Medical and legal considerations of brain death

Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 139-144

  Randell, T T ^a,b  

^a Toolo Hospital   (Finland)

^b HELSINKI UNIVERSITY CENTRAL HOSPITAL   (Finland)

Author keywords

Brain death; Brain stem death; Legislation; Transplantation

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGRAPHY; BRAIN DEATH; BRAIN STEM; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; COMA; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HEMODYNAMICS; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; LAW; LEGAL ASPECT; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; MOTOR ACTIVITY; ORGAN DONOR; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPINAL REFLEX;

BRAIN DEATH; HUMANS;

EID: 0842284050     PISSN: 00015172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-5172.2004.00304.x     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Horsley V. On the mode of death in cerebral compression and its prevention. Q Med J 1894, 306-9.
2. Cushing H. Some experimental and clinical observations concerning states of increased intracranial tension. Am J Med Sci 1902; 124: 375-400.
3. Settergren S. Brain death: an important paradigm shift in the 20th century. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2003; 47: 1053-8.
4. Mollaret P, Goulon M. Le coma dépassé. Mémoire prélimenaire. Rev Neurol 1959; 101: 3-15.
5. Powner DJ, Ackerman BM, Grenvik A. Medical diagnosis of death in adults: historical contributions to current controversies. Lancet 1996; 348: 1219-23.
6. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death. A definition of irreversible coma. JAMA 1968; 205: 337-40.
7. Pallis C. Further thoughts on brainstem death. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 20-3.
8. Shann F. A personal comment: whole brain death versus cortical death. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 14-5.
9. Capron AM. Brain death - well settled yet still unresolved. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1244-6.
10. Truog RD, Facler JC. Rethinking brain death. Crit Care Med 1992; 20: 1705-13.
11. Haupt WF, Rudolf J. European brain death codes: a comparison of national guidelines. J Neurol 1999; 246: 432-7.
12. Wijdicks E. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002; 58: 20-5.
13. Kerridge IH, Saul P, Lowe M, McPhee J, Williams D. Death, dying and donation: organ transplantation and the diagnosis of death. J Med Ethics 2002; 28: 89-94.
14. Rudich SM, Kaplan B, Magee JC et al. Renal transplantations performed using non-heart-beating organ donors going back to the future? Transplantation 2002; 74: 1715-20.
15. Power BM, van Heerden PV. The physiological changes associated with brain death - current concepts and implications for treatment of the brain dead organ donor. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 26-36.
16. Hershenov D. The problematic role of 'irreversibility' in the definition of death. Bioethics 2003; 17: 89-100.
17. Pearson IY, Bazeley P, Spencer-Plane T, Chapman JR, Robertson P. A survey of families of brain dead patients. their experiences, attitudes to organ donation and transplantation. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 88-95.
18. Youngner SJ, Landefeld CS, Coulton CJ et al. 'Brain death' and organ retrieval. A cross sectional survey of knowledge and concepts among health professionals. JAMA 1989; 261: 2205-10.
19. Raper RF, Fisher MM. Brain death and organ donation-A point of view. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 16-9.
20. Hodge CJ, Primrose D. Physiological considerations. In: Apuzzo MJL. Brain Surgery. Complication Avoidance and Management. New York: Churchill Livingstone Inc., 1993: 1569-96.
21. Stuart FP, Veith FJ, Cranford RE. Brain death laws and patterns of consent to remove organs for transplantation from cadavers in the United States and 28 other countries. Transplantation 1981; 31: 238-44.
22. Lindgren L, Pere P, Höckerstedt K. How to reduce the persistent shortage of organ donors in Scandinavia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000; 44: 773-4.
23. Kimura R. Organ transplantation and brain death in Japan. Cultural, legal and bioethical background. Ann Transplant 1998; 3: 55-8.
24. President's commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical and behavioral research. Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1981.
25. Practice parameters for determining brain death in adults (Summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology (Authors not listed). Neurology 1995; 45: 1012-4.
