Management of brain and spine injuries

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 25-55

  Chesnut, Randall M ^a  

^a OREGON HEALTH AND SCIENCE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

STEROID;

AIRWAY; ALGORITHM; ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; BIOLOGICAL MONITORING; BRAIN INJURY; BREATHING; CELL DAMAGE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CIRCULATION; CRANIECTOMY; DECOMPRESSION SURGERY; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISABILITY; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEALTH CENTER; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE; LABORATORY TEST; LIQUID; LUNG EMBOLISM; LUNG FUNCTION; MORTALITY; PATIENT CARE; PHYSICIAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SKIN CARE; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINE INJURY; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; URINARY TRACT;

EID: 0842303352     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0749-0704(03)00090-3     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Bulger E.M., Nathens A.B., Rivara F.P.et al. Management of severe head injury: institutional variations in care and effect on outcome [see comment]. Crit Care Med. 30:2002;1870-1876.
2. Marshall L.F., Gautille T., Klauber M.R.et al. The outcome of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 75:1991;S28-S36.
3. Ghajar J.B. Variability of neurotrauma care in hospitals. Narayan R.K., Wilberger J.E. Jr., Povlishock J.T. Neurotrauma. 1st edition:1995;1007-1017 McGraw-Hill, New York.
4. Hesdorffer D.C., Ghajar J., Iacono L. Predictors of compliance with the evidence-based guidelines for traumatic brain injury care: a survey of United States trauma centers. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 52:2002;1202-1209.
5. Bullock R., Chesnut R.M., Clifton G.et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury. J Neurotrauma. 13:1996;643-678.
6. Bullock R., Chesnut R.M., Clifton G.et al. Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury - revision. J Neurotrauma. 17:2000;457-627.
7. Gabriel E.J., Ghajar J., Jagoda A.et al. Guidelines for prehospital management of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 19:2002;111-174.
8. Anonymous Part 1: Guidelines for the management of penetrating brain injury. Introduction and methodology. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 51:2001;S3-S6.
9. Resuscitation of blood pressure and oxygenation. J Neurotrauma. 17:2000;471-478.
10. Davis D.P., Hoyt D.B., Ochs M.et al. The effect of paramedic rapid sequence intubation on outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 54:2003;444-453.
11. Muizelaar J.P., Marmarou A., Ward J.D.et al. Adverse effects of prolonged hyperventilation in patients with severe head injury: a randomized clinical trial. J Neurosurg. 75:1991;731-739.
12. Chesnut R.M., Marshall L.F., Klauber M.R.et al. The role of secondary brain injury in determining outcome from severe head injury. J Trauma. 34:1993;216-222.
13. Fearnside M.R., Cook R.J., McDougall P.et al. The Westmead Head Injury Project outcome in severe head injury. A comparative analysis of prehospital, clinical, and CT variables. Br J Neurosurg. 7:1993;267-279.
14. Pigula F.A., Wald S.L., Shackford S.R.et al. The effect of hypotension and hypoxia on children with severe head injuries. J Pediatr Surg. 28:1993;310-314. discussion 315-6.
15. Vassar M.J., Fischer R.P., O'Brien P.E.et al. A multi-center trial for resuscitation of injured patients with 7.5% sodium chloride. The effect of added dextran 70. The Multicenter Group for the Study of Hypertonic Saline in Trauma Patients. Arch Surg. 128:1993;1003-1011.
16. Vassar M.J., Perry C.A., Gannaway W.L.et al. 7.5% sodium chloride/ dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg. 126:1991;1065-1072.
17. Vassar M.J., Perry C.A., Holcroft J.W. Prehospital resuscitation of hypotensive trauma patients with 7.5% NaCl versus 7.5% NaCl with added dextran: a controlled trial. J Trauma. 34:1993;622-632.
18. Wade C.E., Grady J.J., Kramer G.C.et al. Individual patient cohort analysis of the efficacy of hypertonic saline/dextran in patients with traumatic brain injury and hypotension. J Trauma. 42:1997;S61-S65.
