Viruses and the development of quantitative biological electron microscopy

Notes and Records of the Royal Society

Volumn 58, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 65-81

  Crowther, R A ^a  

^a MRC LABORATORY OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Electron microscopy; Image processing; Three dimensional reconstruction; Virus structure

Indexed keywords

EID: 0742271395     PISSN: 00359149     EISSN: 17430178     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsnr.2003.0225     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. E. Ruska, 'The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy' [Nobel lecture]. Available at www.nobel.se/laureates/1986/ruska-lecture.pdf.
2. B.J. Ford, 'The Royal Society and the microscope', Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond. 55, 29-49 (2001).
3. Of those mentioned in the paper as contributing to developments in quantitative biological electron microscopy, the following are or were Fellows of the Royal Society: Dr S. Brenner, Dr R.A. Crowther, Dr J.T. Finch, Dr R. Henderson, Dr H.E. Huxley, Dr A. Klug, Dr P.N.T. Unwin and the late Dr R. Markham.
4. C.E. Hall, 'Electron densitometry of stained virus particles', J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol. 1, 1-15 (1955).
5. H.E. Huxley, 'Some observations on the structure of tobacco mosaic virus', First Eur. Conf. on Electron Microscopy, Stockholm, pp. 260-261 (1956).
6. S. Brenner and R.W. Home, 'A negative staining method for high resolution electron microscopy of viruses', Biochim. Biophys. Acta 34, 103-110 (1959).
7. S. Brenner, A life in science (Current Science Group, London, 1997), p. 118.
8. D.L.D. Caspar, 'An analogue for negative staining', J. Mol. Biol. 15, 365-371 (1966).
9. F.H.C. Crick and J.D. Watson, 'Structure of small viruses', Nature 177, 473-475 (1956).
10. D.L.D. Caspar and A. Klug, 'Physical principles in the construction of regular viruses', Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 1-23 (1962).
11. R.W. Home, S. Brenner, A.P. Waterson and P. Wildy, 'The icosahedral form of an adenovirus', J. Mol. Biol. 1, 84-86 (1959).
12. A. Klug and J.T. Finch, 'Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. I. Human wart virus', J. Mol. Biol. 11, 403-423 (1965).
13. A. Klug and J.T. Finch, 'Structure of viruses of the papilloma-polyoma type. IV. Analysis of tilting experiments in the electron microscope', J. Mol. Biol. 31, 1-12 (1968).
14. R. Markham, S. Frey and G.J. Hills, 'Methods for the enhancement of image detail and accentuation of structure in electron microscopy', Virology 20, 88-102 (1963).
15. F. Galton, 'Composite portraits', Nature 18, 97-100 (1878).
16. R. Markham, J.H. Hitchborn, G.J. Hills and S. Frey, 'The anatomy of the tobacco mosaic virus', Virology 22, 342-359 (1964).
17. A. Klug and J.E. Berger, 'An optical method for the analyis of periodicities in electron micrographs, and some observations on the mechanism of negative staining', J. Mol. Biol. 10, 565-569 (1964).
18. J.T. Finch, A. Klug and A.O.W. Stretton, 'The structure of the 'polyheads' of T4 bacteriophage', J. Mol. Biol. 10, 570-575 (1964).
19. M. Yanagida, D.J. DeRosier and A. Klug, 'The structure of the tubular variants of the head of bacteriophage T4 (polyheads). II. Structural transition from a hexamer to a 6 - 1 morphological unit', J. Mol. Biol. 65, 489-499 (1972).
20. A. Klug and D.J. DeRosier, 'Optical filtering of electron micrographs: reconstruction of one-sided images', Nature 212, 29-32 (1966).
21. R.A. Crowther and L.A. Amos, 'Harmonic analysis of electron microscope images with rotational symmetry', J. Mol Biol. 60, 123-130 (1971).
22. R.A. Crowther, E.V. Lenk, Y. Kikuchi and J. King, 'Molecular reorganization in the hexagon to star transition of the baseplate of bacteriophage T4', J. Mol Biol. 116, 489-523 (1977).
23. D.J. DeRosier and A. Klug, 'Reconstruction of three dimensional structures from electron micrographs', Nature 217, 130-134 (1968).
24. U.W. Arndt, R.A. Crowther and J.F.W. Mallett, 'A computer linked cathode ray tube densitometer for X-ray crystallography', J. Sci. Instrum. (2) 1, 510-516 (1968).
25. R.A. Crowther, D.J. DeRosier and A. Klug, 'The reconstruction of a three-dimensional structure from projections and its application to electron microscopy', Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 317, 319-340 (1970).
26. R.A. Crowther, L.A. Amos, J.T. Finch, D.J. DeRosier and A. Klug, 'Three-dimensional reconstructions of spherical viruses by Fourier synthesis from electron micrographs', Nature 226, 421-425 (1970).
27. R. Henderson and P.N.T. Unwin, 'Three-dimensional model of purple membrane obtained by electron microscopy', Nature 257, 28-32 (1975).
28. H.P. Erickson and A. Klug, 'Measurement and compensation of defocusing and aberrations by Fourier processing of electron micrographs', Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B261, 105-118 (1971).
29. N. Grigorieff, T.A. Ceska, K.H. Downing, J.M. Baldwin and R. Henderson, 'Electron-crystallographic refinement of the structure of bacteriorhodopsin', J. Mol. Biol. 259, 393-421 (1996).
30. J. Dubochet, M. Adrian, J.-J. Chang, J.-C. Homo, J. Lepault, A.W. McDowall and P. Schultz, 'Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens', Q. Rev. Biophys. 21, 129-228 (1988).
31. M. Adrian, J. Dubochet, J. Lepault and A.W. McDowall, 'Cryo-electron microscopy of viruses', Nature 308, 32-36 (1984).
32. P.L. Stewart, R.M. Burnett, M. Cyrklaff and S.D. Fuller, 'Image reconstruction reveals the complex molecular organization of adenovirus', Cell 67, 145-154 (1991).
33. B. Böttcher, S.A. Wynne and R.A. Crowther, 'Determination of the fold of the core protein of hepatitis B virus by electron cryomicroscopy', Nature 386, 88-91 (1997).
34. S.A. Wynne, R.A. Crowther and A.G.W. Leslie, 'Crystal structure of the human hepatitis B virus capsid', Mol. Cell 3, 771-780 (1999).
35. R. Henderson, 'The potential and limitations of neutrons, electrons and X-rays for atomic resolution microscopy of unstained biological molecules', Q. Rev. Biophys. 28, 171-193 (1995).