV Vladimirova 1996 A new Jurassic pollen cone from Georgia and its bearing on cycad phylogeny. Palaeontogr Abt B 238:71-75.
37. Labandeira CC 1998 How old is the flower and the fly? Science 280: 57-59.
38. Labandeira CC, JJ Sepkoski Jr 1993 Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science 261:310-315.
39. Liu L, Z Yao 2002 Lepingia: a new genus of probable cycadalean affinity with taeniopterid lamina from the Permian of south China. Int J Plant Sci 163:175-183.
40. Magallón S, MJ Sanderson 2002 Relationships among seed plants inferred from highly conserved genes: sorting conflicting phylogenetic signals among ancient lineages. Am J Bot 89:1991-2006.
41. Mamay SH 1973 Archaeocycas and Phasmatocyas: new genera of Permian cycads.-U S Geol Surv J Res 1:687-689.
42. _ 1976 Paleozoic origins of the cycads. U S Geol Surv Prof Pap 934:1-48.
43. Marshall J, N Grobbelaar, J Coetzee, R Osborne 1989 Pollen morphology of the Cycadales with special reference to the Encephalartos species. Pollen Spores 31:229-249.
44. Meyer-Berthaud B, TN Taylor 1991 A probable conifer with podocarpacean affinities from the Triassic of Antarctica. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 67:179-198.
45. Millay MA, TN Taylor 1977 Feraxotheca gen. n., a lyginopterid pollen organ from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Am J Bot 64: 177-185.
46. _ 1979 Paleozoic seed fern pollen organs. Bot Rev 45:301-375.
47. Mound LA, I Terry 2001 Thrips pollination of the central Australia cycad, Macrozamia macdonnellii (Cycadales). Int J Plant Sci 162: 147-154.
48. Nathorst AG 1878 Bidrag till Sveriges, fossila flora. 2. Floran, vid Hogans och Helsinborg. K Sven Vetenskapsakad Handl 16:1-53.
49. Nixon KC, WL Crepet, D Stevenson, EM Friis 1994 A reevaluation of seed plant phylogeny. Ann Mo Bot Gard 81:484-533.
50. Norstog K 1987 Cycads and the origin of insect pollination. Am Sci 75:270-279.
51. Norstog K, PKS Fawcett 1989 Insect-cycad symbiosis and its relation to the pollination of Zamia furfuracea (Zamiaceae) by Rhopalotria mollis (Circulionidae). Am J Bot 76:1380-1394.
52. Norstog K, DW Stevenson, KJ Niklas 1986 The role of beetles in the pollination of Zamia furfuracea L. fil. (Zamiaceae). Biotropica 18: 300-306.
53. Norstog KJ, TJ Nicholls 1997 The biology of the cycads. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y. 363 pp.
54. Osborn JM, TN Taylor 1993 Pollen morphology and ultrastructure of the Corystospermales: permineralized in situ grains from the Triassic of Antarctica. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 79:205-219.
55. Qiu YL, J Lee, F Bernasconi-Quadrom, DE Soltis, PS Soltis, M Zanis, EA Zimmer, et al 2000 Phylogenetic analyses of basal angiosperms based on five genes from all three genomes. Int J Plant Sci 161(suppl): S3-S27.
56. Rai HS, HE O'Brien, PA Reeves, RG Olmstead, SW Graham 2003 Inference of higher-order relationships in the cycads from a large chloroplast data set. Mol Phylogenet Evol 29:350-359.
57. Roselt G 1960 Neue Cycadophyten-reste aus dem unteren Keuper. Senckenb Lethaea 41:121-137.
58. Rothwell GW 1980 The Callistophytaceae (Pteridospermopsida). II. Reproductive features. Palaeontogr Abt B 173:85-106.
59. Rothwell GW, R Serbet 1994 Lignophyte phylogeny and the evolution of spermatophytes: a numerical cladistic analysis. Syst Bot 19: 443-482.
60. Rydin C, Källersjö M, Friis EM 2002 Seed plant relationships and the systematic position of Gnetales based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA: conflicting data, rooting problems, and the monophyly of conifers. Int J Plant Sci 163:197-214.
61. Sanderson MJ, JA Doyle 2001 Sources of error and confidence intervals in estimating the age of angiosperms from rbcL and 18S rDNA data. Am J Bot 88:1499-1516.
62. Saporta G 1875 Paléontologie Française ou description des fossiles de la France. 2e série - Végétaux, Plantes Jurassiques. Tome II. Cycadées. G Masson, Paris. 352 pp.
63. Schimper WP 1870-1872 Traité de paléontologie végétale ou la flore du monde primitif dans ses rapports avec les formations géologiques et la flore du monde actuel. Vol 2. Baillière, Paris. 968 pp.
64. Schneider D, M Wink, F Sporer, P Lounibos 2002 Cycads: their evolution, toxins, herbivores and insect pollinators. Naturwissenschaften 89:281-294.
65. Scott DH 1897 The anatomical characters presented by the peduncle of Cycadaceae. Ann Bot 11:399-419.
66. _ 1909 Studies in fossil botany. 2d ed. Vol 2. Adam & Charles Black, London.
67. Seward AC 1895 Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum: the Wealden Flora. Pt 2. Gymnospermae. British Museum (Natural History), London. 259 pp.