19. Teasdale G., Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: a practical scale. Lancet. 2:1974;81-84.
20. Marion D.W., Carlier P.M. Problems with initial Glasgow Coma Scale assessment caused by prehospital treatment of patients with head injuries: results of a national survey. J Trauma. 36:1994;89-95.
21. Andrews B.T., Pitts L.H., Lovely M.P.et al. Is computed tomographic scanning necessary in patients with tentorial herniation? Results of immediate surgical exploration without computed tomography in 100 patients. Neurosurgery. 19:1986;408-414.
22. Fulton R.L., Everman D., Mancino M.et al. Ritual head computed tomography may unnecessarily delay lifesaving trauma care. Surgery Gynecology & Obstetrics. 176:1993;327-332.
23. Clifton G.L., Miller E.R., Choi S.C.et al. Lack of effect of induction of hypothermia after acute brain injury [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 344:2001;556-563.
24. Hsiang J.K., Chesnut R.M., Crisp C.B.et al. Early, routine paralysis for intracranial pressure control in severe head. Crit Care Med. 22:1994;1471-1476.
25. Rosner M.J., Coley I.B. Cerebral perfusion pressure, intracranial pressure, and head elevation. J Neurosurg. 65:1986;636-641.
26. McGraw C.P. A cerebral perfusion pressure greater that 80 mm Hg is more beneficial. Hoff J.T., Betz A.L. ICP VII. 1989;839-841 Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
27. Rosner M.J., Rosner S.D., Johnson A.H. Cerebral perfusion pressure: management protocol and clinical results. J Neurosurg. 83:1995;949-962.
28. Chesnut R.M. Avoidance of hypotension: conditio sine qua non of successful severe head injury management. J Trauma. 42:1997;S4-S9.
29. Clifton G.L., Choi S.C., Miller E.R.et al. Intercenter variance in clinical trials of head trauma-experience of the National Acute Brain Injury Study: hypothermia [see comments]. J Neurosurg. 95:2001;751-755.
30. Robertson C.S., Valadka A.B., Hannay H.J.et al. Prevention of secondary ischemic insults after severe head injury. Crit Care Med. 27:1999;2086-2095.
31. Chesnut R.M. Hyperventilation versus cerebral perfusion pressure management: time to change the question. Crit Care Med. 26:1998;210-212.
32. Chesnut R.M., Marshall S.B., Piek J.et al. Early and late systemic hypotension as a frequent and fundamental source of cerebral ischemia following severe brain injury in the Traumatic Coma Data Bank. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 59:1993;121-125.
33. Jones P.A., Andrews P.J., Midgley S.et al. Measuring the burden of secondary insults in head injured patients during intensive care. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 6:1994;4-14.
34. Downard C., Hulka F., Mullins R.J.et al. Relationship of cerebral perfusion pressure and survival in pediatric brain injured patients. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 49:2000;654-658.
35. Ghajar J. Intracranial pressure monitoring techniques [review]. New Horiz. 3:1995;395-399.
36. Indications for intracranial pressure monitoring [review]. J Neurotrauma. 17:2000;479-491.
37. Holloway K.L., Barnes T., Choi S.et al. Ventriculostomy infections: the effect of monitoring duration and catheter exchange in 584 patients. J Neurosurg. 85:1996;419-424.
38. Muizelaar J.P., Lutz H.A.D., Becker D.P. Effect of mannitol on ICP and CBF and correlation with pressure autoregulation in severely head injured patients. J Neurosurg. 61:1984;700-706.
39. Muizelaar J.P., Wei E.P., Kontos H.A.et al. Mannitol causes compensatory cerebral vasoconstriction and vasodilation in response to blood viscosity changes. J Neurosurg. 59:1983;822-828.
40. Marshall L.F., Smith R.W., Rauscher L.A.et al. Mannitol dose requirements in brain injured patients. J Neurosurg. 48:1978;169-172.
41. Chesnut R.M., Gautille T., Blunt B.A.et al. Neurogenic hypotension in patients with severe head injuries. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 44:1998;958-963.
