The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the Evolution of Abortion Policy, 1951-1973: The Politics of Science

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 93, Issue 11, 2003, Pages 1810-1819

  Aries, Nancy ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABORTION; AUTHORITY; CRIMINAL LAW; DECISION MAKING; DOCTOR PATIENT RELATION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; MEDICAL ETHICS; MEDICAL PRACTICE; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MEDICAL SOCIETY; OBSTETRICS; PHYSICIAN ATTITUDE; POLITICS; PROCESS DEVELOPMENT; PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; REVIEW; SCIENCE; AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS; ARTICLE; FEMALE; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION; GYNECOLOGY; HISTORY; JURISPRUDENCE; LEGAL ASPECT; MANAGEMENT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; POLICY; PREGNANCY; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; STANDARD; THERAPEUTIC ABORTION; UNITED STATES;

AMERICAN COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANS AND GYNECOLOGISTS; GENETICS AND REPRODUCTION;

ABORTION, LEGAL; ABORTION, THERAPEUTIC; FEMALE; GYNECOLOGY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; OBSTETRICS; ORGANIZATIONAL POLICY; PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS; POLICY MAKING; POLITICS; PREGNANCY; PROFESSIONAL AUTONOMY; SOCIETIES, MEDICAL; SUPREME COURT DECISIONS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0642367512     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1810     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. M. S. Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); E. Freidson, The Profession of Medicine: The Social Structure of Medical Care (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970); P. Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
2. M. S. Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); E. Freidson, The Profession of Medicine: The Social Structure of Medical Care (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970); P. Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
3. M. S. Larson, The Rise of Professionalism: A Sociological Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); E. Freidson, The Profession of Medicine: The Social Structure of Medical Care (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1970); P. Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
4. D. Stone, The Limits of Professional Power: National Health Care in the Federal Republic of Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); D. Mechanic, "Changing Medical Organization and the Erosion of Trust," Milbank Quarterly 74 (1996): 171-189.
5. D. Stone, The Limits of Professional Power: National Health Care in the Federal Republic of Germany (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980); D. Mechanic, "Changing Medical Organization and the Erosion of Trust," Milbank Quarterly 74 (1996): 171-189.
6. D. Light, "Turf Battles and the Theory of Professional Dominance," Research in the Sociology of Health Care 7 (1988): 203-225; D. Frankford, "The Normative Constitution of Professional Power," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22 (1997): 185-221; J. Cromwell, "Barriers to Achieving a Cost-Effective Work Force Mix: Lessons From Anesthesiology," Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 24 (1999): 1331-1361; G.J. Annas, "A National Bill of Patients' Rights," New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998): 695-699.
7. D. Light, "Turf Battles and the Theory of Professional Dominance," Research in the Sociology of Health Care 7 (1988): 203-225; D. Frankford, "The Normative Constitution of Professional Power," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22 (1997): 185-221; J. Cromwell, "Barriers to Achieving a Cost-Effective Work Force Mix: Lessons From Anesthesiology," Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 24 (1999): 1331-1361; G.J. Annas, "A National Bill of Patients' Rights," New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998): 695-699.
8. D. Light, "Turf Battles and the Theory of Professional Dominance," Research in the Sociology of Health Care 7 (1988): 203-225; D. Frankford, "The Normative Constitution of Professional Power," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22 (1997): 185-221; J. Cromwell, "Barriers to Achieving a Cost-Effective Work Force Mix: Lessons From Anesthesiology," Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 24 (1999): 1331-1361; G.J. Annas, "A National Bill of Patients' Rights," New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998): 695-699.
9. D. Light, "Turf Battles and the Theory of Professional Dominance," Research in the Sociology of Health Care 7 (1988): 203-225; D. Frankford, "The Normative Constitution of Professional Power," Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 22 (1997): 185-221; J. Cromwell, "Barriers to Achieving a Cost-Effective Work Force Mix: Lessons From Anesthesiology," Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law 24 (1999): 1331-1361; G.J. Annas, "A National Bill of Patients' Rights," New England Journal of Medicine 338 (1998): 695-699.
10. Starr, Social Transformation; Mechanic, "Changing Medical Organization"; R. Stevens, "Public Roles for the Medical Profession in the United States: Beyond Theories of Decline and Fall," Milbank Quarterly 79 (2001): 327-353; D.J. Rothman, "Medical Professionalism-Focusing on the Real Issues," New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 1284-1286.