26. Diagnosis of brain death. Statement issued by the honorary secretary of the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the United Kingdom on 11 October 1976 (authors not listed). BMJ 1976; 2: 1187-8.
27. Burns JM, Login IS. Brain death worldwide: accepted fact but no global consensus in diagnostic criteria. Neurology 2002; 59: 470.
28. Dobb GJ, Weekes JW. Clinical confirmation of brain death. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 37-43.
29. Van Norman GA. A matter of life and death. Anesthesiology; 199 (91): 275-87.
30. Mejia RE, Pollack MM. Variability in brain death determination practices in children. JAMA 1995; 274: 550-3.
31. Guideline three: Minimum technical standards for EEC recording in suspected cerebral death (Authors not listed). J Clin Neurophysiol 1994; 11: 10-3.
32. Grigg MM, Kelly MA, Celesia GG, Ghobrial MW, Ross ER. Electroencephalographic activity after brain death. Arch Neurol 1987; 44: 948-54.
33. Paolin A, Manuali A, Di Paola F et al. Reliability in diagnosis of brain death. Intensive Care Med 1995; 21: 657-62.
34. Monsein LH. The imaging of brain death. Anaesth Intensive Care 1995; 23: 44-50.
35. Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children: task force for the determination of brain death in children. (Authors not listed). Pediatr Neurol 1987; 3: 242-3.
36. Report of special task force. Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children. (Authors not listed). Pediatrics 1987; 80: 298-300.
37. Shewmon DA. Chronic brain death: Meta-analysis and conceptual consequences. Neurology 1998; 51: 1538-45.
38. Yoshioka T, Sugimoto H, Uenishi M et al. Prolonged hemodynamic maintenance by the combined administration of vasopressin and epinephrine in brain death: a clinical study. Neurosurgery 1986; 18: 565-7.
39. Novitzky D, Wicomb WN, Rose AG, Cooper DKC, Reichart B. Pathophysiology of pulmonary edema following experimental brain death in the Chacma baboon. Ann Thorac Surg 1987; 43: 288-94.
40. Novitzky D, Cooper DKC, Morrell D, Isaacs S. Brain death, triiodothyronine depletion, and inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation: relevance to management of organ donors. Transplantation Proc 1987; 19: 4110-1.
41. Novitzky D, Cooper DKC, Reichart B. Hemodynamic and metabolic responses to hormonal therapy in brain-dead potential organ donors. Transplantation 1987; 43: 852-4.
42. Novitzky D, Cooper DKC, Morrell D, Isaacs S. Change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism after brain death, and reversal following triiodothyronine therapy. Transplantation 1988; 45: 32-6.
43. Novitzky D, Horak A, Cooper DK, Rose AG. Electrocardiographic and histopathologic changes developing during experimental brain death in the baboon. Transplant Proc 1989; 21: 2567-9.
44. Cooper DKC, Novitzky D, Wicomb WN. The pathophysiological effects of brain death on potential donor organs, with particular reference to the heart. Ann Royal Coll Surg Engl 1989; 71: 261-6.
45. Mertes PM, El Abassi K, Jaboin Y et al. Changes in hemodynamic and metabolic parameters following induced brain death in the pig. Transplantation 1994; 58: 414-8.
46. Sztark F, Thicoipe M, Masson F, Lassié P, Favarel-Garrigues JF, Petit-Jean ME. Metabolic status of brain-dead patients managed for organ procurement. Transplant Proc 1993; 25: 3171-2.
47. Gramm H-J, Meinhold H, Bickel U et al. Acute endocrine failure after brain death. Tranplantation 1992; 54: 851-7.
48. Howlett TA, Keogh AM, Perry L et al. Anterior and posterior pituitary function in brain-stem-dead donors. Transplantation 1989; 47: 828-34.
49. Harms J, Isemer F-E, Kolenda H. Hormaonal alteration and pituitary function during course or brain-stem death in potential organ donors. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 2614-6.
50. Conci F, Procaccio F, Arosio M, Boselli L. Viscero-somatic and viscero-visceral reflexes in brain death. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr 1986; 49: 695-8.
51. Saposnik G, Bueri JA, Maurino J, Saizar R, Garretto NS. Spontaneous and reflex movements in brain death. Neurology 2000; 54: 221-3.
52. Wetzel RC, Setzer N, Stiff JL, Rogers MC. Hemodynamic responses in braindead organ donor patients. Anesth Analg 1985; 64: 125-8.
53. Gramm H-J, Zimmerman J, Meinhold H, Dennhardt R, Voigt K. Hemodynamic responses to noxious stimuli in brain-dead organ donors. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18: 493-5.
54. Pennefather SH, Dark JH, Bullock RE. Haemodynamic responses to surgery in brain-dead organ donors. Anaesthesia 1993; 48: 1034-8.