42. Cruz J. The first decade of continuous monitoring of jugular bulb oxyhemoglobinsaturation: management strategies and clinical outcome [see comments]. Crit Care Med. 26:1998;344-351.
43. Eisenberg H., Frankowski R., Contant C.et al. High -dose barbiturate control of elevated intracranial pressure in patients with severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 69:1988;15-23.
44. Schwartz M., Tator C., Towed D.et al. The University of Toronto Head Injury Treatment Study: a prospective, randomized comparison of pentobarbital and mannitol. Can J Neurol Sci. 11:1984;434-440.
45. Ward J., Becker D., Miller J.et al. Failure of prophylactic barbiturate coma in the treatment of severe head injury. J Neurosurg. 62:1985;383-388.
46. Oertel M., Kelly D.F., Lee J.H.et al. Metabolic suppressive therapy as a treatment for intracranial hypertension - why it works and when it fails. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 81:2002;69-70.
47. Cremer O.L., Moons K.G., Bouman E.A.et al. Long-term propofol infusion and cardiac failure in adult head injured patients [see comment]. Lancet. 357:2001;117-118.
48. Cooper P.R., Rovit R.L., Ransohoff J. Hemicraniectomy in the treatment of acute subdural hematoma: a reappraisal. Surg Neurol. 5:1976;25-28.
49. Ransohoff J., Benjamin M.V., Gage E.L.J.et al. Hemicraniectomy in the management of acute subdural hematoma. J Neurosurg. 34:1971;70-76.
50. Gaab M.R., Rittierodt M., Lorenz M.et al. Traumatic brain swelling and operative decompression: a prospective investigation. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 51:1990;326-328.
51. Piek J. Decompressive surgery in the treatment of traumatic brain injury. Curr Opin Crit Care. 8:2002;134-138.
52. Schneider G.H., Bardt T., Lanksch W.R.et al. Decompressive craniectomy following traumatic brain injury: ICP, CPP and neurological outcome. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 81:2002;77-79.
53. Berger S., Schurer L., Hartl R.et al. Reduction of post-traumatic intracranial hypertension by hypertonic/hyperoncotic saline/dextran and hypertonic mannitol. Neurosurgery. 37:1995;98-107.
54. Khanna S., Davis D., Peterson B.et al. Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of severe refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension in pediatric traumatic brain injury [see comment]. Crit Care Med. 28:2000;1144-1151.
55. Peterson B., Khanna S., Fisher B.et al. Prolonged hypernatremia controls elevated intracranial pressure in head-injured pediatric patients [see comment]. Crit Care Med. 28:2000;1136-1143.
56. Levy D.I., Rekate H.L., Cherny W.B.et al. Controlled lumbar drainage in pediatric head injury. J Neurosurg. 83:1995;453-460.
57. Holzschuh M., Metz C., Woertgen C.et al. Brain ischemia detected by tissue-PO2 measurement and the lactate-oxygen index in head injury. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 71:1998;170-171.
58. Chesnut R.M. Medical management of severe head injury: present and future [review]. New Horiz. 3:1995;581.
59. Chesnut R.M. Medical management of intracranial pressure. Cooper P.R., Golfinos J.G. Head injury. 4th edition:2000;229-264 McGraw-Hill, New York.
60. Ghanta M.K., Smith L.M., Polin R.S.et al. An analysis of Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma practice guidelines for cervical spine evaluation in a series of patients with multiple imaging techniques. Am Surg. 68:2002;563-567.
61. Pasquale M., Fabian T.C. Practice management guidelines for trauma from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 44:1998;941-956.
62. Schenarts P.J., Diaz J., Kaiser C.et al. Prospective comparison of admission computed tomographic scan and plain films of the upper cervical spine in trauma patients with altered mental status. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 51:2001;663-668.
63. Bivins H.G., Ford S., Bezmalinovic Z.et al. The effect of axial traction during orotracheal intubation of the trauma victim with an unstable cervical spine [see comments]. Ann Emerg Med. 17:1988;25-29.
64. Winslow C., Bode R.K., Felton D.et al. Impact of respiratory complications on length of stay and hospital costs in acute cervical spine injury. Chest. 121:2002;1548-1554.