11. Starr, Social Transformation; Mechanic, "Changing Medical Organization"; R. Stevens, "Public Roles for the Medical Profession in the United States: Beyond Theories of Decline and Fall," Milbank Quarterly 79 (2001): 327-353; D.J. Rothman, "Medical Professionalism-Focusing on the Real Issues," New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 1284-1286.
12. Starr, Social Transformation; Mechanic, "Changing Medical Organization"; R. Stevens, "Public Roles for the Medical Profession in the United States: Beyond Theories of Decline and Fall," Milbank Quarterly 79 (2001): 327-353; D.J. Rothman, "Medical Professionalism-Focusing on the Real Issues," New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 1284-1286.
13. Starr, Social Transformation; Mechanic, "Changing Medical Organization"; R. Stevens, "Public Roles for the Medical Profession in the United States: Beyond Theories of Decline and Fall," Milbank Quarterly 79 (2001): 327-353; D.J. Rothman, "Medical Professionalism-Focusing on the Real Issues," New England Journal of Medicine 342 (2000): 1284-1286.
14. Larson, Rise of professionalism; E. Freidson, Professionalism: The Third Logic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
15. Larson, Rise of professionalism; E. Freidson, Professionalism: The Third Logic (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
16. J. Mohr, Abortion in America: The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800-1900 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978).
17. Ibid, 160.
18. Ibid 147-148; K. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); L. J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
19. Ibid 147-148; K. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); L. J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
20. Ibid 147-148; K. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); L. J. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime: Women, Medicine, and Law in the United States, 1867-1973 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
21. Mohr, Abortion in America.
22. N. Himes, A Medical History of Contraception (New York: Gamut Press Inc, 1963).
23. American Committee on Maternal Welfare Inc, Minutes of First Meeting of Directors, May 22, 1934.
24. W. Mengert, History of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists: 1950-1970 (Chicago: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 1977).
25. Ibid, 133.
26. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
27. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
28. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
29. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
30. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
31. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
32. J. B. Imber, Abortion and the Private Practice of Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986); F. Rodriguez and J. Oneto, "Negation of Therapeutic Abortion in Pulmonary Tuberculosis," abstract from Boletin Sociedad Chilena de Obstetricia y Ginecologia 16 (1951): 11, in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 64 (1952): 216; R. Craig, "Psychiatric Management of a Case in Which Termination of Pregnancy Was Recommended but Not Done," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1955): 672-674; R. Gordon and K Gordon, "Social Factors in the Prediction and Treatment of Emotional Disorders of Pregnancy," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 77 (1959): 1074-1083; R. Lundstrom, "Rubella During Pregnancy," Acta Paediatrica Supplement 133, (1962), abstract published in American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 84 (1962): 1911.
33. H. A. Rosen, "Case Study in Social Hypocrisy," in Abortion in America, ed. H. A. Rosen (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), 299-321.
34. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), Manual of Standards in Obstetric-Gynecologic Practice (Chicago: ACOG, 1959), 35.
35. R. Solinger, "'A Complete Disaster': Abortion and the Politics of Hospital Abortion Committees, 1950-1970," Feminist Studies 19 (1993): 240-261.
36. ACOG, Item 6.1.8 Committee on Maternal Welfare, Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, May 9-10, 1956:5, 114-124.
37. ACOG, Item 6.2.13 Report of Therapeutic Abortion and Sterilization Committee, Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, November 1956:1.
38. Ibid, 507-524.
39. ACOG, Item 6.1.8.
40. ACOG, Item 9.2 Recommendation of District II That an Ad Hoc Committee on Therapeutic Abortion Be Established, Transcript of the Executive Board, April 20-22, 1961:24.
41. D. J. Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
42. ACOG, Item 6.16 Report of the Committee on Medico-Legal Problems, Transcript of the Executive Board, November 30-December 2, 1961:347-351.
43. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; M. S. Calderone, Abortion in the United States (New York: Hoeber-Harper Books, 1958), 66, 169-172; L. Lader, Abortion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
44. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; M. S. Calderone, Abortion in the United States (New York: Hoeber-Harper Books, 1958), 66, 169-172; L. Lader, Abortion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
45. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; M. S. Calderone, Abortion in the United States (New York: Hoeber-Harper Books, 1958), 66, 169-172; L. Lader, Abortion (Boston: Beacon Press, 1966).
46. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime; Solinger, "A Complete Disaster"; E. Schur, Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1965); R. Heffernan and W. Lynch, "What Is the Status of Therapeutic Abortion in Modern Obstetrics?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 66 (1953): 335-345.
47. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime; Solinger, "A Complete Disaster"; E. Schur, Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1965); R. Heffernan and W. Lynch, "What Is the Status of Therapeutic Abortion in Modern Obstetrics?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 66 (1953): 335-345.
48. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime; Solinger, "A Complete Disaster"; E. Schur, Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1965); R. Heffernan and W. Lynch, "What Is the Status of Therapeutic Abortion in Modern Obstetrics?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 66 (1953): 335-345.
49. Reagan, When Abortion Was a Crime; Solinger, "A Complete Disaster"; E. Schur, Crimes Without Victims: Deviant Behavior and Public Policy (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc, 1965); R. Heffernan and W. Lynch, "What Is the Status of Therapeutic Abortion in Modern Obstetrics?" American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 66 (1953): 335-345.
50. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality; Lader, Abortion.
51. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality; Lader, Abortion.
52. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality; Lader, Abortion.
53. Heffernan and Lynch, "What Is the Status?"; H. Hammond, "Therapeutic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 89 (1964): 349-355.
54. Heffernan and Lynch, "What Is the Status?"; H. Hammond, "Therapeutic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 89 (1964): 349-355.
55. C. Tietze, "Therapeutic Abortions in New York City, 1943-1947, " American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 149; K. Russell, "Therapeutic Abortion in a General Hospital," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 62 (1951): 434-438; J. G. Moore and J. H. Randall, "Trends in Therapeutic Abortion: A Review of 137 Cases," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 63 (1952): 28-40; L. Savel and I. Perlmutter, "Therapeutic Abortion and Sterilizabon Committee: A 3 Year Experience," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 80 (1960): 1192-1199.
56. C. Tietze, "Therapeutic Abortions in New York City, 1943-1947, " American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 149; K. Russell, "Therapeutic Abortion in a General Hospital," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 62 (1951): 434-438; J. G. Moore and J. H. Randall, "Trends in Therapeutic Abortion: A Review of 137 Cases," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 63 (1952): 28-40; L. Savel and I. Perlmutter, "Therapeutic Abortion and Sterilizabon Committee: A 3 Year Experience," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 80 (1960): 1192-1199.
57. C. Tietze, "Therapeutic Abortions in New York City, 1943-1947, " American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 149; K. Russell, "Therapeutic Abortion in a General Hospital," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 62 (1951): 434-438; J. G. Moore and J. H. Randall, "Trends in Therapeutic Abortion: A Review of 137 Cases," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 63 (1952): 28-40; L. Savel and I. Perlmutter, "Therapeutic Abortion and Sterilizabon Committee: A 3 Year Experience," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 80 (1960): 1192-1199.
58. C. Tietze, "Therapeutic Abortions in New York City, 1943-1947, " American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 149; K. Russell, "Therapeutic Abortion in a General Hospital," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 62 (1951): 434-438; J. G. Moore and J. H. Randall, "Trends in Therapeutic Abortion: A Review of 137 Cases," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 63 (1952): 28-40; L. Savel and I. Perlmutter, "Therapeutic Abortion and Sterilizabon Committee: A 3 Year Experience," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 80 (1960): 1192-1199.
59. R. Hall, "Therapeutic Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 91 (1965): 518-532; C. Erhardt, "Therapeutic Abortion in the United States," in Abortion in the United States, 70-116; H. Pearse and H. Ott, "Hospital Control of Sterilization and Therapeutic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 285-298; G. K. Folger, " Discussion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 299-300.
60. R. Hall, "Therapeutic Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 91 (1965): 518-532; C. Erhardt, "Therapeutic Abortion in the United States," in Abortion in the United States, 70-116; H. Pearse and H. Ott, "Hospital Control of Sterilization and Therapeutic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 285-298; G. K. Folger, " Discussion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 299-300.