68. Smoot EL, TN Taylor, T Delevoryas 1985 Structurally preserved fossil plants from Antarctica. I. Antarcticycas, gen. nov., a Triassic cycad stem from the Beardmore Glacier area. Am J Bot 72:1410-1423.
69. Soltis DE, PS Soltis, MJ Zanis 2002 Phytogeny of seed plants based on evidence from eight genes. Am J Bot 89:1670-1681.
70. Stanislavski FA 1957 Jurassic plants from the Don Basin and Dnieper-Donetz region. Akademii Nauk Ukraine SSR, Kiev. 128 pp. (In Russian.)
71. Stevenson DW 1980a Observations on stem and root contraction in cycads (Cycadales) with special reference to Zamia pumila L. J Linn Soc Bot 81:275-281.
72. _ 1980b Radial growth in the Cycadales. Am J Bot 67:673-678.
73. _ 1981 Observations on the ptyxis, phenology, and trichomes in the Cycadales and their systematic implications. Am J Bot 68: 1104-1114.
74. _ 1988 Strobilar ontogeny in the Cycadales. Pages 205-244 in P Leins, S Tucker, P Endress, eds. Aspects of floral development. Cramer, Berlin.
75. _ 1990 Morphology and systematics of the Cycadales. Mem N Y Bot Gard 57:8-55.
76. _ 1992 A formal classification of the extant cycads. Brittonia 44:220-223.
77. Stevenson DW, KJ Norstog, PKS Fawcett 1998 Pollination biology of cycads. Pages 277-294 in SJ Owens, PJ Rudall, eds. Reproductive biology. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
78. Stidd BM, JW Hall 1970 Callandrium callistophytoides, gen. et sp. nov., the probable pollen-bearing organ of the seed fern, Callistophtyon. Am J Bot 57:394-403.
79. Tang W 1987 Insect pollination in the cycad Zamia pumila (Zamiaceae). Am J Bot 74:90-99.
80. Taylor EL, TN Taylor, NR Cúneo 2000 Permian and Triassic high latitude paleoclimates: evidence from fossil biotas. Pages 321-350 in BT Huber, KC Macleod, SL Wing, eds. Warm climates in earth history. Cambridge University Press, New York.
81. Taylor TN 1968 Cycads: evidence from the Upper Pennsylvanian. Science 164:294-295.
82. _ 1970 Lasiostrobus gen. n., a staminate strobilus of gymnospermous affinity from the Pennsylvanian of North America. Am J Bot 57:670-690.
83. Taylor TN, MA Millay 1977 The ultrastructure and reproductive significance of Lasiostrobus microspores. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 23: 129-137.
84. Taylor TN, EL Taylor 1993 The biology and evolution of fossil plants. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 982 pp.
85. Terry I 2001 Thrips and weevils as dual, specialist pollinators of the Australian cycad Macrozamia communis (Zamiaceae). Int J Plant Sci 162:1293-1305.
86. Thibout E 1896 Recherches sur l'appareil mâle des gymnosperms. PhD diss. Université de Lille.
87. Thomas HH, TM Harris 1960 Cycadean cones of the Yorkshire Jurassic. Senckenb Lethaea 41:139-161.
88. Thorne JL, H Kishino 2002 Divergence time and evolutionary rate estimation with multilocus data. Syst Biol 51:689-702.
89. Treutlein J, M Wink 2002 Molecular phytogeny of cycads inferred from rbcL sequences. Naturwissenschaften 89:221-225.
90. Van Konijnenburg-van Cittert JHA 1968 Androstrobus major, a new male cycad cone from the Jurassic of Yorkshire (England). Rev Palaeobot Palynol 7:267-273.
91. _ 1993 Androstrobus phialophora (Harris) nov. comb., a new name for Bernettia phialophora from the Liassic of Greenland. Rev Palaeobot Palynol 77:301-304.
92. Vovides AP 1991 Insect pollination in some Mexican cycads in their natural habitat. Biotropica 23:102-104.
93. Wang Z 1986 Liulinia lacinulata: a new male cone of cycads from the latest Permian in Shanxi. Acta Palaeontol Sin 25:610-616. (In Chinese with English summary.)
94. Whitelock LM 2002 The cycads. Timber, Portland, Oreg. 374 p.
95. Worsdell WC 1896 The anatomy of the stem of Macrozamia compared with that of other genera of Cycadaceae. Ann Bot 19:601-620.
96. _ 1898 The vascular structure of the sporophylls of Cycadaceae. Ann Bot 12:203-241.
97. _ 1906 The structure and origin of the Cycadaceae. Ann Bot 20:129-159.
98. Yao X, TN Taylor, EL Taylor 1997 A taxodiaceous seed cone from the Triassic of Antarctica. Am J Bot 84:343-354.
99. Zhu J, X Du 1981 A new cycad: Primocycas chinensis gen. et sp. nov. discovered from the Lower Permian in Shanxi, China and its significance. Acta Bot Sin 23:401-404. (In Chinese with English abstract.)
100. Zhu JN, XS Zhang, M Jie 1994 A new genus and species: Cycadostrobilus paleozoicus Zhu of Cycadaceae from the Permian of China. Acta Phytotaxon Sin 32:340-344. (In Chinese with English abstract.)