65. Meguro K., Tator C.H. Effect of multiple trauma on mortality and neurological recovery after spinal cord or cauda equina injury. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 28:1988;34-41.
66. Fehlings M.G., Sekhon L.H., Tator C. The role and timing of decompression in acute spinal cord injury: what do we know? What should we do? [see comments]. Spine. 26:2001;S101-S110.
67. Vaccaro A.R., Daugherty R.J., Sheehan T.P.et al. Neurologic outcome of early versus late surgery for cervical spinal cord injury. Spine. 22:1997;2609-2613.
68. Mirza S.K., Krengel W.F. III, Chapman J.R.et al. Early versus delayed surgery for acute cervical spinal cord injury. Clin Orthop. 359:1999;104-114.
69. Duh M.S., Shepard M.J., Wilberger J.E.et al. The effectiveness of surgery on the treatment of acute spinal cord injury and its relation to pharmacological treatment. Neurosurgery. 35:1994;240-248.
70. Levi L., Wolf A., Rigamonti D.et al. Anterior decompression in cervical spine trauma: does the timing of surgery affect the outcome? Neurosurgery. 29:1991;216-222.
71. Marshall L.F., Knowlton S., Garfin S.R.et al. Deterioration following spinal cord injury. A multi-center study. J Neurosurg. 66:1987;400-404.
72. Wagner F.C. Jr., Chehrazi B. Early decompression and neurological outcome in acute cervical spinal cord injuries. J Neurosurg. 56:1982;699-705.
73. Bracken M.B., Shepard M.J., Collins W.F.et al. A randomized, controlled trial of methylprednisolone or naloxone in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study [see comments]. N Engl J Med. 322:1990;1405-1411.
74. Bracken M.B., Shepard M.J., Collins W.F. Jret al. Methylprednisolone or naloxone treatment after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow-up data. Results of the second National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. J Neurosurg. 76:1992;23-31.
75. Hurlbert R.J. The role of steroids in acute spinal cord injury: an evidence-based analysis [see comment]. Spine. 26:2001;S39-S46.
76. Bracken M.B., Shepard M.J., Holford T.R.et al. Administration of methylprednisolone for 24 or 48 hours or tirilazad mesylate for 48 hours in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury. Results of the third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury randomized controlled trial. National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study. JAMA. 277:1997;1597-1604.
77. Bracken M.B., Shepard M.J., Holford T.R.et al. Methylprednisolone or tirilazad mesylate administration after acute spinal cord injury: 1-year follow up. Results of the third National Acute Spinal Cord Injury randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 89:1998;699-706.
78. Velmahos G.C., Kern J., Chan L.S.et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism after injury: an evidence-based report - part I: analysis of risk factors and evaluation of the role of vena caval filters. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 49:2000;132-138.
79. Velmahos G.C., Kern J., Chan L.S.et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism after injury: an evidence-based report - part II: analysis of risk factors and evaluation of the role of vena caval filters. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 49:2000;140-144.
80. Green D. Prevention of thromboembolism after spinal cord injury. Semin Thromb Hemost. 17:1991;347-350.
81. Green D., Rossi E.C., Yao J.S.et al. Deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injury: effect of prophylaxis with calf compression, aspirin, and dipyridamole. Paraplegia. 20:1982;227-234.
82. Green D., Lee M.Y., Ito V.Y.et al. Fixed- versus adjusted-dose heparin in the prophylaxis of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury. JAMA. 260:1988;1255-1258.
83. Harris S., Chen D., Green D. Enoxaparin for thromboembolism prophylaxis in spinal injury: preliminary report on experience with 105 patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 75:1996;326-327.
84. Maxwell R.A., Chavarria-Aguilar M., Cockerham W.T.et al. Routine prophylactic vena cava filtration is not indicated after acute spinal cord injury. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 52:2002;902-906.
85. Rogers F.B., Osler T.M., Sing R. Pulmonary embolism [see comment]. Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care. 53:2002;1032-1033.