61. R. Hall, "Therapeutic Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 91 (1965): 518-532; C. Erhardt, "Therapeutic Abortion in the United States," in Abortion in the United States, 70-116; H. Pearse and H. Ott, "Hospital Control of Sterilization and Therapeutic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 285-298; G. K. Folger, " Discussion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 299-300.
62. R. Hall, "Therapeutic Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 91 (1965): 518-532; C. Erhardt, "Therapeutic Abortion in the United States," in Abortion in the United States, 70-116; H. Pearse and H. Ott, "Hospital Control of Sterilization and Therapeutic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 285-298; G. K. Folger, " Discussion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 60 (1950): 299-300.
63. Hall, "Therapeutic Abortion, Sterilization, and Contraception."
64. M. D. Klien, J. Clahr, and A. B. Tamis, "Classification and Analysis of Maternal Deaths in Bronx County, New York, 1946-1957," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 76 (1958): 1342-1356; A.S. Llorens, J. H. Griner, and J. D. Thompson, "Maternal Mortality at Grady Memorial Hospital: A 13 Year Survey," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87 (1963): 386-393; R. Neuwirth and E. Friedman, "Septic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 85 (1963): 24-34.
65. M. D. Klien, J. Clahr, and A. B. Tamis, "Classification and Analysis of Maternal Deaths in Bronx County, New York, 1946-1957," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 76 (1958): 1342-1356; A.S. Llorens, J. H. Griner, and J. D. Thompson, "Maternal Mortality at Grady Memorial Hospital: A 13 Year Survey," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87 (1963): 386-393; R. Neuwirth and E. Friedman, "Septic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 85 (1963): 24-34.
66. M. D. Klien, J. Clahr, and A. B. Tamis, "Classification and Analysis of Maternal Deaths in Bronx County, New York, 1946-1957," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 76 (1958): 1342-1356; A.S. Llorens, J. H. Griner, and J. D. Thompson, "Maternal Mortality at Grady Memorial Hospital: A 13 Year Survey," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 87 (1963): 386-393; R. Neuwirth and E. Friedman, "Septic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 85 (1963): 24-34.
67. Lader, Abortion.
68. Calderone, Abortion in the United States; Lader, Abortion; Dr. X as told to Lucy Freeman, The Abortionist (New York: Grove Press, 1962); C. Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); N. Aries, unpublished data from study of physician abortion networks, 1998.
69. Calderone, Abortion in the United States; Lader, Abortion; Dr. X as told to Lucy Freeman, The Abortionist (New York: Grove Press, 1962); C. Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); N. Aries, unpublished data from study of physician abortion networks, 1998.
70. Calderone, Abortion in the United States; Lader, Abortion; Dr. X as told to Lucy Freeman, The Abortionist (New York: Grove Press, 1962); C. Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); N. Aries, unpublished data from study of physician abortion networks, 1998.
71. Calderone, Abortion in the United States; Lader, Abortion; Dr. X as told to Lucy Freeman, The Abortionist (New York: Grove Press, 1962); C. Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); N. Aries, unpublished data from study of physician abortion networks, 1998.
72. Calderone, Abortion in the United States; Lader, Abortion; Dr. X as told to Lucy Freeman, The Abortionist (New York: Grove Press, 1962); C. Joffe, Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v. Wade (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995); N. Aries, unpublished data from study of physician abortion networks, 1998.
73. Hammond, "Therapeutic Abortion"; A. Mandy, "Reflections of a Gynecologist," in Therapeutic Abortion, ed. H. Rosen (New York: Julian Press, 1954), 284-296.
74. Hammond, "Therapeutic Abortion"; A. Mandy, "Reflections of a Gynecologist," in Therapeutic Abortion, ed. H. Rosen (New York: Julian Press, 1954), 284-296.
75. R. Deane and K. Russell, "Enterobacillary Septicemia and Bacterial Shock in Septic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1960): 528-541; J. Goodno, I. Cushner, and P. Molumphy, "Management of Infected Abortion, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 85 (1963): 16-23.
76. R. Deane and K. Russell, "Enterobacillary Septicemia and Bacterial Shock in Septic Abortion," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 70 (1960): 528-541; J. Goodno, I. Cushner, and P. Molumphy, "Management of Infected Abortion, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 85 (1963): 16-23.
77. Very Reverend J. Hussey, "Raison d'Etre of a Catholic Medical School," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 69 (1955): 496-501; ACOG, Item 4.3.6 Article by Dr. Louis Hellman, Transcript of the Executive Board, November 30, December 1-2, 1964:221-227.
78. Very Reverend J. Hussey, "Raison d'Etre of a Catholic Medical School," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 69 (1955): 496-501; ACOG, Item 4.3.6 Article by Dr. Louis Hellman, Transcript of the Executive Board, November 30, December 1-2, 1964:221-227.
79. ACOG, Item 9.1 Resolution re: Therapeutic Abortion Laws, Minutes of the Executive Board Meetings, 1961-1966, November 11-12, 1966:29. District VI includes Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.
80. Freidson, Profession of Medicine.
81. ACOG, Files from the Ad Hoc Committee to Study the Liberalization of Laws Governing Therapeutic Abortion, 1966-1968; ACOG, Item 6.6.1 Report of Committee to Study Liberalization of the Laws Governing Therapeutic Abortion, Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, December 1-2, 1967:558-572.
82. ACOG, Files from the Ad Hoc Committee to Study the Liberalization of Laws Governing Therapeutic Abortion, 1966-1968; ACOG, Item 6.6.1 Report of Committee to Study Liberalization of the Laws Governing Therapeutic Abortion, Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, December 1-2, 1967:558-572.
83. ACOG, Item 6.61, 558-572.
84. ACOG, Item 6.39 Report of the Committee to Study Liberalization of the Laws Governing Therapeutic Abortion: Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, May 9, 1968:3.
85. Ibid, 4-5.
86. The other 2 medical indications were pregnancies that resulted from rape or incest and pregnancies that would result in the birth of a child with severe physical deformities or mental retardation.
87. ACOG, Item 6.39, 4.
88. Ibid. ACOG, Item 6.39: Final Abortion Returns; 57.
89. Ibid, 79-82.
90. ACOG, Item 6.37 Report of the Committee to Study Liberalization of the Laws Governing Therapeutic Abortion, Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, December 6-7, 1968:2.
91. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality.
92. Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood; Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality.
93. ACOG, Item 5 Report of Committee on Obstetric-Gynecologic Practice, Minutes of the Executive Board Meetings, 1967-1970, April 17, 1970:2.
94. M.L. Stone, M. Gordon, and J. Rovinsky, "The Impact of a Liberalized Abortion Law on the Medical Schools," American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 111 (1971): 728-735.
95. ACOG, "College Policy on Abortion and Sterilization, ACOG Newsletter 14 (September 1970): 2.
96. Ibid, 2.
97. ACOG, "Results of Fellows' Poll Favor ACOG Abortion Policy," ACOG Newsletter 15 (May 1971): 2.
98. ACOG, Item 6.2.2 Report of the Committee on Health Care Delivery, Minutes of the Executive Board Meetings, 1971-1974, April 28-29, 1972:13.
99. Garrow, Liberty and Sexuality.
100. ACOG, Item 4.1 Report of President, Transcript of Executive Board Meeting, December 3-4, 1971:8-31.
101. Letter from R. Schmidt to C. Randall, President, ACOG, personal files of R. Schmidt, September 7, 1971.
102. ACOG, Item 4.1.
103. Ibid, 3.
104. ACOG, Item 13 Resolution Re Abortion, Minutes of the Executive Board Meeting, 1971-1974, May 2, 1974:6.
105. N. Brunsson, The Organization of Hypocrisy: Talk, Decisions and Actions in Organizations (Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons, 1989).
106. R. Ameling, L. Tews, and S. Dudley, "Abortion Training in US Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Programs, 1998," Family Planning Perspectives 32 (2000): 268-271, 320; I.B. Finer and D.K. Henshaw, "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States in 2000," Perspectives in Sexual and Reproductive Health 35 (2003): 6-15.
107. R. Ameling, L. Tews, and S. Dudley, "Abortion Training in US Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Programs, 1998," Family Planning Perspectives 32 (2000): 268-271, 320; I.B. Finer and D.K. Henshaw, "Abortion Incidence and Services in the United States in 2000," Perspectives in Sexual and Reproductive Health 35 (2003): 6-15.